Psychological Assessment最新文献

Measurement invariance across diverse groups, though crucial for determining the generalizability of a measure, has not yet been tested in many assessments of suicidal thoughts. The present study assessed the measurement invariance and psychometric properties of one such assessment, the Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Subscale, across multiple identity dimensions in a large data set (n = 1,118) that combined three diverse samples. Findings supported measurement invariance of the scale by race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation when comparing those who were majority-aligning with their minoritized counterparts, as well as good internal consistency and expected convergent validity. The expected one-factor structure fit well for all three of the samples assessed. Overall, the results support measurement invariance and generalizability of the Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Subscale. Future studies should continue assessing measures of suicidal thoughts and behaviors through testing invariance across identities, especially as it pertains to specific identity subgroups and their intersections. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) is a widely used self-report tool to assess negative posttraumatic cognitions about self, world, and self-blame, but the factor structure remains controversial. Recently, a brief version of the PTCI with nine items (PTCI-9) loading onto three factors has been developed, and an excellent model fit was obtained. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the PTCI and PTCI-9 in a large sample of trauma-exposed Chinese adolescents (n = 1,451; mean age = 13.67 years, SD = 1.24) and adults (n = 924; mean age = 39.6 years, SD = 5.43). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable model fit for the original PTCI but a better model fit for the PTCI-9. Furthermore, the configural, metric, and scalar invariances of the PTCI-9 were supported across age groups (adolescent and adult), gender (male and female), trauma exposure (direct and indirect), and types of traumatic events (interpersonal and noninterpersonal). The PTCI and PTCI-9 and their subscale scores showed adequate internal consistency reliability in adolescent and adult samples. The PTCI-9 also demonstrated good convergent validity, as demonstrated by statistically significant correlations with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction. Overall, the present study supports the Chinese PTCI and PTCI-9 as valid measures of negative cognitions in both adolescents and adults and makes meaningful comparisons of negative cognitions across gender, trauma exposure, and types of traumatic events. Notably, as a brief and valid tool, the PTCI-9 is suggested to be used in survey and longitudinal studies for adolescents and adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Approximately 30% of patients who undergo spinal surgery for chronic back pain continue to experience significant pain and disability up to 2 months following surgery. Prior studies have identified mental health variables including depression and anxiety as predictors of poorer postsurgical outcomes using screening instruments, but no studies have examined long-term outcomes using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3), a commonly used tool used in presurgical psychological evaluations (PPE). Using group-based trajectory modeling and a sample of 404 spine surgery evaluees, the present study examined the trajectories of changes in disability scores from presurgery through 3, 12, and 24 months postsurgery. We then compared scores on MMPI-3 scales between trajectory groups. We identified three trajectory groups of change in disability over time: a rapid-remitting group (8%), characterized by moderate presurgical disability that rapidly and substantially remitted by 12 and 24 months; a steady-recovering group (68%), characterized by moderate presurgical disability, slower change over time, and mild levels of disability at the 2-year time point; and a persisting disability group (24%), characterized by severe presurgical disability that continued into long-term follow-ups. Participants in the persisting pain group produced higher presurgical scores on somatic/cognitive and internalizing MMPI-3 scales than participants in the rapid-remitting and steady-recovering groups. Our results support the clinical utility of the MMPI-3 in PPEs and highlight the importance of evaluating somatic/cognitive concerns and internalizing dysfunction to identify patients who are likely to have poorer postsurgical outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The term "ecological validity" (EV) has traditionally referred to test scores' ability to predict real-world functioning. However, a test's similarity to real-world tasks is sometimes mistaken for evidence of its ability to predict daily life, sometimes bypassing rigorous validation research. The goal of this systematic review was to examine the type and quality of evidence used to support claims of EV of novel face-valid tests of executive functions (EF). MEDLINE and PsychINFO databases were searched using the following terms: ecologic* AND neuropsychol* AND (executive function* OR executive dysfunction OR executive abilit*). Thirty-two articles that explicitly stated that their results demonstrated EV of a novel face-valid test of EF were identified. Results showed that only 60% of studies based their claims about EV on test scores' ability to predict functional outcomes, with the remaining 40% relying on other evidence (e.g., correlations with other measures, participant feedback, group differences). Among the studies that did base their conclusions on test scores' ability to predict outcomes (n = 19), an overwhelming majority relied on behavioral rating scales, utilized small sample sizes and participant-to-variable ratios, and failed to control for covariates and multiple comparisons. Poor scientific rigor was particularly pronounced in studies of "naturalistic" tests. The present systematic review reveals significant conceptual, methodological, and statistical flaws among an overwhelming majority of studies that claim to have found support for the EV of a novel face-valid test of EF. We call upon authors, reviewers, and editors to safeguard the scientific rigor of research in this area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Specific facets of body image