Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254156
Y. Kostiuchenko, Vitalii Butar, S. Romanko, V. Lukashov
The aim of the work is to determine the regularities of changes in the width of the flowing liquid film evaporating into a gas cross flow resulting from thermocapillary and concentration-capillary effects (Marangoni effect). The research was carried out experimentally employing an installation with a heated (working) surface, on which a liquid film (water or aqueous glycerol solution) was flowing. A flow of air was fed into the space between the working surface and the enclosing wall located at a distance from it, evenly in height and perpendicularly to the film movement. The film width was measured along the height of the working surface and the obtained dependencies were presented as graphs for different parameters of the flowing process. In all experiments, the graphs have an initial section with a sharp decrease in the film width, below which its change occurs smoothly. The degree of reduction in the film width depending on the parameters of the flowing process can reach 80%. In laminar mode, the reduction of the film width is more uniform than in turbulent mode, when some rise of the curves beyond the initial section is observed and can be explained by intensive mixing of the liquid. As the initial liquid flow increases, the degree of reduction in the film width decreases. Significant influence on the change in the film width is exerted by the temperature of the working surface during the flow of water: with increasing temperature, the film width decreases. At values of this temperature greater than 100℃, the rise of the curves is observed, possibly associated with the transition to volumetric evaporation. When the glycerol solution is flowing, the temperature of the working surface less influences the change in film width, although its decrease along the height of the working surface is greater than for water. The process parameters such as initial liquid temperature, initial solution concentration, and velocity and air temperature have relatively little effect on the change in film width. To correct the area of the film evaporation surface, determined by technological calculation, the width of the average evaporation surface is introduced under capillary effects. Its value increases with the initial liquid flow. For water, this dependence is characterized by a jump-like decrease in the film width in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow mode. This effect is absent on the dependence for glycerol solution, which can be explained by its higher viscosity. As the temperature of the working surface increases, the width of the average evaporation surface of the film decreases, some decrease being also observed with an increase in air velocity. Empirical equations for estimation of the correction factor were obtained. Capillary effects in this case are expressed by decrease in the width of the film at the height of its runoff, which leads to the need to correct the area of the film evaporation surface determined by technological calcula
{"title":"Сapillatry effects manifested in the process of draining a liquid film that evaporated into a gas cross flow","authors":"Y. Kostiuchenko, Vitalii Butar, S. Romanko, V. Lukashov","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254156","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the work is to determine the regularities of changes in the width of the flowing liquid film evaporating into a gas cross flow resulting from thermocapillary and concentration-capillary effects (Marangoni effect). \u0000The research was carried out experimentally employing an installation with a heated (working) surface, on which a liquid film (water or aqueous glycerol solution) was flowing. A flow of air was fed into the space between the working surface and the enclosing wall located at a distance from it, evenly in height and perpendicularly to the film movement. The film width was measured along the height of the working surface and the obtained dependencies were presented as graphs for different parameters of the flowing process. \u0000In all experiments, the graphs have an initial section with a sharp decrease in the film width, below which its change occurs smoothly. The degree of reduction in the film width depending on the parameters of the flowing process can reach 80%. In laminar mode, the reduction of the film width is more uniform than in turbulent mode, when some rise of the curves beyond the initial section is observed and can be explained by intensive mixing of the liquid. As the initial liquid flow increases, the degree of reduction in the film width decreases. Significant influence on the change in the film width is exerted by the temperature of the working surface during the flow of water: with increasing temperature, the film width decreases. At values of this temperature greater than 100℃, the rise of the curves is observed, possibly associated with the transition to volumetric evaporation. \u0000When the glycerol solution is flowing, the temperature of the working surface less influences the change in film width, although its decrease along the height of the working surface is greater than for water. The process parameters such as initial liquid temperature, initial solution concentration, and velocity and air temperature have relatively little effect on the change in film width. To correct the area of the film evaporation surface, determined by technological calculation, the width of the average evaporation surface is introduced under capillary effects. Its value increases with the initial liquid flow. For water, this dependence is characterized by a jump-like decrease in the film width in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow mode. This effect is absent on the dependence for glycerol solution, which can be explained by its higher viscosity. As the temperature of the working surface increases, the width of the average evaporation surface of the film decreases, some decrease being also observed with an increase in air velocity. Empirical equations for estimation of the correction factor were obtained. Capillary effects in this case are expressed by decrease in the width of the film at the height of its runoff, which leads to the need to correct the area of the film evaporation surface determined by technological calcula","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77016364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254162
