Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248946
Serhii Kobzar, Olexandr Topal, L. Haponych, I. Golenko
The production and utilization of fuel derived from municipal solid waste (RDF/SFR) is an effective method for saving organic fuel and decreasing emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases at landfill and refuse dumps. Ukraine has a potential for the production of 1.5–2 million tons of RDF/SFR with a calorific value of 10–25 MJ/kg annually. In the case of involving these fuels to power sector, about 2500 GW-h of electricity and 4500 GW-h of heat can be produced annually. One of the promising variants to involve RDF/SFR to power sector is their combustion, including co-firing with natural gas, aimed at the production of heat and electricity, in particular, using the existing boilers of small and middle steam capacity in compliance with stringent ecological requirements (Directive 2010/75/EU etc.). For performing this investigation, we chose a GMP-16 gas-and-oil-fired burner, mounted into a cylindrical combustion chamber. The gas-and-oil-fired hot-water boilers of KVGM grade, designed for heating and hot water supply, are equipped with burners of this type. In computer modeling, we determined the influence of RDF additions on the co-firing with natural gas for a given geometry of the combustion chamber components (with a burner of 18.6 MW heat output). We obtained calculated dependences of temperatures, velocities, distributions of gas component concentrations, carbon remained in the solid phase, as well as the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide over the combustion chamber. According to preliminary assessments, we established that additions of up to 20% RDF/SFR (by heat at input) in their co-firing with natural gas will not change substantially the technical and ecological parameters in operation of the combustion chamber.
{"title":"Investigation of the co-firing of natural gas and RDF in a model combustion chamber**","authors":"Serhii Kobzar, Olexandr Topal, L. Haponych, I. Golenko","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248946","url":null,"abstract":"The production and utilization of fuel derived from municipal solid waste (RDF/SFR) is an effective method for saving organic fuel and decreasing emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases at landfill and refuse dumps. Ukraine has a potential for the production of 1.5–2 million tons of RDF/SFR with a calorific value of 10–25 MJ/kg annually. In the case of involving these fuels to power sector, about 2500 GW-h of electricity and 4500 GW-h of heat can be produced annually. One of the promising variants to involve RDF/SFR to power sector is their combustion, including co-firing with natural gas, aimed at the production of heat and electricity, in particular, using the existing boilers of small and middle steam capacity in compliance with stringent ecological requirements (Directive 2010/75/EU etc.). \u0000For performing this investigation, we chose a GMP-16 gas-and-oil-fired burner, mounted into a cylindrical combustion chamber. The gas-and-oil-fired hot-water boilers of KVGM grade, designed for heating and hot water supply, are equipped with burners of this type. In computer modeling, we determined the influence of RDF additions on the co-firing with natural gas for a given geometry of the combustion chamber components (with a burner of 18.6 MW heat output). We obtained calculated dependences of temperatures, velocities, distributions of gas component concentrations, carbon remained in the solid phase, as well as the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide over the combustion chamber. According to preliminary assessments, we established that additions of up to 20% RDF/SFR (by heat at input) in their co-firing with natural gas will not change substantially the technical and ecological parameters in operation of the combustion chamber.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78439975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248947
Yaroslav Radovenchyk, T. Krysenko, M. Poberezhnyi
Ukrainian enterprises annually generate millions cubic meters of mineralized water, which is discharged into surface reservoirs, and millions cubic meters of highly concentrated solutions and suspensions, which are accumulated and stored in special sludge storages. This waste water causes irreparable damage to the environment. A new method for the evaporation of industrial concentrates by fibrous materials with capillary properties was proposed not so long ago. The use of such materials allows an effective, autonomous, cheap, and extremely simple system to be created for the evaporation for various liquids and concentrates. The research methodology was as follows. Two graduated cylinders of the same diameter were used in our research. One cylinder was filled with the liquid phase to a certain level and used to control evaporation from the surface of the aqueous medium. In the other, experimental cylinder, a vertical cotton strip was additionally placed (from 1 to 21 layers of fabric). The width of the strip was 5 cm. The length of the strip was 50 cm. The density of cotton was 100 g/m2. The research method was to determine the height of liquid phase capillary rise along the strip of fabric and to evaluate reduction in the volume of liquid that evaporates in both cylinders at set temperatures. It was found that in the absence of wind and the distance between the vertically placed strips of 7–15 mm were sufficient to ensure the maximum evaporation intensity. Our long-term experiments in natural conditions confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed method. At an average daily air temperature of 2.3 °C, there was a significant evaporation from the surface of the fabric during the day. In this case, evaporation from the water surface was not observed. It should be noted that the intensity of evaporation under natural conditions depends on a significant number of factors (temperature, wind speed, luminosity, humidity, etc.), so it is difficult to detect a direct relationship between some of them. With increase only in the liquid phase temperature, the evaporation efficiency decreased. At a temperature of 20 °C, the laboratory installation (15 layers of cotton strip) increased the evaporation intensity by more than 2 times, at 46 °C by more than 5 times, at 57 °C by almost 3 times, but at 75 °C only by about 67 %. It is obvious that heating of the liquid phase alone less influences the evaporation process from the surface of the fabric strip, which was cooled rapidly in the atmosphere at a much lower temperature. Therefore, to increase the evaporation intensity, it is necessary to increase temperature for all components of the liquid–fabric system. A fabric with suitable properties, stretched between two metal racks and immersed into the liquid phase with the lower end, can be used as a simple evaporator. Our research has shown that the use of materials with capillary properties in the treatment of liquid solutions allows simple, cheap, and effi
