Isaac T Petersen,Zachary Demko,Philipp Doebler,Loreen Sabel,Jacob J Oleson,Robert F Krueger
Nearly all questionnaires of externalizing problems use vague quantifiers of relative frequency (e.g., rarely/sometimes/often) or true/false statements. Vague quantifiers have many problems, including imprecision and low interpretability. An alternative is numeric quantifiers that quantify, in absolute frequency, how many times the person engaged in the behavior during a given time frame. This study evaluates whether absolute frequency provides utility for assessing the externalizing spectrum. Participants included adults recruited online and college students, for a combined sample of 1,237 adults (290 males; 947 females) spanning 18-92 years of age. A subset of items was adapted from the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory to assess absolute frequency, supplemented with additional items to ensure broad coverage. Using a 30-day reference period, participants indicated how many times they engaged in each behavior per day, per week, in the past month, or in the prior year. Externalizing problems showed age-related decreases from early to later adulthood. On average, men showed greater externalizing problems than women in early and older adulthood; women showed greater externalizing problems than men in middle adulthood. Latent scores derived from absolute frequency items demonstrated convergent validity with a widely used measure of externalizing problems (Adult Self-Report), discriminant validity with respect to internalizing problems, and criterion and incremental validity in relation to functional impairment and inhibitory control. Count data led to greater precision-less uncertainty in the estimate of each person's level of externalizing problems-than dichotomized versions of the items. Findings suggest there is key utility in assessing absolute frequency of externalizing behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
几乎所有外化问题的问卷都使用相对频率的模糊量词（例如，很少/有时/经常）或真/假陈述。模糊量词存在着不精确、可解释性低等问题。另一种选择是数字量词，它以绝对频率量化一个人在给定时间范围内从事这种行为的次数。本研究评估绝对频率是否为评估外化频谱提供效用。参与者包括在线招募的成年人和大学生，共有1237名成年人（290名男性，947名女性），年龄在18-92岁之间。从外化频谱清单中改编了一组项目以评估绝对频率，并补充了其他项目以确保广泛覆盖。在30天的参考期内，参与者指出他们每天、每周、过去一个月或前一年从事每种行为的次数。从成年早期到成年后期，外化问题表现出与年龄相关的减少。平均而言，男性在成年早期和老年表现出比女性更大的外化问题；在中年时期，女性比男性表现出更大的外化问题。来自绝对频率项目的潜在分数与广泛使用的外化问题测量（成人自我报告）表现出收敛效度，与内化问题有关的判别效度，以及与功能障碍和抑制控制有关的标准效度和增量效度。与条目的二分类版本相比，计数数据带来了更高的精确度——在估计每个人的外在问题水平时更少的不确定性。研究结果表明，评估外化行为的绝对频率具有关键效用。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
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{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Importance of Specifying the Time Period in Repeated Measures of Personality Assessments","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pas0001440.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001440.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1037/pas0001407
D Drew Whittington, Nicholas C Borgogna
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 are two of the most commonly used measures of anxiety and depression in clinical practice and research. Although the measures are frequently used, little is known about their measurement invariance across diverse populations. Because both measures were originally developed and validated in largely White samples, it is necessary to ensure that the psychometric properties of the measures are similar across populations. In the present study, we use a national sample of college students from the Healthy Minds Study to examine the measurement and structural invariance of GAD-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Black and White individuals (n = 4,669 for each group). Findings support the one-factor structure of each measure. Within-gender analyses suggested that Black males demonstrated residual invariance on both measures with White males. Black females demonstrated residual invariance on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and metric invariance on GAD-7 with White females. Findings suggest that males will often score lower than females on each measure even when they have the same latent levels of depression and anxiety, and Black females will likely score lower than White females on GAD-7 even at the same latent levels of anxiety. The measures failed to demonstrate structural invariance with the correlation of latent anxiety and depression factors being significantly stronger in Black individuals. Findings highlight the need to weigh means to account for measurement bias of GAD-7 and for researchers and practitioners to carefully examine the scores of participants and patients when making inferences regarding inclusion in clinical research and the probable presence of diagnoses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
