Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.5
A. Foda, H. Mosallam, A. EL-Khateeb, M. Fakih
The extract of cinnamomum have been evaluated as green inhibitor for the corrosion of Carbon steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) , electrochemical frequency modulation (FEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods of monitoring corrosion . The inhibitive property of the extract is attributed to the presence of cinnamic aldehyde as major constituent in the extract. measurements showed that this extract act as mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with inhibitor concentration. Results obtained by various techniques are close to each other and maximum efficiency of 81.1 % is acknowledged at the inhibitor concentration of 600 ppm. Langmuir isotherm model is found most suitable to explain adsorption behavior of inhibitor for C-steel surface. Molecular adsorption of inhibitor over C- steel surface is found responsible for corrosion inhibition of C-steel in acid.
{"title":"Cinnamomum zeylanicum Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions","authors":"A. Foda, H. Mosallam, A. EL-Khateeb, M. Fakih","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The extract of cinnamomum have been evaluated as green inhibitor for the corrosion of Carbon steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) , electrochemical frequency modulation (FEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods of monitoring corrosion . The inhibitive property of the extract is attributed to the presence of cinnamic aldehyde as major constituent in the extract. measurements showed that this extract act as mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with inhibitor concentration. Results obtained by various techniques are close to each other and maximum efficiency of 81.1 % is acknowledged at the inhibitor concentration of 600 ppm. Langmuir isotherm model is found most suitable to explain adsorption behavior of inhibitor for C-steel surface. Molecular adsorption of inhibitor over C- steel surface is found responsible for corrosion inhibition of C-steel in acid.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76145999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.4
M. Nabati, Vida Bodaghi-Namileh, S. Sarshar
The main purpose of the present article is reactivity and stability properties study of the antagonist compound esketamine and analyzing of its binding to the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2D). In first step, the molecular structure of esketamine was optimized using density functional theory (DFT) method at B3YP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The reactivity and stability properties of the title medicinal compound were studied by global reactivity indices. The computational data showed the molecule is stable and has low tendency to interact with residues of the biomolecules like receptors and proteins. Secondly, the molecule binding to the receptors were analyzed by molegro virtual docker (MVD) program. Our computations indicated that the compound asserts its pharmacological effects mainly through interactions with NR2B receptors and the NR2B residues containing Gly [A] 128, His [A] 127, Gly [A] 264, Tyr [A] 282, Ser [A] 131, Asp [A] 265, Ser [A] 260 and Met [A] 132 are the main amino acids involved in the ligand-receptor complex formation.
{"title":"Molecular Modeling of the antagonist compound esketamine and its molecular docking study with non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2D","authors":"M. Nabati, Vida Bodaghi-Namileh, S. Sarshar","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the present article is reactivity and stability properties study of the antagonist compound esketamine and analyzing of its binding to the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2D). In first step, the molecular structure of esketamine was optimized using density functional theory (DFT) method at B3YP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The reactivity and stability properties of the title medicinal compound were studied by global reactivity indices. The computational data showed the molecule is stable and has low tendency to interact with residues of the biomolecules like receptors and proteins. Secondly, the molecule binding to the receptors were analyzed by molegro virtual docker (MVD) program. Our computations indicated that the compound asserts its pharmacological effects mainly through interactions with NR2B receptors and the NR2B residues containing Gly [A] 128, His [A] 127, Gly [A] 264, Tyr [A] 282, Ser [A] 131, Asp [A] 265, Ser [A] 260 and Met [A] 132 are the main amino acids involved in the ligand-receptor complex formation.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80660806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.183239.1033
H. Thacker, V. Ram, P. Dave
Nanoparticles form the basis of Nanoscience and nanotechnology which are considered as the most growing disciplines amongst various fields of science. Various methods for synthesis of nanoparticles include conventional methods like hydrothermal method, sol-gel method, laser-ablation, electrochemical techniques, and thermal methods. However biogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles is advantageous over conventional methods due to its eco-friendly, simple, cost-effective and non-toxic properties. Iron nanoparticles possess wide range of application from environmental remediation to magnetization of sediments and they are also known to possess anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity. Extracts of various plants like green tea, Amaranthus dubius, and Eichhornia Crassipes, Cynometra Ramiflora, and Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melaleuca Nesophila Rosemarinus Officinalis are reported for synthesis of iron nanoparticles. Different environmental remediation applications of iron nanoparticles include degradation of dyes, removal of nitrate, hexavalent chromium, arsenate, arsenite, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphates. This review focuses on various plant extracts utilized for synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their potential applications. Different classes of phytochemicals responsible for conversion of precursor iron to nano-sized iron material, various characterization techniques for iron nanomaterials fabricated using plant extracts and optimum conditions for pollutant removal are also discussed.