{"title":"Evaporation of liquids at low temperatures","authors":"Yaroslav Radovenchyk, T. Krysenko, M. Poberezhnyi","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248947","url":null,"abstract":"Ukrainian enterprises annually generate millions cubic meters of mineralized water, which is discharged into surface reservoirs, and millions cubic meters of highly concentrated solutions and suspensions, which are accumulated and stored in special sludge storages. This waste water causes irreparable damage to the environment. A new method for the evaporation of industrial concentrates by fibrous materials with capillary properties was proposed not so long ago. The use of such materials allows an effective, autonomous, cheap, and extremely simple system to be created for the evaporation for various liquids and concentrates. \u0000The research methodology was as follows. Two graduated cylinders of the same diameter were used in our research. One cylinder was filled with the liquid phase to a certain level and used to control evaporation from the surface of the aqueous medium. In the other, experimental cylinder, a vertical cotton strip was additionally placed (from 1 to 21 layers of fabric). The width of the strip was 5 cm. The length of the strip was 50 cm. The density of cotton was 100 g/m2. The research method was to determine the height of liquid phase capillary rise along the strip of fabric and to evaluate reduction in the volume of liquid that evaporates in both cylinders at set temperatures. \u0000It was found that in the absence of wind and the distance between the vertically placed strips of 7–15 mm were sufficient to ensure the maximum evaporation intensity. Our long-term experiments in natural conditions confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed method. At an average daily air temperature of 2.3 °C, there was a significant evaporation from the surface of the fabric during the day. In this case, evaporation from the water surface was not observed. It should be noted that the intensity of evaporation under natural conditions depends on a significant number of factors (temperature, wind speed, luminosity, humidity, etc.), so it is difficult to detect a direct relationship between some of them. \u0000With increase only in the liquid phase temperature, the evaporation efficiency decreased. At a temperature of 20 °C, the laboratory installation (15 layers of cotton strip) increased the evaporation intensity by more than 2 times, at 46 °C by more than 5 times, at 57 °C by almost 3 times, but at 75 °C only by about 67 %. It is obvious that heating of the liquid phase alone less influences the evaporation process from the surface of the fabric strip, which was cooled rapidly in the atmosphere at a much lower temperature. Therefore, to increase the evaporation intensity, it is necessary to increase temperature for all components of the liquid–fabric system. \u0000A fabric with suitable properties, stretched between two metal racks and immersed into the liquid phase with the lower end, can be used as a simple evaporator. \u0000Our research has shown that the use of materials with capillary properties in the treatment of liquid solutions allows simple, cheap, and effi","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82009476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248943
V. Halysh, O. Sevastyanova, Zhao Yadong
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are well-known medications for reducing pain and a group of drugs that can cause mucosal damage of the stomach. The negative effects on the digestive system can be reduced by immobilization of drugs on various carriers, for instance, on the components of plant biomass, for the creation of drug delivery system. Plant biomass is a lignocellulosic complex consisting of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that can potentially be regarded as a carrier of pharmaceuticals. Sugarcane residues such as bagasse and straw are biomass by-products of the sugarcane industry. One of the prospective ways for their efficient utilization can include chemical processing with the aim of obtaining effective biosorbents or so-called carriers of different composition and structure. The aim of the work was to study the structural, morphological, and sorption properties of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose, derived from sugarcane biomass (bagasse and straw) by means of delignification and hydrolysis, as potential components for drug delivery system. Sugarcane straw samples show higher densities in comparison with bagasse samples. Both lignin samples from bagasse and straw have greater bulk and true density if compared to other materials from sugarcane biomass of cellulosic and lignocellulosic nature. The increase in adsorption pore volume in lignins is observed, being indicative of better sorption ability. Both samples of cellulose and lignocellulose from straw have greater pore structure if compared to the initial material. The values of sodium diclofenac sorption efficiency correlate with the values of pore volume for corresponding materials. Lignin from sugarcane straw, which shows greater porosity, has greater sorption properties. SEM images show that the initial materials and treated materials have complex morphology. FTIR spectra show a clear difference in the structure of lignocellulose, cellulose, and lignin from sugarcane bagasse and straw. The potential application of biopolymers from bagasse and straw as organic carriers of sodium diclofenac was studied. With this purpose, plant polymers were impregnated with an alcoholic solution of sodium diclofenac and the desorption process was investigated. The lignin sample from sugarcane straw has a longer period of drug release, which indicates the obtained effect of prolongation.
