Psychological Assessment最新文献

The personal recovery movement advocates for shifting emphasis from clinical symptom reduction toward reclaiming personal agency and creating meaning-filled lives despite the presence of distressing experiences. Corresponding personal recovery measures have been developed; however, there is no established psychometric assessment of personal recovery following a suicidal episode. This study addressed this gap by developing the Recovery Evaluation and Suicide Support Tool (RESST) and assessing its test score reliability, test score interpretations' validity, and psychometric properties. Throughout RESST's development, input from diverse stakeholders-including clinicians, researchers, and individuals with lived experience-was gathered to ensure a meaningful and useful scale. Exploratory factor analysis techniques were used with adults with a suicidal episode history (N = 502) to select and refine items, culminating in a 21-item scale with four distinct subscales: Self-Worth, Life Worth, Social Worth, and Self-Understanding. Confirmatory factor analysis techniques demonstrated model fit across three samples of adults with a suicidal episode history (combined N = 1,523), and test-retest reliability was obtained (N = 204). The results revealed that RESST scores exhibit an internally consistent and replicable factor structure, consistent with personal recovery theory. Additionally, the interpretation of test scores exhibited both convergent and discriminant validity. Mental health indices related to recovery, negative mood states, suicidality, and meaning in life had significant moderate-to-strong correlations with the RESST, supporting the validity of the test score interpretations and clinical relevance. This measure should aid research into recovery processes and understanding how recovery following a suicidal episode may be enhanced clinically and personally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Justice-involved youth experience high rates of mental health problems that require proper screening and assessment in order to effectively intervene. The Youth Self-Report (YSR) is a general psychopathology rating scale that measures several dimensions of psychopathology and is commonly used in clinical assessments, including with justice-involved youth. Yet, the underlying factor structure of the YSR has not been examined specifically in a sample of justice-involved youth. We examined the factor structure of the YSR using confirmatory factor analysis with a sample of 961 male youth involved with the justice system (12-18 years of age). Measurement invariance of the YSR was also examined across groups of youth who committed a sexual offence and those who committed a nonsexual offence. The eight-factor model presented with optimal fit to the data, consistent with previous research with nonjustice involved samples, and the model demonstrated strong measurement invariance across youth who committed both types of offenses (sexual and nonsexual). Youth who committed nonsexual offenses reported significantly higher degrees of rule-breaking behavior and lower degrees of social problems than youth who committed sexual offenses. The current findings provide strong psychometric evidence that supports the use of the YSR with justice-involved male youth. As such, clinicians and researchers can be confident in using the YSR as a mental health screening tool with male youth involved with the justice system who have committed various offenses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Current guidelines for conducting symptom validity assessments require that professionals administer multiple symptom validity tests (SVTs) and that the SVTs selected for their evaluations provide nonredundant information. However, not many SVTs are currently available, and most of them rely on the same, (in)frequency-based, feigning detection strategy. In this context, the Inventory of Problems (IOP-29) could be a valuable addition to the assessor's toolbox because of its brevity (29 items) and its different approach to assessing the credibility of presented symptoms. As its ecological validity has been poorly investigated, the present study used a criterion groups design to examine the classification accuracy of the IOP-29 in a data set of 174 court-ordered psychological evaluations focused on psychological injury. The validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form and the total score of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptoms were used as criterion variables. Overall, the results of this study confirm that the IOP-29 is an effective measure (1.70 ≤ d ≤ 2.67) that provides valuable information when added to the multimethod assessment of symptom validity in civil forensic contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The present study aimed to expand the literature on single-item assessments for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) by examining measurement invariance of commonly used single-item assessments of suicidal ideation (SI), planning (SP), and attempts (SA) with respect to race and ethnicity. Predictive invariance with respect to depression, and multi-item measures of passive and active SI were also explored. Measurement invariance was examined across (a) Black and White respondents and (b) Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic/-Latinx respondents. Participants (N = 1,624; 51.66% male) were recruited from Mechanical Turk and Prime Panels. Participants were administered four distinct single-item measures each for SI, SP, and SA across three timeframes (past month, past year, lifetime). Items were drawn from well-known large-scale studies (e.g., National Comorbidity Survey) and common suicide risk assessments. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine measurement invariance; regression with group by measure interactions were used to evaluate predictive invariance. Measurement invariance was observed for both Black (N = 534) and White (N = 1,089) respondents as well as Hispanic/Latinx (N = 335) and non-Hispanic/-Latinx (N = 1,288) respondents across single-item outcomes. Thus, SI, SP, and SA rates can be defensibly compared between Black and White and Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic/-Latinx respondents within studies; however, comparison of SI and SP rates across studies with differing assessment prompts should be met with caution. Multiple single-item STB measures demonstrated predictive bias across race and ethnicity suggesting potential differential screening capabilities. Elevated SI, SP, and SA rates for Hispanic/Latinx individuals were also observed. Findings reiterate the importance of minor language differences in single-item STB assessments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