V. Vember, O. Shabliy, Anastasiia Bassak, Denys Antonenko
The usage of herbicides is increasingly spreading both in the world and in Ukraine. Constant monitoring of this type of the polluting substances is one of the areas for maintaining the ecological security. It is significant for diverse environmental objects, especially for the surface water sources. Contemporary herbicides have a wide range of various mechanisms of action. In this regard, applied methods have to ensure the high level of sensitivity and reasonable specificity for measuring the excessive concentrations of herbicides in the environment. Besides, it is considerable to choose appropriate test organisms. They have to satisfy the list of requirements, while the most important one is that it would be a hydrophyte that has full contact with water. Therefore, the Elodea canadensis Michx. has been chosen by us as a test object. This species is a cosmopolitan and is widely used for the bioassay procedure. The system of biochemical transformations is one of the most sensitive links for the maintenance of the cell homeostasis. Typically, enzymes react to the stress-induced variation in environmental situation by modification of their activity. Consequently, this fact is used for the stress assessment of the organism. We have offered to measure the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as the most remarkable system biomarker on the toxic impact of the herbicides. The main function of SOD is the prevention of the growing oxidative stress in the cell. Thus, it can serve as an integral index that acts on the influence of varied chemical substances. For this reason, the aim of the research paper is to indicate the specific changes in the SOD activity of the Elodea canadensis’ cells in conducting the bioassay of the herbicides of varied groups. The aim was achieved through the investigation of the dynamical changes in the SOD activity of Elodea canadensis. The water plant had contact with varied groups of the herbicides in different concentrations. As a result, we have discovered the high sensitivity of the SOD activity of Elodea canadensis while being immersed into water with different herbicides. Hence, this test can be recommended for use to determine the contamination of water with pesticides. We recommend using a one-day experiment for the most representative results to explore the dynamical changes in the enzyme activity of elodea in herbicide solution. The elaborated bioassay method has the following advantages: quickness, accessibility and sensitivity. The absence of the specificity in similar studies can refer to disadvantages. Howsoever, it can also refer to advantages if the screening is conducted for a wide range of contaminations.
{"title":"Use of superoxide dismutase activity indicator in the system of surface water ecological monitoring","authors":"V. Vember, O. Shabliy, Anastasiia Bassak, Denys Antonenko","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254162","url":null,"abstract":"The usage of herbicides is increasingly spreading both in the world and in Ukraine. Constant monitoring of this type of the polluting substances is one of the areas for maintaining the ecological security. It is significant for diverse environmental objects, especially for the surface water sources. Contemporary herbicides have a wide range of various mechanisms of action. In this regard, applied methods have to ensure the high level of sensitivity and reasonable specificity for measuring the excessive concentrations of herbicides in the environment. Besides, it is considerable to choose appropriate test organisms. They have to satisfy the list of requirements, while the most important one is that it would be a hydrophyte that has full contact with water. Therefore, the Elodea canadensis Michx. has been chosen by us as a test object. This species is a cosmopolitan and is widely used for the bioassay procedure. \u0000The system of biochemical transformations is one of the most sensitive links for the maintenance of the cell homeostasis. Typically, enzymes react to the stress-induced variation in environmental situation by modification of their activity. Consequently, this fact is used for the stress assessment of the organism. We have offered to measure the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as the most remarkable system biomarker on the toxic impact of the herbicides. The main function of SOD is the prevention of the growing oxidative stress in the cell. Thus, it can serve as an integral index that acts on the influence of varied chemical substances. \u0000For this reason, the aim of the research paper is to indicate the specific changes in the SOD activity of the Elodea canadensis’ cells in conducting the bioassay of the herbicides of varied groups. \u0000The aim was achieved through the investigation of the dynamical changes in the SOD activity of Elodea canadensis. The water plant had contact with varied groups of the herbicides in different concentrations. \u0000As a result, we have discovered the high sensitivity of the SOD activity of Elodea canadensis while being immersed into water with different herbicides. Hence, this test can be recommended for use to determine the contamination of water with pesticides. \u0000We recommend using a one-day experiment for the most representative results to explore the dynamical changes in the enzyme activity of elodea in herbicide solution. \u0000The elaborated bioassay method has the following advantages: quickness, accessibility and sensitivity. The absence of the specificity in similar studies can refer to disadvantages. Howsoever, it can also refer to advantages if the screening is conducted for a wide range of contaminations.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79170378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254161