{"title":"Sugarcane biomass as а potential carrier for drug delivery system","authors":"V. Halysh, O. Sevastyanova, Zhao Yadong","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2021.248943","url":null,"abstract":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are well-known medications for reducing pain and a group of drugs that can cause mucosal damage of the stomach. The negative effects on the digestive system can be reduced by immobilization of drugs on various carriers, for instance, on the components of plant biomass, for the creation of drug delivery system. Plant biomass is a lignocellulosic complex consisting of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that can potentially be regarded as a carrier of pharmaceuticals. Sugarcane residues such as bagasse and straw are biomass by-products of the sugarcane industry. One of the prospective ways for their efficient utilization can include chemical processing with the aim of obtaining effective biosorbents or so-called carriers of different composition and structure. The aim of the work was to study the structural, morphological, and sorption properties of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose, derived from sugarcane biomass (bagasse and straw) by means of delignification and hydrolysis, as potential components for drug delivery system. Sugarcane straw samples show higher densities in comparison with bagasse samples. Both lignin samples from bagasse and straw have greater bulk and true density if compared to other materials from sugarcane biomass of cellulosic and lignocellulosic nature. The increase in adsorption pore volume in lignins is observed, being indicative of better sorption ability. Both samples of cellulose and lignocellulose from straw have greater pore structure if compared to the initial material. The values of sodium diclofenac sorption efficiency correlate with the values of pore volume for corresponding materials. Lignin from sugarcane straw, which shows greater porosity, has greater sorption properties. SEM images show that the initial materials and treated materials have complex morphology. FTIR spectra show a clear difference in the structure of lignocellulose, cellulose, and lignin from sugarcane bagasse and straw. The potential application of biopolymers from bagasse and straw as organic carriers of sodium diclofenac was studied. With this purpose, plant polymers were impregnated with an alcoholic solution of sodium diclofenac and the desorption process was investigated. The lignin sample from sugarcane straw has a longer period of drug release, which indicates the obtained effect of prolongation.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80805787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241046
O. Borysenko, S. Logvinkov, G. Shabanova
The study of the subsolidus structure of multicomponent systems for the synthesis of composite materials with specified phase composition and properties is urgent. Insufficient knowledge of the Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system arouses research interest in the structure of the system, as well as in the processes that occur in the system in different temperature ranges. A thermodynamic analysis of the Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system was carried out and it was found that the partition of the system into elementary triangles changes in five temperature ranges: I – up to a temperature of 1413 K, II – in the temperature range 1413 – 1537 K, III – 1537 – 1630 K, IV – 1630 – 2076 K and V – above the temperature of 2076 K. The main geometrical-topological characteristics of the subsolidus structure of the system and its phases were analyzed: the areas of elementary triangles, the degree of their asymmetry, the area of regions in which phases exist and the probability of the existence of phases. It was found that the FeAl2O4 – Fe2TiO4 – FeO elementary triangle with a relatively large area and a fairly small degree of asymmetry remained unchanged up to a temperature of 2076 K and the FeAl2O4 phase had the highest probability of existence above a temperature of 1413 K; all this indicates the reliability of predicting the phase composition of synthesized materials in this area and does not require special technological conditions for the accuracy of dosing and the time for homogenization of precursors. In the temperature range 1537 – 1630 К, the Al2TiO5 – FeAl2O4 – TiO2 elementary triangle has the largest area, but rearrangement of the connections occurs above a temperature of 1630 K. In this range, researchers may be interested in the FeTi2O5 – Al2TiO5 – FeTiO3 elementary triangle, which has the smallest area and the greatest degree of asymmetry. Of course, it is possible to perform additional calculations to determine whether the compositions belong to the joint area of two elementary triangles Al2TiO5 – FeAl2O4 – TiO2 and FeTi2O5 – Al2TiO5 – FeTiO3, special technological methods of mass preparation and synthesis must be strictly observed in working in this area. For corundum refractories and corundum-based materials with increased heat resistance, it is advisable to calculate whether the compositions belong to the joint region Al2O3 – Al2TiO5 – FeAl2O4 (in the temperature range 1537 – 1630 K) and Al2TiO5 – FeTiO3 – Al2O3 or FeTiO3 – Al2O3 – FeAl2O4 (above a temperature of 1630 K). The calculated data obtained above a temperature of 2076 K, as a consequence of non-proving the existence of the Al4TiO8 compound, are of recommendatory nature and require further theoretical and practical studies. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are given on the range of compositions that are optimal for obtaining new materials with the required phase composition and desired properties. This will contribute to the development of the latest resource-saving technologies for th