广泛性焦虑障碍-7 （GAD-7）和患者健康问卷-9是临床实践和研究中最常用的两种焦虑和抑郁的测量方法。尽管这些测量方法经常被使用，但人们对它们在不同人群中的测量不变性知之甚少。由于这两种测量方法最初都是在大部分白人样本中开发和验证的，因此有必要确保测量方法的心理测量特性在人群中是相似的。在本研究中，我们使用来自健康心理研究的全国大学生样本来检验黑人和白人个体的GAD-7和患者健康问卷-9的测量和结构不变性（每组n = 4,669）。研究结果支持每个测量的单因素结构。性别内分析表明，黑人男性与白人男性在这两项指标上表现出剩余不变性。黑人女性在患者健康问卷-9上表现出残差不变性，白人女性在GAD-7上表现出度量不变性。研究结果表明，即使男性具有相同的潜在抑郁和焦虑水平，男性在每项测试中的得分也往往低于女性，即使在相同的潜在焦虑水平下，黑人女性在GAD-7上的得分也可能低于白人女性。这些测量没有显示出结构不变性，黑人个体的潜在焦虑和抑郁因素的相关性显著增强。研究结果强调需要权衡方法来解释GAD-7的测量偏差，研究人员和从业人员在对临床研究的纳入和诊断的可能存在进行推断时，需要仔细检查参与者和患者的分数。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Anxiety and depression screening across diverse populations: Testing measurement and structural invariance of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 across Black and White groups.","authors":"D Drew Whittington, Nicholas C Borgogna","doi":"10.1037/pas0001407","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 are two of the most commonly used measures of anxiety and depression in clinical practice and research. Although the measures are frequently used, little is known about their measurement invariance across diverse populations. Because both measures were originally developed and validated in largely White samples, it is necessary to ensure that the psychometric properties of the measures are similar across populations. In the present study, we use a national sample of college students from the Healthy Minds Study to examine the measurement and structural invariance of GAD-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Black and White individuals (<i>n</i> = 4,669 for each group). Findings support the one-factor structure of each measure. Within-gender analyses suggested that Black males demonstrated residual invariance on both measures with White males. Black females demonstrated residual invariance on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and metric invariance on GAD-7 with White females. Findings suggest that males will often score lower than females on each measure even when they have the same latent levels of depression and anxiety, and Black females will likely score lower than White females on GAD-7 even at the same latent levels of anxiety. The measures failed to demonstrate structural invariance with the correlation of latent anxiety and depression factors being significantly stronger in Black individuals. Findings highlight the need to weigh means to account for measurement bias of GAD-7 and for researchers and practitioners to carefully examine the scores of participants and patients when making inferences regarding inclusion in clinical research and the probable presence of diagnoses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"699-708"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for How Often Is “Often”? Improving Assessment of the Externalizing Spectrum Using Absolute Frequency","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pas0001441.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001441.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Development and Psychometric Validation of the Food and Alcohol Disturbance Expectancy Questionnaire (FAD-EQ) in Three Independent College Student Samples","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pas0001438.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001438.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Interpreting the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Correlates and Empirical Severity Cutoffs","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pas0001436.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001436.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Development of a Brief Adjusting Alcohol Purchase Task as a Measure of Behavioral Economic Demand for Alcohol in Two Samples of Heavy-Drinking Young Adults","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pas0001434.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001434.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self- and informant-based comparison of Dark Triad scales in German adults.","authors":"Laurits Bromme, Eunike Wetzel","doi":"10.1037/pas0001435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001435","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dawson Haddox, Daniel M. Mackin, Tess Z. Griffin, Michael V. Heinz, Matthew D. Nemesure, Amanda C. Collins, George D. Price, Damien Lekkas, Arvind Pillai, Subigya Nepal, Andrew T. Campbell, Nicholas C. Jacobson
{"title":"Psychometric properties and validity of a Mobile Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (MPHQ-9) for ecological momentary assessment in depressed adults.","authors":"Dawson Haddox, Daniel M. Mackin, Tess Z. Griffin, Michael V. Heinz, Matthew D. Nemesure, Amanda C. Collins, George D. Price, Damien Lekkas, Arvind Pillai, Subigya Nepal, Andrew T. Campbell, Nicholas C. Jacobson","doi":"10.1037/pas0001431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001431","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145447249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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