disturbance have an important role in eating disorder (ED) onset and maintenance yet have been assessed with single items and/or questionnaires predominantly developed in female samples to capture desire for a thinner body. The aim of this multipart study was to develop the multifaceted instrument for body image disturbance (MI-BoD) that will assess body image disturbance across gender and body size. In Study 1, interviews were conducted with 31 ED lived experience experts (45% females) to develop an initial item pool which was then rated for relevance and clarity by 59 international field experts, shortened and refined by the research team, and then rerated by 20 field experts and 91 ED lived experience experts. Of the 477 items developed from interviews, 46 were retained for the initial validation study. In Study 2, the MI-BoD was administered to undergraduate students (N = 937; 84% females), community adolescents (N = 208; 58% females), and individuals with self-reported ED diagnosis (N = 410; 77% females) to assess its preliminary psychometric properties. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six underlying factors, namely, Dissatisfaction, Overvaluation, Preoccupation, Fear of Weight Gain, Body Checking, and Body Exposure. No differential item functioning was detected for most MI-BoD items across gender, weight status, and ED status (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic). Overall, the MI-BoD showed good internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability. In conclusion, the MI-BoD is a promising tool for assessment of important facets of body image disturbance across gender, body size, and ED symptomatology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD; Salekin & Hare, 2016) is a new self-report and informant measure designed to assess psychopathic characteristic domains along with symptoms of conduct disorder in youth. Previous factor analytic studies on the PSCD have found that the items are accounted for by a four-factor model reflecting grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, daring-impulsive, and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms. The present study examined the factor structure, psychometric properties, and criterion-related validity of the parent-report version of the PSCD (PSCD-P) in a nationally representative U.S. sample of children and adolescents (N = 1,091, Mage = 13.39, SD = 2.20, range age = 10-17; 50.0% boys, 76% White). Confirmatory factor analyses for the full (24-item) and a shortened (13-item) PSCD-P revealed good internal reliability estimates and support for the four-factor model (grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, daring-impulsive, CD). Results also provided evidence for (a) measurement invariance of the PSCD-P items across sex, race/ethnicity, and age of the child; (b) convergent validity with CD/oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and discriminant validity with a measure of neuroticism; and (c) criterion-related validity with respect to prosociality, peer and family functioning, reactive and proactive aggression, delinquency, academic performance, and substance use. The prevalence for psychopathic personality propensity was found to be 2%. We discuss clinical and research implications regarding the use of the parent-report version of the PSCD for school-aged children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Rasmussen et al. (2019) described the proliferation of factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) measures and raised concerns about the construct validity of factors that include two or three items. In this brief report, we describe how the pattern of covariation among the responses to items of well-established measures, such as the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), can give the appearance of multidimensionality. We evaluated whether the structure of the 20-item PCL-5 is unidimensional, using the methods of multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) and the concept of a testlet. These analyses were done using a sample of trauma-exposed urban firefighters. A unidimensional and a bifactor model, which includes a general factor composed of all items and four specific factors mirroring the DSM-5 conceptualization, were evaluated for both Likert-type multiple-category and binary coding system of the PCL-5 item response data. Seven testlets were created from the 20 PCL-5 items following the seven-factor model (Armour et al., 2015) presented in Table 1 of Rasmussen et al. (2019). Findings using the unidimensional nominal item response theory model for the seven testlets indicated that the PCL-5 may be considered unidimensional with a single score representing individual differences on a continuum that ranges from low to high. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Our consumer-driven culture has negative impacts for individuals who are vulnerable to clinical hoarding and compulsive shopping. Because of this, there is an ever-present need to have standardized tools to assess why we acquire and save things we might not need. In this article, we present the development of the Acquiring Motives Questionnaire (AMQ) and Saving Motives Questionnaire (SMQ), which were written based on a thorough literature review and consultation with 22 experts in the field. After piloting with two large nonclinical samples, we administered the measures to another large nonclinical sample (N = 535; Mage = 24.4, 74.2% female, 54.6% White) and then a community sample of individuals with hoarding disorder and/or compulsive buying-shopping disorder and controls without any mental health diagnoses (N = 159; Mage = 42.54, 85.5% female, 59.7% White). Confirmatory factor analyses supported a 14-factor model for the AMQ and a 14-factor model for the SMQ. All subscales demonstrated good internal consistency (ω = 0.81-0.96), 2-week test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.67-0.83), and convergent, divergent, and criterion validity. The measures also distinguished between controls and individuals with hoarding and/or compulsive buying diagnoses. Findings highlight that acquiring and saving behaviors are both motivated by the pursuit of positive emotions and the avoidance of negative emotions, which is consistent with our theoretical understanding of these clinical issues. Based on our findings, we make suggestions for psychological interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).