{"title":"Plant mediated synthesis of Iron nanoparticles and their Applications: A Review","authors":"H. Thacker, V. Ram, P. Dave","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.183239.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.183239.1033","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles form the basis of Nanoscience and nanotechnology which are considered as the most growing disciplines amongst various fields of science. Various methods for synthesis of nanoparticles include conventional methods like hydrothermal method, sol-gel method, laser-ablation, electrochemical techniques, and thermal methods. However biogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles is advantageous over conventional methods due to its eco-friendly, simple, cost-effective and non-toxic properties. Iron nanoparticles possess wide range of application from environmental remediation to magnetization of sediments and they are also known to possess anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity. Extracts of various plants like green tea, Amaranthus dubius, and Eichhornia Crassipes, Cynometra Ramiflora, and Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melaleuca Nesophila Rosemarinus Officinalis are reported for synthesis of iron nanoparticles. Different environmental remediation applications of iron nanoparticles include degradation of dyes, removal of nitrate, hexavalent chromium, arsenate, arsenite, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphates. This review focuses on various plant extracts utilized for synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their potential applications. Different classes of phytochemicals responsible for conversion of precursor iron to nano-sized iron material, various characterization techniques for iron nanomaterials fabricated using plant extracts and optimum conditions for pollutant removal are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91412547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.6
Amir Hayat, T. M. Jahangir, M. Y. Khuhawar, M. Alamgir, Razim Ali, Arslan Ali, S. Musharraf
A simple and novel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination and quantification of phenolic compounds in brown whole grain rice varieties of Pakistani origin. The accumulation of these compounds was studied during germination stages and fermentation process, thereby, providing a reliable and rapid method for their quantification in food samples. Calibration curves for the standard phenolic compounds showed good linear regression values (r2 =0.996-0.998) within the test ranges. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were found in the range of 0.04-0.06 µg/mL and 0.166-0.205µg/mL, respectively. Precision (%RSD) of the method was found in the range of 0.05-5.25 and 0.05-0.58 for inter-day (n=3) and intra-day (n=5), respectively. The robustness (%RSD) was found in the range of 1.05-2.65. Excellent recoveries were attained within the range of 93%-106%. The average amount of phenolic compounds was found to be 0.185 g/100g in controlled condition whereas, further accumulation of these compounds was noticed during germination and fermentation phases. The maximum average amount of phenolic compounds after germination period of 120 hours and fermentation process was found to be 0.284 g/100g and 0.565 g/100g, respectively.