{"title":"Analysis of the subsolidus structure in the Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system","authors":"O. Borysenko, S. Logvinkov, G. Shabanova","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241046","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the subsolidus structure of multicomponent systems for the synthesis of composite materials with specified phase composition and properties is urgent. Insufficient knowledge of the Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system arouses research interest in the structure of the system, as well as in the processes that occur in the system in different temperature ranges. \u0000A thermodynamic analysis of the Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system was carried out and it was found that the partition of the system into elementary triangles changes in five temperature ranges: I – up to a temperature of 1413 K, II – in the temperature range 1413 – 1537 K, III – 1537 – 1630 K, IV – 1630 – 2076 K and V – above the temperature of 2076 K. The main geometrical-topological characteristics of the subsolidus structure of the system and its phases were analyzed: the areas of elementary triangles, the degree of their asymmetry, the area of regions in which phases exist and the probability of the existence of phases. It was found that the FeAl2O4 – Fe2TiO4 – FeO elementary triangle with a relatively large area and a fairly small degree of asymmetry remained unchanged up to a temperature of 2076 K and the FeAl2O4 phase had the highest probability of existence above a temperature of 1413 K; all this indicates the reliability of predicting the phase composition of synthesized materials in this area and does not require special technological conditions for the accuracy of dosing and the time for homogenization of precursors. In the temperature range 1537 – 1630 К, the Al2TiO5 – FeAl2O4 – TiO2 elementary triangle has the largest area, but rearrangement of the connections occurs above a temperature of 1630 K. In this range, researchers may be interested in the FeTi2O5 – Al2TiO5 – FeTiO3 elementary triangle, which has the smallest area and the greatest degree of asymmetry. Of course, it is possible to perform additional calculations to determine whether the compositions belong to the joint area of two elementary triangles Al2TiO5 – FeAl2O4 – TiO2 and FeTi2O5 – Al2TiO5 – FeTiO3, special technological methods of mass preparation and synthesis must be strictly observed in working in this area. For corundum refractories and corundum-based materials with increased heat resistance, it is advisable to calculate whether the compositions belong to the joint region Al2O3 – Al2TiO5 – FeAl2O4 (in the temperature range 1537 – 1630 K) and Al2TiO5 – FeTiO3 – Al2O3 or FeTiO3 – Al2O3 – FeAl2O4 (above a temperature of 1630 K). The calculated data obtained above a temperature of 2076 K, as a consequence of non-proving the existence of the Al4TiO8 compound, are of recommendatory nature and require further theoretical and practical studies. \u0000Based on the results obtained, recommendations are given on the range of compositions that are optimal for obtaining new materials with the required phase composition and desired properties. This will contribute to the development of the latest resource-saving technologies for th","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74866386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241049
V. Halysh, I. Trus, V. Radovenchyk, M. Gomelya
Biosorption is a promising technology for removing various pollutants from industrial wastewater, which consists in the use of secondary plant raw materials (e.g., agro-industrial waste) to solve environmental pollution problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of nut shells as a biosorbent, to study the effect of alkaline modification of shells on their properties and to study the use of spent biosorbents as additives in cement. The influence of the fractional composition of the initial material on its sorption capacity and the influence of the modification of shells with alkaline solution on the properties of the obtained biosorbents are investigated. The yield of the final products was determined gravimetrically as the ratio of the mass of the product to the mass of the raw material. The sorption capacity was studied using model solutions. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions was determined by titration, and the cationic dye by spectrophotometric method. Methylene blue was used as a test dye. The studies have shown that the fractional composition of the material largely determines its sorption properties. Reducing the particle size of the nut shells leads to an increase in the sorption efficiency of methylene blue from 17.2% for the fraction with a size of 1.5-2.0 mm to 39.2% for the fraction with a size of 0.5-1.0 mm. The static exchange capacity increases by an average of 30 % for each subsequent fraction. To improve the sorption properties of the initial material, along with grinding, it is advisable to use chemical modification. The method of alkaline modification was used, which is accompanied by partial destruction of the aromatic component of raw materials and low molecular weight polysaccharides and by removal of extractives of different nature, which leads to the formation of a more porous structure. The maximum sorption efficiency of methylene blue (80 %) corresponds to the biosorbent obtained from nut shells (fractional composition 0.5-1.0 mm) by modifying with 5 % NaOH solution for 180 min at a temperature of 100 oC. Alkaline treatment significantly improves the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent to the cationic dye compared to the initial material. The sorption capacity of nut shells and biosorbent based on shells was studied as a function of pH of aqueous dye solution and duration of contact. It was found that pH of the aqueous solution had a significant effect on the sorption of the dye and the maximum value was reached at pH 6. This is due to the electrokinetic properties of the surface of lignocellulosic materials - the ability to change charge depending on pH (positive in acidic, negative in neutral and alkaline), due to the presence of different functional groups. The study of kinetics showed that the maximum rate of absorption of methylene blue corresponded to the first 30 minutes of contact. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within 240 minutes of contact. Sorption kinetics was also studi