V. Radovenchyk, O. Ivanenko, T. Krysenko, Yaroslav Radovenchyk
Anthropogenic impact on the environment is growing every year. It deteriorates the living conditions of humans and other organisms and leads to global environmental crises. The atmosphere is especially sensitive to the influences in which processes progress more intensively than in other components of the environment. Kyiv takes one of the first places among the cities of Ukraine by the level of pollution. To make the necessary management decisions for improving air quality, detailed information is required about the level of air pollution, pollutants and sources of their formation, changes in time, etc. In developed countries, these functions are performed by different national pollution monitoring systems, which are automated and computerized and display real-time information. Today, the national environmental monitoring system in Ukraine is only being formed, so it is important to determine the most acceptable areas for its development. The capital should be a model for other cities. Hence, a modern system of environmental monitoring should be one of the main priorities of the current city administration. Today, the monitoring of air quality in the capital is carried out by several entities. Conventionally, the main monitoring organization is the Central Geophysical Observatory (CGO), which has 16 monitoring points in Kyiv and publishes some (25 %) of the obtained information on its website. A significant advantage of the information from CGO is its compliance with current regulations of Ukraine. Such information includes all necessary contaminants. Today, CGO has the most detailed information about air quality for a long-term period. The last few years have been characterized by intensive development of private air quality monitoring systems in the capital: LUN City, Save Dnipro, Air Visual, luftdaten.info and others. They belong to various organizations, have sufficient coverage of the city, but analyze air quality only by the content of 1–10 µm particles, which is not enough for a complete analysis and assessment of air pollution. Most of these monitoring systems are more like advertising or designed to create a network of observation posts by citizens themselves. Therefore, such systems cannot be considered full-fledged air quality monitoring systems. Several years ago, the Kyiv City State Administration decided to create a modern open-resource automated air quality monitoring system in the capital. Today four observation posts have been installed. Such posts correspond to the current European level of air monitoring and provide real-time detailed information about the air pollution level. The air quality monitoring system in the capital is likely to be developed by creation of new modern observation posts according to the Kyiv City State Administration program, especially if it is not commercialized or privatized in the future.
人为对环境的影响每年都在增加。它使人类和其他生物的生存条件恶化，并导致全球环境危机。大气对各种过程比环境的其他组成部分进展更强烈的影响特别敏感。基辅是乌克兰污染水平最高的城市之一。为了作出改善空气质素所需的管理决策，我们需要有关空气污染程度、污染物及其形成来源、随时间变化等的详细资料。在发达国家，这些职能由不同的国家污染监测系统执行，这些系统是自动化和计算机化的，并显示实时信息。今天，乌克兰的国家环境监测系统才刚刚形成，因此重要的是确定其发展最可接受的领域。北京应该成为其他城市的榜样。因此，现代环境监测系统应成为当前城市管理的主要优先事项之一。今天，首都的空气质量监测由几个实体进行。通常，主要的监测组织是中央地球物理观测站(CGO)，它在基辅有16个监测点，并在其网站上公布了一些(25%)获得的信息。非政府组织提供的资料的一个重要优点是它符合乌克兰的现行条例。这些信息包括所有必要的污染物。今天，CGO拥有最详细的长期空气质量信息。过去几年的特点是在首都密集发展私人空气质量监测系统:LUN City, Save Dnipro, air Visual, luftdaten.info等。他们属于不同的组织，对城市有足够的覆盖，但仅通过1-10 μ m颗粒的含量来分析空气质量，这不足以对空气污染进行完整的分析和评估。大多数这些监控系统更像是广告，或者是由公民自己设计的观察哨网络。因此，这种系统不能被认为是成熟的空气质量监测系统。几年前，基辅城市国家管理局决定在首都建立一个现代化的开放资源自动空气质量监测系统。今天已经设立了四个观察哨。这些站点与欧洲目前的空气监测水平相对应，并提供有关空气污染水平的实时详细信息。根据基辅城市国家管理局的计划，首都的空气质量监测系统可能会通过建立新的现代化观察站来发展，特别是如果它将来不商业化或私有化的话。
{"title":"Air quality monitoring systems in Kyiv","authors":"V. Radovenchyk, O. Ivanenko, T. Krysenko, Yaroslav Radovenchyk","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254161","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic impact on the environment is growing every year. It deteriorates the living conditions of humans and other organisms and leads to global environmental crises. The atmosphere is especially sensitive to the influences in which processes progress more intensively than in other components of the environment. Kyiv takes one of the first places among the cities of Ukraine by the level of pollution. To make the necessary management decisions for improving air quality, detailed information is required about the level of air pollution, pollutants and sources of their formation, changes in time, etc. In developed countries, these functions are performed by different national pollution monitoring systems, which are automated and computerized and display real-time information. Today, the national environmental monitoring system in Ukraine is only being formed, so it is important to determine the most acceptable areas for its development. \u0000The capital should be a model for other cities. Hence, a modern system of environmental monitoring should be one of the main priorities of the current city administration. Today, the monitoring of air quality in the capital is carried out by several entities. Conventionally, the main monitoring organization is the Central Geophysical Observatory (CGO), which has 16 monitoring points in Kyiv and publishes some (25 %) of the obtained