There is currently a lack of consensus about the nature of strengths in forensic assessments. With 273 justice-involved male youth and a fixed 3-year follow-up, this study adopted the approach of Farrington and colleagues to investigating the nature of associations between trichotomized variables, representing risks and strengths, and outcomes using pairs of odds ratios (ORs) and percentage point changes from base rates. Items from the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), a structured professional judgment tool used to assess risk and protective factors in justice-involved youth, were employed for this purpose. In the literature, the accuracy of SAVRY summed totals for its Risk Factor item sets (each item rated using a trichotomy) has been generally in the moderate range in predicting future violence. But the total for its summed Protective Factor items (each rated using a dichotomy) has been less consistently encouraging. In this study, contrary to their labels, the majority of SAVRY Risk and Protective Factors (rated using trichotomies) exerted a risk effect at one end of their trichotomy (risk item ratings of 2, protective item ratings of 0) and a promotive effect at the other end (risk item ratings of 0, protective factor ratings of 2) for a new violent (including sexual) offense and any new offense. Subsets of items conservatively weighted using ORs (capturing risk and strength) were statistically significantly more accurate in predicting outcomes than their originally rated counterpart subsets. Implications for understanding the nature of strengths and for applied assessment practices are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Depression, a major contributor to the global burden of disease, is an outcome of interest in clinical trials. Researchers and clinicians note that depression often presents differently across cultures, posing challenges in the accurate measurement of depressive symptoms across populations. A commonly used self-administered screening tool to measure depressive symptoms, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale-Depression (CES-D), has been translated into dozens of languages and used in thousands of studies, yet gaps remain in our understanding of its factor structure and invariance across studies and over time in the context of interventions. In this secondary analysis, we sampled six recent trials from lower- and middle-income countries to (a) establish the factor structure of the CES-D, (b) assess measurement invariance of the CES-D across treatment versus control arms and over time, (c) examine cross-study invariance, and (d) identify items that may be driving potential noninvariance. We performed exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis to establish the factor structure of the CES-D within each trial and used multiple group confirmatory analysis to assess within-study cross-arm/cross-time and cross-study invariance. After removal of positive affect items, a unidimensional model performed equivalently over time and across arms within trials, but exhibited noninvariance across trials, supporting prior literature describing differences in factor structure of the scale across populations. While our findings suggest that the CES-D without positive affect items is a valid measure of depressive symptoms within trials in our sample, caution is warranted in interpreting the findings of meta-analyses and multisite/multicountry studies using the CES-D as an outcome measure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and PROMIS Psychological Stress Experiences-Pediatric (PPSE) are two self-report instruments that have been used with adolescents to measure subjective feelings of stress. Stress is a critical construct to evaluate, as chronic stress can result in negative long-term consequences for an individual's physical and mental health. While the PSS is more commonly used in research and clinical practice, use of the PPSE is becoming more widespread. This increased usage necessitates a way to compare the measures, for example, when changing which instrument is used in practice or when combining data from the two measures in pooled analysis. After assessing linking assumptions, we used equipercentile linking to score-link the two measures on the raw score and T-score metrics for both longer forms (10 PSS items; 8 PPSE items) and shorter forms (4 PSS or PPSE items), yielding crosswalk tables (Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/9pzyk/) to convert scores on each measure to the metric of the other. Raw scores between measures (.670 ≤ r ≤ .794) were not sufficiently correlated for score linking. Therefore, linked scores were treated as predictions, rather than counterfactual values on the alternative measure. Further, confirmatory factor analyses revealed that this low correlation was primarily due to the low reliability and multidimensionality of the PSS, and the derived linking functions were found to have minimal bias. Recommendations for the use of these conversion tables by researchers and practitioners are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Suicidal ideation (SI) is common, harmful, and distressing. Prior research suggests a person's sense of perceived control over their suicidal thoughts may be important for understanding risk level. However, no measurement tool currently exists to capture this experience. The present study seeks to establish a brief self-report instrument to assess the degree of perceived control an individual has over their suicidal thoughts. We conducted two studies to test the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Controllability of Suicidal Thoughts (CoST) scale. Two online convenience samples were used; participants were recruited via Prolific (Study 1; n = 244, M_age = 29.19, female = 51.2%, White = 68.9%, non-Hispanic = 92.6%, heterosexual = 48.0%) and via online webpages and forums (Study 2; n = 206, Mdn_age = 25-30 years, female = 56.5%, White = 55.2%, non-Hispanic = 84.4%, heterosexual = 51.3%). Exploratory factor analyses (Study 1) yielded a two-factor structure for the CoST, which was replicated in the second sample. CoST scores were associated with various constructs related to suicidality (i.e., SI severity, self-efficacy to avoid suicidal action, suicide-related coping, hopelessness), locus of control, coping, and emotion dysregulation. Results indicate the CoST has high internal consistency (ω = .92), good test-retest reliability, and preliminary evidence of predictive and construct validities. The CoST shows promise for future research applications, aids our understanding of suicide-related cognitions, and may predict important suicide-related outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).