{"title":"Biosorbents for wastewater treatment","authors":"V. Halysh, I. Trus, V. Radovenchyk, M. Gomelya","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241049","url":null,"abstract":"Biosorption is a promising technology for removing various pollutants from industrial wastewater, which consists in the use of secondary plant raw materials (e.g., agro-industrial waste) to solve environmental pollution problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of nut shells as a biosorbent, to study the effect of alkaline modification of shells on their properties and to study the use of spent biosorbents as additives in cement. The influence of the fractional composition of the initial material on its sorption capacity and the influence of the modification of shells with alkaline solution on the properties of the obtained biosorbents are investigated. The yield of the final products was determined gravimetrically as the ratio of the mass of the product to the mass of the raw material. The sorption capacity was studied using model solutions. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions was determined by titration, and the cationic dye by spectrophotometric method. Methylene blue was used as a test dye. The studies have shown that the fractional composition of the material largely determines its sorption properties. Reducing the particle size of the nut shells leads to an increase in the sorption efficiency of methylene blue from 17.2% for the fraction with a size of 1.5-2.0 mm to 39.2% for the fraction with a size of 0.5-1.0 mm. The static exchange capacity increases by an average of 30 % for each subsequent fraction. To improve the sorption properties of the initial material, along with grinding, it is advisable to use chemical modification. The method of alkaline modification was used, which is accompanied by partial destruction of the aromatic component of raw materials and low molecular weight polysaccharides and by removal of extractives of different nature, which leads to the formation of a more porous structure. The maximum sorption efficiency of methylene blue (80 %) corresponds to the biosorbent obtained from nut shells (fractional composition 0.5-1.0 mm) by modifying with 5 % NaOH solution for 180 min at a temperature of 100 oC. Alkaline treatment significantly improves the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent to the cationic dye compared to the initial material. The sorption capacity of nut shells and biosorbent based on shells was studied as a function of pH of aqueous dye solution and duration of contact. It was found that pH of the aqueous solution had a significant effect on the sorption of the dye and the maximum value was reached at pH 6. This is due to the electrokinetic properties of the surface of lignocellulosic materials - the ability to change charge depending on pH (positive in acidic, negative in neutral and alkaline), due to the presence of different functional groups. The study of kinetics showed that the maximum rate of absorption of methylene blue corresponded to the first 30 minutes of contact. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within 240 minutes of contact. Sorption kinetics was also studi","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74788938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241027
A. Kovba, M. Shved, D. Shved
The relevant task of today is to improve the installations for thermostat extrusion, in order to increase the indicators of resource/energy efficiency. The study of the features peculiar to the loading and melting area (LMA) and the elimination of shortcomings can significantly reduce the energy costs of the process. To achieve high-quality results in cascading disk-gear extrusion, the main methods of the dispersion melting of thermoplastic granules are analyzed, taking into account all the features of the physical model of the extrusion process. The dispersion model of melting is achieved by observing a limited supply of raw materials to the loading area. This ensures the intensification of the process and significantly reduces the total length of the LMA. In this case, the length of the area with the most filled channel directly depends on the resistance of the disk zone. With increasing resistance, the polymer stopper moves to the loading neck. The polymer is gradually compacted, and each leakage of the LMA is periodically filled. From the rotating disk heated to 107 oC, samples of the polymer were removed and cut into separate sections. Previously, to facilitate the process of visual research, the polymer was colored with 0.5% blue pigment. The results of the analysis confirmed the performance of the proposed physical model for the processes occuring in the disk-gear extruder. As a result, it is possible to calculate the time over which the granules stay in the LMA and the length of the screw cutting in this area, depending on the performance. Taking into account all the features of the disk-gear extrusion process allows creating an upgraded productive, resource-efficient installation and implementing it into practice.