information on its website. A significant advantage of the information from CGO is its compliance with current regulations of Ukraine. Such information includes all necessary contaminants. Today, CGO has the most detailed information about air quality for a long-term period. The last few years have been characterized by intensive development of private air quality monitoring systems in the capital: LUN City, Save Dnipro, Air Visual, luftdaten.info and others. They belong to various organizations, have sufficient coverage of the city, but analyze air quality only by the content of 1–10 µm particles, which is not enough for a complete analysis and assessment of air pollution. Most of these monitoring systems are more like advertising or designed to create a network of observation posts by citizens themselves. Therefore, such systems cannot be considered full-fledged air quality monitoring systems. Several years ago, the Kyiv City State Administration decided to create a modern open-resource automated air quality monitoring system in the capital. Today four observation posts have been installed. Such posts correspond to the current European level of air monitoring and provide real-time detailed information about the air pollution level. \u0000The air quality monitoring system in the capital is likely to be developed by creation of new modern observation posts according to the Kyiv City State Administration program, especially if it is not commercialized or privatized in the future.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81390340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248942
V. Radovenchyk, O. Ivanenko, Аnton Karvatskii, Іgor Mikulionok, Serhii Plashykhin, Tetiana Overchenko, Yuliia Nosachova, S. Dovholap
The paper presents the results of a study of catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide based on aerated concrete, modified with magnetite and chromium ferrite separately and in aggregate. It was found that at a consumption of 100 g of catalyst powder per 1 dm3 of a typical mixture for producing aerated concrete and obtaining blocks of modified aerated concrete according to the traditional technology, their efficiency is 70-85% at 400 °C and decreases to 9-13% at 200 °C. In terms of strength and physicochemical properties, aerated concrete samples differ little from standard ones, and in some cases even exceed them. The proposed method for fixing catalyst particles in blocks of aerated concrete makes it possible to build fundamentally new schemes for neutralizing carbon monoxide when placing modified blocks directly at the loading of electrode raw materials in furnaces. This greatly simplifies the conversion process and its control system.
{"title":"Block catalytic system for neutralization of carbon monoxide based on aerated concrete","authors":"V. Radovenchyk, O. Ivanenko, Аnton Karvatskii, Іgor Mikulionok, Serhii Plashykhin, Tetiana Overchenko, Yuliia Nosachova, S. Dovholap","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248942","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of a study of catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide based on aerated concrete, modified with magnetite and chromium ferrite separately and in aggregate. It was found that at a consumption of 100 g of catalyst powder per 1 dm3 of a typical mixture for producing aerated concrete and obtaining blocks of modified aerated concrete according to the traditional technology, their efficiency is 70-85% at 400 °C and decreases to 9-13% at 200 °C. In terms of strength and physicochemical properties, aerated concrete samples differ little from standard ones, and in some cases even exceed them. The proposed method for fixing catalyst particles in blocks of aerated concrete makes it possible to build fundamentally new schemes for neutralizing carbon monoxide when placing modified blocks directly at the loading of electrode raw materials in furnaces. This greatly simplifies the conversion process and its control system.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78973989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248854
V. Novodvorskyi, M. Shved, D. Shved
Polymer materials are widely spread and used in all industry sectors. The operating properties of polymer products make them practically indispensable in various industries. They have acquired widespread popularity and their production volumes are predicted to grow every year. The extrusion of polymers is one of the main methods for their processing. The melt uniformity is one of the main factors that influence the quality of the products and is determined by the level of mixing, i.e., by the redistribution of additives in a dispersion medium when these additives are introduced into the main polymer. The influence of working conditions, geometry of working bodies and other parameters on the melt temperature uniformity was determined. Nowadays, there are a lot of methods for determining the melt uniformity. They can be used indirectly in or after the extrusion process and can be short or long lasting, which in fact determines the acceptability of each of the methods. To determine the melt uniformity, statistical evaluation methods, which have been verified by many experiments and are well known, are often used. The analysis showed that the mixing index is most sensitive among the criteria described. Although statistical criteria of evaluating the melt uniformity are widespread, it is better to use parameters that allow the state of the mixture to be analyzed directly in the work process for the extrusion of polymers, to identify those that depend on the mixing process. Methods and criteria for verifying the melt quality were analyzed and potential use of their temperature uniformity for measuring and evaluating the melt quality directly in the extrusion process, to eliminate the costly sampling process, was determined.