{"title":"Determination of Important Phenolic Compounds in Pakistani Brown Rice Varieties in Controlled, Germinated and Fermented Conditions by High Performance Liquid Chromatography","authors":"Amir Hayat, T. M. Jahangir, M. Y. Khuhawar, M. Alamgir, Razim Ali, Arslan Ali, S. Musharraf","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"A simple and novel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination and quantification of phenolic compounds in brown whole grain rice varieties of Pakistani origin. The accumulation of these compounds was studied during germination stages and fermentation process, thereby, providing a reliable and rapid method for their quantification in food samples. Calibration curves for the standard phenolic compounds showed good linear regression values (r2 =0.996-0.998) within the test ranges. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were found in the range of 0.04-0.06 µg/mL and 0.166-0.205µg/mL, respectively. Precision (%RSD) of the method was found in the range of 0.05-5.25 and 0.05-0.58 for inter-day (n=3) and intra-day (n=5), respectively. The robustness (%RSD) was found in the range of 1.05-2.65. Excellent recoveries were attained within the range of 93%-106%. The average amount of phenolic compounds was found to be 0.185 g/100g in controlled condition whereas, further accumulation of these compounds was noticed during germination and fermentation phases. The maximum average amount of phenolic compounds after germination period of 120 hours and fermentation process was found to be 0.284 g/100g and 0.565 g/100g, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84625996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.1
O. E. Thomas, O. Adegoke, AbdulWarith. F. Kazeem, Ikechukwu. C. Ezeuchenne
In this study, the preferential solvation of Mordant Black and Solochrome Dark Blue were investigated in mixed solvent systems of aqueous methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, methanol: ethanol, methanol:propan-1-ol, methanol:propan-2-ol, ethanol:propan-1-ol, ethanol:propan-2-ol, propan-1-ol:propan-2-ol and carbon tetrachloride: dimethylformamide. Results showed a deviation of solvation data from ideality over the majority of composition ranges in all the solvent mixtures. The type and contribution of specific and non-specific solute-solvent interactions were analyzed in the framework of the linear solvation energy relationships. Statistical analysis of single, dual, and multiparametric equations revealed that in pure solvents, spectral behaviours of MB and SDB were affected by the polarity and basicity of the solvent milieu respectively. However in aqueous alcohols, polarity of the solvent milieu was the most significant determinant of spectral patterns with α and β parameters playing secondary contributory roles in the spectral changes of MB and SDB, respectively. Multiparametric equations generally yielded the best fitted model in mixed alcohol systems with polarity remaining the largest contributor, followed by β and α of the solvent milieu in that order. Spectral-structure relationships identified ion-dipole interactions involving the charged sulphonate and hydrazone moieties as well as proton-donor-acceptor interactions of the common labile hydroxyl groups as mechanisms for the observed solvation data.
{"title":"Preferential Solvation of Mordant Black and Solochrome Dark Blue in Mixed Solvent Systems","authors":"O. E. Thomas, O. Adegoke, AbdulWarith. F. Kazeem, Ikechukwu. C. Ezeuchenne","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the preferential solvation of Mordant Black and Solochrome Dark Blue were investigated in mixed solvent systems of aqueous methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, methanol: ethanol, methanol:propan-1-ol, methanol:propan-2-ol, ethanol:propan-1-ol, ethanol:propan-2-ol, propan-1-ol:propan-2-ol and carbon tetrachloride: dimethylformamide. Results showed a deviation of solvation data from ideality over the majority of composition ranges in all the solvent mixtures. The type and contribution of specific and non-specific solute-solvent interactions were analyzed in the framework of the linear solvation energy relationships. Statistical analysis of single, dual, and multiparametric equations revealed that in pure solvents, spectral behaviours of MB and SDB were affected by the polarity and basicity of the solvent milieu respectively. However in aqueous alcohols, polarity of the solvent milieu was the most significant determinant of spectral patterns with α and β parameters playing secondary contributory roles in the spectral changes of MB and SDB, respectively. Multiparametric equations generally yielded the best fitted model in mixed alcohol systems with polarity remaining the largest contributor, followed by β and α of the solvent milieu in that order. Spectral-structure relationships identified ion-dipole interactions involving the charged sulphonate and hydrazone moieties as well as proton-donor-acceptor interactions of the common labile hydroxyl groups as mechanisms for the observed solvation data.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83287512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.2
S. M. Motevalli, Fateme Mirzajani
Human epidermal keratinocyte cells are the first defence blocks against the aggressive agents such as pathogens and xenobiotic materials. Synthesis process of the cellular proteins can be affected by abiotic stresses (aBS like: SiO2 nanoparticles) and biotic stresses (BS like: Virus), leading to the alteration of consumed energy profiles of proteins. The consumed energy profile of each protein was calculated based on their consumed ATP during the amino acids synthesizing procedure. Cells consumed more ATP, more energy, to synthesize more proteins under BS conditions compare to aBS conditions. Our results suggested that, the cells infected by pathogens are tend to survive longer than the treated cells by xenobiotic materials. Our data analysis revealed that the most energy reduction took place under aBS conditions. So, aBS could have severe effect on energy production pathways and decrease the energy source of cells. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the complexity of cellular protein networks under aBS conditions were more than BS conditions. It seems the cellular energy reduction under aBS conditions is one of the important factors in cell death. In addition, the position of proteins in the protein network was another important factor that should be carefully considered.