{"title":"Features of cascading disk-gear extrusion of plastics","authors":"A. Kovba, M. Shved, D. Shved","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241027","url":null,"abstract":"The relevant task of today is to improve the installations for thermostat extrusion, in order to increase the indicators of resource/energy efficiency. The study of the features peculiar to the loading and melting area (LMA) and the elimination of shortcomings can significantly reduce the energy costs of the process. \u0000To achieve high-quality results in cascading disk-gear extrusion, the main methods of the dispersion melting of thermoplastic granules are analyzed, taking into account all the features of the physical model of the extrusion process. \u0000The dispersion model of melting is achieved by observing a limited supply of raw materials to the loading area. This ensures the intensification of the process and significantly reduces the total length of the LMA. In this case, the length of the area with the most filled channel directly depends on the resistance of the disk zone. With increasing resistance, the polymer stopper moves to the loading neck. The polymer is gradually compacted, and each leakage of the LMA is periodically filled. \u0000From the rotating disk heated to 107 oC, samples of the polymer were removed and cut into separate sections. Previously, to facilitate the process of visual research, the polymer was colored with 0.5% blue pigment. The results of the analysis confirmed the performance of the proposed physical model for the processes occuring in the disk-gear extruder. As a result, it is possible to calculate the time over which the granules stay in the LMA and the length of the screw cutting in this area, depending on the performance. \u0000Taking into account all the features of the disk-gear extrusion process allows creating an upgraded productive, resource-efficient installation and implementing it into practice.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76400952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241028
A. Zhuchenko, Ruslan Osipa, L. Osipa, Lesia Ladieva
In Ukraine, the condition of surface water near industrial enterprises is extremely critical. The operation of enterprises leads to intensive water pollution with industrial and domestic wastewater. Therefore, improving the quality of treatment facilities through the introduction of automated control systems is an urgent problem. For the operation of automated control systems for typical cleaning processes, a software package is required, which is developed on the basis of appropriate algorithmic software and mathematical models of processes. To obtain them, methods of mathematical and simulation modeling and block diagram method of algorithmization were used. In order to assess the quality of the developed algorithm for controlling the process of buffer wastewater neutralization during operation, a comparison of control system operation based on this algorithm with the most successful foreign variants of neutralization control systems was made. Simulation for the average values of operating parameters Q = 75 m3 / h, CP = 75 g / l, and Ck = 2 g / l at minimum b = 0.02 g / l pH and maximum buffer value b = 0.47 g / l pH, and also with unidirectional extreme combination of parameters Q = 50 m3 / h, CP = 100 g / l, b = 0,02 g / l pH and Q = 100 m3 / h, CP= 50 g / l, for minimum b = 0.02 g / l pH and maximum buffering value b = 0.47 g / l pH shows that the best quality of transient processes is for the control system operating on the basis of the developed algorithm. For any combination of parameters, the transients for this control system provide better quality transients. Studies have shown that the control system based on the developed algorithm in comparison with the previously proposed systems provides better process control by reducing the time of transients and reducing the dynamic deviation of the output parameters, which improves the quality of wastewater treatment. Given the non-stationary process and high requirements for the cleaning parameters, manual control of this process is beyond the power of even an experienced operator. The developed mathematical model describing the dynamics of the wastewater neutralization reactor with buffer properties and the process control algorithm made it possible to proceed to the development of the control system software, which is necessary for the automated control of this process.
在乌克兰，工业企业附近的地表水状况极为危急。企业的经营导致工业和生活废水对水体的严重污染。因此，通过引入自动化控制系统来提高处理设施的质量是一个迫切需要解决的问题。对于典型清洗过程的自动化控制系统的运行，需要一个软件包，该软件包是在适当的算法软件和过程数学模型的基础上开发的。为此，采用了数学建模和仿真建模的方法以及算法化的方框图方法。为了评估所开发的缓冲废水中和过程运行控制算法的质量，将基于该算法的控制系统与国外最成功的中和控制系统进行了运行比较。模拟操作参数平均值的Q = 75 m3 / h, CP = 75 g / l,至少和Ck = 2 g / l b = 0.02 g / l pH值和最大缓冲值b = 0.47 g / l的pH值,并与单向极端的组合参数Q = 50 m3 / h, CP = 100 g / l, b = 0, 2 g / l pH值和Q = 100 m3 / h, CP = 50 g / l,最小缓冲值b = 0.02 g / l pH和最大缓冲值b = 0.47 g / l pH表明，根据所开发的算法运行的控制系统的瞬态过程质量最好。对于任意参数组合，该控制系统均能提供较好的暂态质量。研究表明，与之前提出的控制系统相比，基于所开发算法的控制系统通过减少瞬态时间和减少输出参数的动态偏差，提供了更好的过程控制，从而提高了废水处理质量。鉴于非平稳过程和对清洁参数的高要求，即使是经验丰富的操作员也无法手动控制该过程。建立了描述具有缓冲性能的废水中和反应器动力学的数学模型和过程控制算法，使控制系统软件的开发成为可能，这是实现该过程自动化控制所必需的。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235870
B. Shabalin, O. Lavrynenko, K. Yaroshenko
The lack of scientifically substantiated requirements, comprehensively developed and approved in a prescribed manner, for the usage of clays as a barrier material poses risks for the safe disposal of radioactive waste in facilities at the ‘Vector’ site for the period of their operation and closure. The bentonite clay from Ukraine’s largest Cherkasy deposit of bentonite and palygorskite clays is considered the most durable as the main component of the insulating (underlying) screens of radioactive waste disposal facilities. The main properties and compositional features of the Cherkasy natural bentonite clay (Dashukovskaya site, layer II) and its variety such as alkaline earth bentonite (activated soda bentonite), which provide isolation of radioactive waste in disposal, are considered. It is shown that the Cherkasy field has good waterproofing and barrier properties, including a high sorption capacity with respect to 90Sr and 137Cs, which is one of the main characteristics that ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste. The alkaline earth bentonite absorbs 90Sr and 137Cs more efficiently than natural bentonite does. However, 90Sr is sorbed in larger quantities than 137Cs on both types of bentonite. With increasing time of interaction with an aqueous solution, both types demonstrate a redistribution of the mobile (exchangeable) and immobile (non-replaceable) forms of radionuclides. The contribution of the stationary form that does not participate in migration processes also increases. A comprehensive analysis of the bentonite clays of the Cherkasy deposit was carried out, taking into account the significance of recoverable reserves and the potential for improving the technical and economic parameters of clays. Thus, the Cherkasy bentonite clays can be recommended as an additional anti-migration engineering barrier for ground/near-surface facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste. When choosing the type of bentonite clay for use as a barrier in a radioactive waste disposal facility, one could take into account the data published in the article, but the question of applying the bentonite clays of the Cherkasy deposit to ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste remains to be further studied.