{"title":"Evaluation of melt quality during polymer extrusion","authors":"V. Novodvorskyi, M. Shved, D. Shved","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248854","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer materials are widely spread and used in all industry sectors. The operating properties of polymer products make them practically indispensable in various industries. They have acquired widespread popularity and their production volumes are predicted to grow every year. The extrusion of polymers is one of the main methods for their processing. The melt uniformity is one of the main factors that influence the quality of the products and is determined by the level of mixing, i.e., by the redistribution of additives in a dispersion medium when these additives are introduced into the main polymer. The influence of working conditions, geometry of working bodies and other parameters on the melt temperature uniformity was determined. Nowadays, there are a lot of methods for determining the melt uniformity. They can be used indirectly in or after the extrusion process and can be short or long lasting, which in fact determines the acceptability of each of the methods. To determine the melt uniformity, statistical evaluation methods, which have been verified by many experiments and are well known, are often used. The analysis showed that the mixing index is most sensitive among the criteria described. \u0000Although statistical criteria of evaluating the melt uniformity are widespread, it is better to use parameters that allow the state of the mixture to be analyzed directly in the work process for the extrusion of polymers, to identify those that depend on the mixing process. Methods and criteria for verifying the melt quality were analyzed and potential use of their temperature uniformity for measuring and evaluating the melt quality directly in the extrusion process, to eliminate the costly sampling process, was determined.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79366474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248878
L. Zhuchenko
The production of carbon products is largely resource- and energy-intensive. That is why increasing the efficiency of this production is an urgent scientific and practical task, especially in modern conditions of constant growth of energy costs. An effective way to solve this problem is to create a modern process control system, taking into account possible failures of system components. A method for the synthesis of a fault-tolerant control system for the cyclic formation of carbon products has been developed, which takes into account control errors that are caused by malfunctions of controllers under conditions of unknown disturbances. According to the cyclic nature of the technological process under consideration, a control method with iterative learning was used in the synthesis of the control system. This method considers cyclic processes based on a two-dimensional model (2D model). The proposed control algorithm ensures the convergence of the control process with the task both in time and in each work cycle in order to promote the required quality of control even in the event of unknown disturbances and errors in the performance of controllers. The synthesis of the control system is based on the solution of a system of linear matrix inequalities. Based on the combination of a control method with iterative learning and a control method that takes into account failures in controllers, a method of constructing a fault-tolerant control system for the cyclic formation of carbon products has been synthesized to ensure acceptable operation of the control object in abnormal conditions. The control system has been synthesized by solving a system of linear matrix inequalities with the MATLAB software. In the future, it is necessary to consider optimal settings of the proposed control system and examine its effectiveness in comparison with conventional fault-tolerant systems for non-cyclic processes.
{"title":"Fault-tolerant control system for the formation of carbon products","authors":"L. Zhuchenko","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248878","url":null,"abstract":"The production of carbon products is largely resource- and energy-intensive. That is why increasing the efficiency of this production is an urgent scientific and practical task, especially in modern conditions of constant growth of energy costs. An effective way to solve this problem is to create a modern process control system, taking into account possible failures of system components.\u0000A method for the synthesis of a fault-tolerant control system for the cyclic formation of carbon products has been developed, which takes into account control errors that are caused by malfunctions of controllers under conditions of unknown disturbances. According to the cyclic nature of the technological process under consideration, a control method with iterative learning was used in the synthesis of the control system. This method considers cyclic processes based on a two-dimensional model (2D model). \u0000The proposed control algorithm ensures the convergence of the control process with the task both in time and in each work cycle in order to promote the required quality of control even in the event of unknown disturbances and errors in the performance of controllers. The synthesis of the control system is based on the solution of a system of linear matrix inequalities.\u0000Based on the combination of a control method with iterative learning and a control method that takes into account failures in controllers, a method of constructing a fault-tolerant control system for the cyclic formation of carbon products has been synthesized to ensure acceptable operation of the control object in abnormal conditions.\u0000The control system has been synthesized by solving a system of linear matrix inequalities with the MATLAB software.\u0000In the future, it is necessary to consider optimal settings of the proposed control system and examine its effectiveness in comparison with conventional fault-tolerant systems for non-cyclic processes.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78461670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248945
L. Westholm
Wastewater must be treated no matter if is reused or discharged into the environment. The cost of wastewater treatment may be rather high, though other solutions are sought. One of them is the application of filter materials. The filter materials have been used for removal of various pollutants in different kinds of wastewater and a wide range of filter materials (natural products, industrial waste products or man-made products) have been investigated. Among these filter materials, biochar has attracted increasing attention during the last decade. A large number of publications are devoted to production, properties and potential applications of biochar. They reveal that biochar is capable of removing pollutants of different kinds from wastewaters. A number of experiments was focused on the removal of commonly found pollutants, e.g. nutrients, heavy metals, organic matters and pharmaceuticals. It was found that the origin of the feedstock and the thermochemical treatment method are tightly connected and will have an impact on the properties of the biochar. A large number of different feedstock material like wood or wood residues, garden wastes or human and animal wastes can be transformed into biochar by torrefaction and pyrolysis. Properties of biochar will depend on transformation method. Surface area, porosity, pH, surface charge, functional groups and mineral components contribute to a vast number of mechanisms that are responsible for the metal removal, e.g. electrostatic interaction between the surface of the biochar and the specific metal, the cation exchange capacity between metals and protons and the alkaline metals on the surface of the biochar, metal complexation with functional groups and precipitation of metals that form non-soluble compounds. Biochar was successfully applied in wetlands systems to increase the removal of some targeted pollutants.