{"title":"Biotic / Abiotic Stress Influences on Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Cells","authors":"S. M. Motevalli, Fateme Mirzajani","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Human epidermal keratinocyte cells are the first defence blocks against the aggressive agents such as pathogens and xenobiotic materials. Synthesis process of the cellular proteins can be affected by abiotic stresses (aBS like: SiO2 nanoparticles) and biotic stresses (BS like: Virus), leading to the alteration of consumed energy profiles of proteins. The consumed energy profile of each protein was calculated based on their consumed ATP during the amino acids synthesizing procedure. Cells consumed more ATP, more energy, to synthesize more proteins under BS conditions compare to aBS conditions. Our results suggested that, the cells infected by pathogens are tend to survive longer than the treated cells by xenobiotic materials. Our data analysis revealed that the most energy reduction took place under aBS conditions. So, aBS could have severe effect on energy production pathways and decrease the energy source of cells. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the complexity of cellular protein networks under aBS conditions were more than BS conditions. It seems the cellular energy reduction under aBS conditions is one of the important factors in cell death. In addition, the position of proteins in the protein network was another important factor that should be carefully considered.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80108301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.4
B. Mohan, D. Ramadevi, K. Basavaiah
{"title":"Facile sonochemical assisted synthesis of Cu2O and CuO nanoparticles","authors":"B. Mohan, D. Ramadevi, K. Basavaiah","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81722336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.6
C. A. Ukwubile, E. Ikpefan, M. Bingari, Livinus Tam
Melastomastrum capitatum is a plant whose leaf extract is popularly known for its ability to cure cancer of the ovary in Mambila plateau towns in Nigeria. Apart from the leaves, the root extract has been used to manage various diseases such as bacterial infections, pains, and diabetes. As a result of these health benefits, liver and vital organ damage are often associated with short (acute) or long (subchronic) intake of this plant decoction in traditional medicines. This present study was carried out to determine short and long (subchronic) terms effect of the root aqueous extract for the treatment of diseases especially diabetes by the Fulani tribe in Mambila plateau in Taraba State, Nigeria. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies were carried out following the guidelines stipulated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In the acute toxicity study, a limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of aqueous root extract was administered by oral route into five Swiss albino mice consisting of five groups of one mouse per group. Observations were carefully made for signs of toxicity for the first 4 hours and then once daily for 2 weeks. A lower dose of 300 mg/kg b.w administered to the mice do not show any sign of acute toxicity unlike the higher dose which produced signs such a reddish eyes, itching and restlessness which last only a few minutes of extract administration. Subchronic toxicity study revealed that root extract of the plant is slightly toxic as had shown by results of most of blood parameters investigated such as WBC, PCV, ALT, AST, ALP, serum electrolytes, etc. However, our results showed that root aqueous extract of M. capitatum is well tolerated at the doses investigated as there was no major damage to vital organs like the liver, kidney and heart of the animals. The study therefore showed that the root extract of the plant is safe for use as an ethnomedicinal prescription for diseases in traditional medicine.