{"title":"Investigation of the insulating properties of the Cherkasy deposit clays for the creation of underlying screens of radioactive waste at the ‘Vector’ site","authors":"B. Shabalin, O. Lavrynenko, K. Yaroshenko","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235870","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of scientifically substantiated requirements, comprehensively developed and approved in a prescribed manner, for the usage of clays as a barrier material poses risks for the safe disposal of radioactive waste in facilities at the ‘Vector’ site for the period of their operation and closure. The bentonite clay from Ukraine’s largest Cherkasy deposit of bentonite and palygorskite clays is considered the most durable as the main component of the insulating (underlying) screens of radioactive waste disposal facilities. The main properties and compositional features of the Cherkasy natural bentonite clay (Dashukovskaya site, layer II) and its variety such as alkaline earth bentonite (activated soda bentonite), which provide isolation of radioactive waste in disposal, are considered. It is shown that the Cherkasy field has good waterproofing and barrier properties, including a high sorption capacity with respect to 90Sr and 137Cs, which is one of the main characteristics that ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste. The alkaline earth bentonite absorbs 90Sr and 137Cs more efficiently than natural bentonite does. However, 90Sr is sorbed in larger quantities than 137Cs on both types of bentonite. With increasing time of interaction with an aqueous solution, both types demonstrate a redistribution of the mobile (exchangeable) and immobile (non-replaceable) forms of radionuclides. The contribution of the stationary form that does not participate in migration processes also increases. A comprehensive analysis of the bentonite clays of the Cherkasy deposit was carried out, taking into account the significance of recoverable reserves and the potential for improving the technical and economic parameters of clays. Thus, the Cherkasy bentonite clays can be recommended as an additional anti-migration engineering barrier for ground/near-surface facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste. When choosing the type of bentonite clay for use as a barrier in a radioactive waste disposal facility, one could take into account the data published in the article, but the question of applying the bentonite clays of the Cherkasy deposit to ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste remains to be further studied.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74398523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235864
O. Sanginova, P. Kozlov
Improving the production efficiency is one of the main management tasks for the pulp and paper industry. This can be achieved through the use of automated planning systems, designed to take into account the features and limitations of particular production. Such systems allow, on the basis of orders received from consumers, a voluminous production schedule to be made to take into account the needs for raw materials, the productivity of paper or cardboard machines, and the optimal cutting of the canvas on longitudinal cutting machines. Linear programming method for solving optimization problems. Computer simulation using optimized packages to compare the results with the options used in production. Cutting planning processes were optimized on the basis of standard orders for rolled products of an enterprise in the Kyiv region. The problem of optimizing the cutting planning process and criteria for increasing the production efficiency is formalized. The target function is to increase the profit of production by minimizing material losses in planning the cutting of the master rill and minimizing the storage of related products in production warehouses. To solve the optimization problem, it is proposed to use our own method of calculating the optimal cutting patterns for the manufacture of finished products on a longitudinal cutting machine. The MS Office SOLVER package was used for the calculations. Different cutting options were compared via the target function. Important criteria for this inspection are the fulfillment of the entire order, the availability and storage of related products outside the order, and the minimization of time for the reconfiguration of machines. Longitudinal cutting machines of this production can be adjusted only manually, and it takes a long time. Also, technological restrictions on the allowable width of the edge are an important requirement for cutting patterns. All patterns that do not meet these restrictions cannot be compared. There are three options for comparison. An option is made according to the proposed method and with an optimization package using the Simplex method and a number of technological limitations inherent in this production. An option is selected by the production planner manually taking into account previous experience. And the variant of cutting orders is made by the production management system, which accompanies the process of planning and transfer of tasks for longitudinal cutting machines. The function takes the maximum value in the option offered by the production scheduler. But this option is not optimal, because a person adds rolls to the satellite to improve the cutting map to fulfill all orders. This in turn leads to overfulfillment of orders and production of additional products in a warehouse where they can be stored for years until the expiration date. The option offered by the automotive system does not require the use of accompanying rolls but unfortunately does not meet the