{"title":"Biochar for wastewater treatment – a Minireview**","authors":"L. Westholm","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248945","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater must be treated no matter if is reused or discharged into the environment. The cost of wastewater treatment may be rather high, though other solutions are sought. One of them is the application of filter materials. The filter materials have been used for removal of various pollutants in different kinds of wastewater and a wide range of filter materials (natural products, industrial waste products or man-made products) have been investigated. Among these filter materials, biochar has attracted increasing attention during the last decade. A large number of publications are devoted to production, properties and potential applications of biochar. They reveal that biochar is capable of removing pollutants of different kinds from wastewaters. \u0000A number of experiments was focused on the removal of commonly found pollutants, e.g. nutrients, heavy metals, organic matters and pharmaceuticals. It was found that the origin of the feedstock and the thermochemical treatment method are tightly connected and will have an impact on the properties of the biochar. A large number of different feedstock material like wood or wood residues, garden wastes or human and animal wastes can be transformed into biochar by torrefaction and pyrolysis. Properties of biochar will depend on transformation method. Surface area, porosity, pH, surface charge, functional groups and mineral components contribute to a vast number of mechanisms that are responsible for the metal removal, e.g. electrostatic interaction between the surface of the biochar and the specific metal, the cation exchange capacity between metals and protons and the alkaline metals on the surface of the biochar, metal complexation with functional groups and precipitation of metals that form non-soluble compounds. Biochar was successfully applied in wetlands systems to increase the removal of some targeted pollutants.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81100847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248873
A. Zhuchenko, Ruslan Osipa, L. Osipa, D. Kovaliuk
At the present stage of technical progress, all industries face an extremely complex problem of creating reliable barriers that prevent the penetration of industrial emissions into the environment. Currently, the issues of stabilizing the quality of wastewater treatment have become especially important in connection with the task of developing wastewater-free industrial complexes. Among the complex scientific and technical problems associated with this task, the problem of stable and reliable maintenance of water quality parameters at the outlet of technological systems is crucial, as leakage of pollutants immediately affects the state of basic production, disrupting its technology and infecting ecosystems. The focus of industry on a sharp reduction in emissions and on the creation of industrial cycles with circulating water supply requires intensive efforts to improve the wastewater treatment technology, the introduction of high-performance processes and devices, as well as the synthesis of control systems for typical wastewater treatment processes. For the performance of automated control systems for typical cleaning processes, it is necessary to develop a software package on the basis of appropriate mathematical models of typical processes. To obtain them, methods of mathematical and simulation modeling and variance analysis were used. In order to assess the quality of modeling, the presented mathematical model describing the statics of the neutralization process for ferrous sulfate water was tested for compliance. To do this, two experiments were performed (the first at an initial concentration of sulfuric acid of 800 [mg/l] and ferrous sulfate of 4000 [mg/l] and the second at an initial concentration of sulfuric acid of 800 [mg/l] and ferrous sulfate of 2000 [mg/l]). First of all, a precondition for the reproducibility of experimental results was verified using the Cochrane test. The mathematical model was verified for adequacy on the basis of Fisher's criterion for the significance level q = 0.05 with degrees of freedom j1 = 16 and j2 = 17. For the first experiment, Grozr = 0.50557 and Gmab = 0.73; i.e., Grozr < Gmab and dispersions are homogeneous. Frozr = 1.0225 and Fmab = 2.4 and thus Frozr < Fmab, and there is no reason to say that the model is inadequate. For the second experiment, Grozr = 0.50308 and Gmab = 0.73; i.e., Grozr < Gmab and dispersions are also homogeneous. Frozr = 1.0005 and Fmab = 2.4 and thus Frozr < Fmab, which also indicates that the model is adequate. The issue related to the performance of technological systems for wastewater treatment in non-stationary modes is directly dictated by the specific operating conditions of treatment facilities, which are expressed by the instability of parameters at their inlet. The inability to apply the necessary technological action to the flow in time is a serious obstacle to the implementation of the cleaning depth, which is guaranteed by the physicochemical basis of the meth