{"title":"Acute and subchronic toxicity profiles of Melastomastrum capitatum (Vahl) Fern. (Melastomataceae) root aqueous extract in Swiss albino mice","authors":"C. A. Ukwubile, E. Ikpefan, M. Bingari, Livinus Tam","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Melastomastrum capitatum is a plant whose leaf extract is popularly known for its ability to cure cancer of the ovary in Mambila plateau towns in Nigeria. Apart from the leaves, the root extract has been used to manage various diseases such as bacterial infections, pains, and diabetes. As a result of these health benefits, liver and vital organ damage are often associated with short (acute) or long (subchronic) intake of this plant decoction in traditional medicines. This present study was carried out to determine short and long (subchronic) terms effect of the root aqueous extract for the treatment of diseases especially diabetes by the Fulani tribe in Mambila plateau in Taraba State, Nigeria. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies were carried out following the guidelines stipulated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In the acute toxicity study, a limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of aqueous root extract was administered by oral route into five Swiss albino mice consisting of five groups of one mouse per group. Observations were carefully made for signs of toxicity for the first 4 hours and then once daily for 2 weeks. A lower dose of 300 mg/kg b.w administered to the mice do not show any sign of acute toxicity unlike the higher dose which produced signs such a reddish eyes, itching and restlessness which last only a few minutes of extract administration. Subchronic toxicity study revealed that root extract of the plant is slightly toxic as had shown by results of most of blood parameters investigated such as WBC, PCV, ALT, AST, ALP, serum electrolytes, etc. However, our results showed that root aqueous extract of M. capitatum is well tolerated at the doses investigated as there was no major damage to vital organs like the liver, kidney and heart of the animals. The study therefore showed that the root extract of the plant is safe for use as an ethnomedicinal prescription for diseases in traditional medicine.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80161378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.5
M. Khan, Adebayo Samuel Adeiza, T. Tor-anyiin, A. Alexander
In this study, stem bark of Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae), a traditional medicinal, plant used for treatment of various diseases. The diseases was phytochemically screened by cold maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. Results revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and phytosterols. Separation and purification of the ethyl acetate extracts by column chromatography (CC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and characterization with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, led to isolation of spinasterol, established on the basis of both 13C and 1H NMR spectral data and by comparison with literature. It was also confirmed that, spinasterol cures diabetes by reducing serum triglycerides. This is the first report on isolation of spinasterol from the stem bark of Crossopteryx febrfuga.
{"title":"Isolation and characterization of spinasterol from crossopterxy febrifuga stem bark","authors":"M. Khan, Adebayo Samuel Adeiza, T. Tor-anyiin, A. Alexander","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, stem bark of Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae), a traditional medicinal, plant used for treatment of various diseases. The diseases was phytochemically screened by cold maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. Results revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and phytosterols. Separation and purification of the ethyl acetate extracts by column chromatography (CC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and characterization with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, led to isolation of spinasterol, established on the basis of both 13C and 1H NMR spectral data and by comparison with literature. It was also confirmed that, spinasterol cures diabetes by reducing serum triglycerides. This is the first report on isolation of spinasterol from the stem bark of Crossopteryx febrfuga.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81485235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.3
A. Moosavi‐Zare, H. Goudarziafshar, Z. Jalilian
In this work, we have reported the preparation of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine dione derivatives by the tandem Knoevenagel-Michael-cyclocondensation reaction of malononitrile, various aldehydes and barbituric acid derivatives at the presence of isonicotinic acid as an efficient organocatalyst.
在这项工作中，我们报道了在异烟酸作为有效的有机催化剂存在下，丙二腈、各种醛和巴比妥酸衍生物通过串联knoevenagel - michael -环缩合反应制备吡喃[2,3-d]嘧啶二酮衍生物。
{"title":"Tandem Knoevenagel-Michael-cyclocondensation reaction of malononitrile, various aldehydes and barbituric acid derivatives using isonicotinic acid as an efficient catalyst","authors":"A. Moosavi‐Zare, H. Goudarziafshar, Z. Jalilian","doi":"10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/pcbr.2019.2.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we have reported the preparation of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine dione derivatives by the tandem Knoevenagel-Michael-cyclocondensation reaction of malononitrile, various aldehydes and barbituric acid derivatives at the presence of isonicotinic acid as an efficient organocatalyst.","PeriodicalId":20668,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81988914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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