{"title":"Optimization of the cutting planning process in cardboard and paper production","authors":"O. Sanginova, P. Kozlov","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235864","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the production efficiency is one of the main management tasks for the pulp and paper industry. \u0000This can be achieved through the use of automated planning systems, designed to take into account the features and limitations of particular production. Such systems allow, on the basis of orders received from consumers, a voluminous production schedule to be made to take into account the needs for raw materials, the productivity of paper or cardboard machines, and the optimal cutting of the canvas on longitudinal cutting machines. \u0000Linear programming method for solving optimization problems. Computer simulation using optimized packages to compare the results with the options used in production. \u0000Cutting planning processes were optimized on the basis of standard orders for rolled products of an enterprise in the Kyiv region. The problem of optimizing the cutting planning process and criteria for increasing the production efficiency is formalized. The target function is to increase the profit of production by minimizing material losses in planning the cutting of the master rill and minimizing the storage of related products in production warehouses. To solve the optimization problem, it is proposed to use our own method of calculating the optimal cutting patterns for the manufacture of finished products on a longitudinal cutting machine. \u0000The MS Office SOLVER package was used for the calculations. \u0000Different cutting options were compared via the target function. Important criteria for this inspection are the fulfillment of the entire order, the availability and storage of related products outside the order, and the minimization of time for the reconfiguration of machines. Longitudinal cutting machines of this production can be adjusted only manually, and it takes a long time. Also, technological restrictions on the allowable width of the edge are an important requirement for cutting patterns. All patterns that do not meet these restrictions cannot be compared. \u0000There are three options for comparison. An option is made according to the proposed method and with an optimization package using the Simplex method and a number of technological limitations inherent in this production. An option is selected by the production planner manually taking into account previous experience. And the variant of cutting orders is made by the production management system, which accompanies the process of planning and transfer of tasks for longitudinal cutting machines. The function takes the maximum value in the option offered by the production scheduler. But this option is not optimal, because a person adds rolls to the satellite to improve the cutting map to fulfill all orders. This in turn leads to overfulfillment of orders and production of additional products in a warehouse where they can be stored for years until the expiration date. The option offered by the automotive system does not require the use of accompanying rolls but unfortunately does not meet the ","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84502212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235866
V. Vorobyova, M. Skiba, I. Trus, Heorhiy Vasyliyev
Most conventional organic solvents are toxic and pose high risks to human health. In this context, green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DES), are promising and environmentally friendly. DES exhibit the advantages of ionic liquids and, in addition to being inexpensive, are low- or non-toxic, renewable and often biodegradable. The most important by-product generated from the vegetable industry is the so-called pomace that still contains a large number of bioactive compounds of great interest, such as phenolic compounds which have antioxidation properties. Antioxidant compounds are known as molecules that are able to stabilize, inhibit, deactivate and scavenge free radicals, thus protecting the human body against oxidative damage. In this study, a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent was used in ultrasound-assisted extraction of "green" organic compounds from tomato pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill.). Characterization HPLC-DAD methods were employed and total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were assayed. Various experimental techniques including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were used to characterize the antioxidant activity of the extract. The phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results also indicated the highest antioxidant activities measured in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging (40%) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)(50%), as well as highest total phenolic content (TPC) (11.12 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight). For this reason, in the future, the use of eutectic solvents may be the best method for the extraction of organic compounds from tomato pomace.
{"title":"Extraction of tomato pomace with \"green\" solvents and evaluation of antioxidant properties","authors":"V. Vorobyova, M. Skiba, I. Trus, Heorhiy Vasyliyev","doi":"10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.2.2021.235866","url":null,"abstract":"Most conventional organic solvents are toxic and pose high risks to human health. In this context, green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DES), are promising and environmentally friendly. DES exhibit the advantages of ionic liquids and, in addition to being inexpensive, are low- or non-toxic, renewable and often biodegradable. The most important by-product generated from the vegetable industry is the so-called pomace that still contains a large number of bioactive compounds of great interest, such as phenolic compounds which have antioxidation properties. Antioxidant compounds are known as molecules that are able to stabilize, inhibit, deactivate and scavenge free radicals, thus protecting the human body against oxidative damage. In this study, a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent was used in ultrasound-assisted extraction of \"green\" organic compounds from tomato pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill.). Characterization HPLC-DAD methods were employed and total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were assayed. Various experimental techniques including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were used to characterize the antioxidant activity of the extract. The phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results also indicated the highest antioxidant activities measured in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging (40%) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)(50%), as well as highest total phenolic content (TPC) (11.12 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight). For this reason, in the future, the use of eutectic solvents may be the best method for the extraction of organic compounds from tomato pomace.","PeriodicalId":20682,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76755501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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