{"title":"Statics simulation of the sulphate iron-containing wastewater neutralization process","authors":"A. Zhuchenko, Ruslan Osipa, L. Osipa, D. Kovaliuk","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248873","url":null,"abstract":"At the present stage of technical progress, all industries face an extremely complex problem of creating reliable barriers that prevent the penetration of industrial emissions into the environment. Currently, the issues of stabilizing the quality of wastewater treatment have become especially important in connection with the task of developing wastewater-free industrial complexes. Among the complex scientific and technical problems associated with this task, the problem of stable and reliable maintenance of water quality parameters at the outlet of technological systems is crucial, as leakage of pollutants immediately affects the state of basic production, disrupting its technology and infecting ecosystems. \u0000The focus of industry on a sharp reduction in emissions and on the creation of industrial cycles with circulating water supply requires intensive efforts to improve the wastewater treatment technology, the introduction of high-performance processes and devices, as well as the synthesis of control systems for typical wastewater treatment processes. \u0000For the performance of automated control systems for typical cleaning processes, it is necessary to develop a software package on the basis of appropriate mathematical models of typical processes. To obtain them, methods of mathematical and simulation modeling and variance analysis were used. \u0000In order to assess the quality of modeling, the presented mathematical model describing the statics of the neutralization process for ferrous sulfate water was tested for compliance. To do this, two experiments were performed (the first at an initial concentration of sulfuric acid of 800 [mg/l] and ferrous sulfate of 4000 [mg/l] and the second at an initial concentration of sulfuric acid of 800 [mg/l] and ferrous sulfate of 2000 [mg/l]). First of all, a precondition for the reproducibility of experimental results was verified using the Cochrane test. The mathematical model was verified for adequacy on the basis of Fisher's criterion for the significance level q = 0.05 with degrees of freedom j1 = 16 and j2 = 17. \u0000For the first experiment, Grozr = 0.50557 and Gmab = 0.73; i.e., Grozr < Gmab and dispersions are homogeneous. Frozr = 1.0225 and Fmab = 2.4 and thus Frozr < Fmab, and there is no reason to say that the model is inadequate. \u0000For the second experiment, Grozr = 0.50308 and Gmab = 0.73; i.e., Grozr < Gmab and dispersions are also homogeneous. Frozr = 1.0005 and Fmab = 2.4 and thus Frozr < Fmab, which also indicates that the model is adequate. \u0000The issue related to the performance of technological systems for wastewater treatment in non-stationary modes is directly dictated by the specific operating conditions of treatment facilities, which are expressed by the instability of parameters at their inlet. The inability to apply the necessary technological action to the flow in time is a serious obstacle to the implementation of the cleaning depth, which is guaranteed by the physicochemical basis of the meth","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84836269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248944
Evelina Mickevičiūtė, A. Šleiniūtė, I. Pitak, T. Mumladze, A. Sholokhova, G. Denafas
Packaging materials can arise from a wide range of sources and are commonly used for food, medicine, household appliances, and items to enclose or protect products during distribution, storage, sale, delivery, and use. The choice of material (paper, plastic, glass, wood, metal, multi-layer or other packaging) to be used depends on the type and properties of product, the purpose of packaging, and the price. The aim of the investigation is to analyse the morphological composition of packaging waste collected separately in Kaunas (Lithuanian) private households and to evaluate its recycling possibilities. The mixture of paper, plastic, and metal packaging waste was analyzed in the winter and spring (one time per month) in the waste management company JSC "Kauno švara".
{"title":"Morphological content and recyclability of separate collected packages: a case study for Kaunas, Lithuania**","authors":"Evelina Mickevičiūtė, A. Šleiniūtė, I. Pitak, T. Mumladze, A. Sholokhova, G. Denafas","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248944","url":null,"abstract":"Packaging materials can arise from a wide range of sources and are commonly used for food, medicine, household appliances, and items to enclose or protect products during distribution, storage, sale, delivery, and use. The choice of material (paper, plastic, glass, wood, metal, multi-layer or other packaging) to be used depends on the type and properties of product, the purpose of packaging, and the price. \u0000The aim of the investigation is to analyse the morphological composition of packaging waste collected separately in Kaunas (Lithuanian) private households and to evaluate its recycling possibilities. The mixture of paper, plastic, and metal packaging waste was analyzed in the winter and spring (one time per month) in the waste management company JSC \"Kauno švara\".","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89024504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248902
D. Kovaliuk, Ruslan Osipa, Victoria Кondratova
Technological processes are always accompanied by deviations from the set mode, which is due to the influence of many external and internal factors. The environmental parameters, the components of input raw materials, and the condition of technological equipment are constantly changing, which requires solving the problem of finding the optimal control parameters and, in some cases, the parameters of the process itself. Most industries are focused on obtaining the final product with a given level of quality. Changes in parameters of the technological process may deteriorate the quality of production and cause defects or even emergency situations. To prevent this, forecasting methods are used. The task of constructing predictive models based on experimental data is relevant for a wide range of technological processes. Today, predictive models are widely used in management, diagnosis and identification. The vast majority of these models are based on artificial intelligence technologies or methods of mathematical statistics. The most widespread forecasting models find application in areas such as banking, insurance, business economics, medicine, diagnostics of technical components and equipment, and forecasting the parameters of technological processes. Despite the well-developed algorithm for model development and application, the main problem that remains is to acquire data, select an appropriate model structure, and integrate the model into existing control systems. The paper will predict the parameters of the technological process of methanol production under reduced pressure. The production of methanol under reduced pressure is a multi-stage process, and the emergence of problems at some stage will adversely affect further work and the end result. Note that there are all problems related to the performance of technological processes in the production of methanol, which are described above. Therefore, another task is to forecast emergencies, taking into account the indicators of all stages in the process. The development of models for forecasting emergencies and controlling thermal regimes and their further integration into the existing automatic process control system is proposed to be performed according to the principles of industrial revolution – Industry 4.0. Important components of Industry 4.0 are the Internet of Things, data analysis, and digital duplicates. Each of these components solves a partial problem and, collectively, they provide full automation of production, forecasting of real-time process indicators, and calculation of optimal control. The process of methanol production under reduced pressure can be fully automated in accordance with the components of Industry 4.0. First, there is instrumentation that allows the values of technological process to be obtained over time. Second, given a moderate size of these data, one can obtain models of control objects, perform their software implementation, and use them to calculate
{"title":"Decision making in control systems based on data analysis","authors":"D. Kovaliuk, Ruslan Osipa, Victoria Кondratova","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248902","url":null,"abstract":"Technological processes are always accompanied by deviations from the set mode, which is due to the influence of many external and internal factors. The environmental parameters, the components of input raw materials, and the condition of technological equipment are constantly changing, which requires solving the problem of finding the optimal control parameters and, in some cases, the parameters of the process itself. \u0000Most industries are focused on obtaining the final product with a given level of quality. Changes in parameters of the technological process may deteriorate the quality of production and cause defects or even emergency situations. To prevent this, forecasting methods are used. \u0000The task of constructing predictive models based on experimental data is relevant for a wide range of technological processes. Today, predictive models are widely used in management, diagnosis and identification. The vast majority of these models are based on artificial intelligence technologies or methods of mathematical statistics. \u0000The most widespread forecasting models find application in areas such as banking, insurance, business economics, medicine, diagnostics of technical components and equipment, and forecasting the parameters of technological processes. \u0000Despite the well-developed algorithm for model development and application, the main problem that remains is to acquire data, select an appropriate model structure, and integrate the model into existing control systems. \u0000The paper will predict the parameters of the technological process of methanol production under reduced pressure. The production of methanol under reduced pressure is a multi-stage process, and the emergence of problems at some stage will adversely affect further work and the end result. \u0000Note that there are all problems related to the performance of technological processes in the production of methanol, which are described above. Therefore, another task is to forecast emergencies, taking into account the indicators of all stages in the process. The development of models for forecasting emergencies and controlling thermal regimes and their further integration into the existing automatic process control system is proposed to be performed according to the principles of industrial revolution – Industry 4.0. \u0000Important components of Industry 4.0 are the Internet of Things, data analysis, and digital duplicates. Each of these components solves a partial problem and, collectively, they provide full automation of production, forecasting of real-time process indicators, and calculation of optimal control. \u0000The process of methanol production under reduced pressure can be fully automated in accordance with the components of Industry 4.0. First, there is instrumentation that allows the values of technological process to be obtained over time. Second, given a moderate size of these data, one can obtain models of control objects, perform their software implementation, and use them to calculate","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75750962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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