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The Adaptive Optics System for the Gemini Infrared Multi-Object Spectrograph: Performance Modeling 双子星红外多目标摄谱仪自适应光学系统:性能建模
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf61c
Uriel Conod, Kate Jackson, Paolo Turri, Scott Chapman, Olivier Lardière, Masen Lamb, Carlos Correia, Gaetano Sivo, Suresh Sivanandam, Jean-Pierre Véran
Abstract The Gemini Infrared Multi-Object Spectrograph (GIRMOS) will be a near-infrared, multi-object, medium spectral resolution, integral field spectrograph (IFS) for Gemini North Telescope, designed to operate behind the future Gemini North Adaptive Optics system (GNAO). In addition to a first ground layer Adaptive Optics (AO) correction in closed loop carried out by GNAO, each of the four GIRMOS IFSs will independently perform additional multi-object AO correction in open loop, resulting in an improved image quality that is critical to achieve top level science requirements. We present the baseline parameters and simulated performance of GIRMOS obtained by modeling both the GNAO and GIRMOS AO systems. The image quality requirement for GIRMOS is that 57% of the energy of an unresolved point-spread function ensquared within a 0.1 × 0.1 arcsecond at 2.0 μ m. It was established that GIRMOS will be an order 16 × 16 adaptive optics (AO) system after examining the tradeoffs between performance, risks and costs. The ensquared energy requirement will be met in median atmospheric conditions at Maunakea at 30° from zenith.
双子座红外多目标摄谱仪(GIRMOS)是一种近红外、多目标、中光谱分辨率的积分场摄谱仪(IFS),用于未来的双子座北方自适应光学系统(GNAO)。除了GNAO在闭环中进行第一层自适应光学(AO)校正外,四个GIRMOS ifs中的每一个都将独立地在开环中进行额外的多目标AO校正,从而提高图像质量,这对于达到顶级科学要求至关重要。通过对GNAO和GIRMOS AO系统进行建模,得到了GIRMOS的基线参数和模拟性能。GIRMOS的图像质量要求是在0.1 × 0.1角秒内,在2.0 μ m处,未解析点扩展函数的能量的57%被平方。通过对性能、风险和成本的权衡,确定了GIRMOS将是一个16 × 16阶自适应光学(AO)系统。在距离天顶30°的莫纳克亚的中等大气条件下,平方能量需求将得到满足。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the Influence of the Regions on Star Formation Surface Density 研究区域对恒星形成表面密度的影响
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf789
Feng-jie Lei, Hong Wu
Abstract We analyzed the star formation surface density (Σ SFR ) between the global and H ii regions in a sample of 69 low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) and 68 star-forming (SF) galaxies using data from the H α images. The conventional global Σ SFR , which is defined as the star formation rate (SFR) divided by the area of the global galaxy, may not accurately describe the star formation activity in LSBGs due to the lower number of H ii regions compared to SF galaxies. To address this, we divide the global galaxy into two regions, the H ii region and the diffuse region, and then study the Σ SFR in each region. Our results show that both the SFR and area of the H ii regions in LSBGs are lower than those in SF galaxies, resulting in the H ii region’s Σ SFR (SFR/area) being slightly lower in LSBGs than in SF galaxies by 0.28 dex, although the global Σ SFR is at least an order of magnitude lower in LSBGs than in SF galaxies. Furthermore, a significant difference exists between the global and H ii regions in Σ SFR . In LSBGs, Σ SFR increased by 0.80 dex from the global region to the H ii region, while SF galaxies demonstrate a 0.54 dex increase, highlighting the crucial aspect of carefully selecting an appropriate aperture for Σ SFR calculations.
摘要利用H α图像的数据分析了69个低表面亮度星系(LSBGs)和68个恒星形成星系(SF)的全球和H ii区域之间的恒星形成表面密度(Σ SFR)。传统的全球Σ SFR被定义为恒星形成速率(SFR)除以全球星系的面积,由于与SF星系相比,H ii区域的数量较少,因此可能无法准确描述LSBGs中的恒星形成活动。为了解决这个问题,我们将全球星系分为两个区域,H区和弥散区,然后研究每个区域的Σ SFR。我们的研究结果表明,LSBGs中H ii区的SFR和面积都低于SF星系,导致LSBGs中H ii区的Σ SFR (SFR/面积)比SF星系略低0.28个指数,尽管LSBGs的全球Σ SFR至少比SF星系低一个数量级。此外,全球和H ii地区的Σ SFR存在显著差异。在LSBGs中,Σ SFR从全球区到H区增加了0.80个指数,而SF星系则增加了0.54个指数,这突出了仔细选择合适孔径进行Σ SFR计算的关键方面。
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引用次数: 0
Fifteen Years of Millimeter Accuracy Lunar Laser Ranging with APOLLO: Data Reduction and Calibration 阿波罗15年毫米精度月球激光测距:数据简化和校准
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf787
N. R. Colmenares, J. B. R. Battat, D. P. Gonzales, T. W. Murphy, S. Sabhlok
Abstract The Apache Point Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) has been collecting lunar range measurements for 15 yr at millimeter accuracy. The median nightly range uncertainty since 2006 is 1.7 mm. A recently added Absolute Calibration System (ACS), providing an independent assessment of APOLLO system accuracy and the capability to correct lunar range data, revealed a ∼0.4% (10 ps) systematic error in the calibration of one piece of hardware that has been present for the entire history of APOLLO. The application of ACS-based timing corrections suggests systematic errors are reduced to <1 mm, such that overall data accuracy and precision are both ∼1 mm. This paper describes the processing of APOLLO/ACS data that converts photon-by-photon range measurements into the aggregated normal points that are used for science analyses. Additionally, we present methodologies to estimate timing corrections for range data lacking contemporaneous ACS photons, including range data collected prior to installation of the ACS. We also provide access to the full 15 yr archive of APOLLO normal points (2006 April 6–2020 December 27).
阿帕奇点月球激光测距操作(APOLLO)已经收集了15年的毫米精度的月球距离测量数据。自2006年以来,夜间温差的不确定性中值为1.7毫米。最近增加的绝对校准系统(ACS)提供了对APOLLO系统精度和校正月球距离数据能力的独立评估,显示在整个APOLLO历史中存在的一块硬件的校准中存在约0.4% (10 ps)的系统误差。基于acs的定时校正的应用表明,系统误差减少到< 1mm,这样总体数据精度和精度都是~ 1mm。本文描述了APOLLO/ACS数据的处理过程,将光子距离测量值转换为用于科学分析的聚合法向点。此外,我们提出了一种方法来估计缺乏同步ACS光子的距离数据的时间校正,包括在安装ACS之前收集的距离数据。我们还提供完整的15年阿波罗正常点档案(2006年4月6日至2020年12月27日)。
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引用次数: 1
Improvement of Digest2 NEO Classification Code—utilizing the Astrometry Data Exchange Standard 利用天体测量数据交换标准改进Digest2近地天体分类代码
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acff87
Peter Vereš, Richard Cloete, Robert Weryk, Abraham Loeb, Matthew J. Payne
Abstract We describe enhancements to the digest 2 software, a short-arc orbit classifier for heliocentric orbits. Digest 2 is primarily used by the Near-Earth Object (NEO) community to flag newly discovered objects for a immediate follow-up and has been a part of NEO discovery process for more than 15 yr. We have updated the solar system population model used to weight the digest 2 score according to the 2023 catalog of known solar system orbits and extended the list of mean uncertainties for 140 observatory codes. Moreover, we have added Astrometry Data Exchange Standard (ADES) input format support to digest 2, which provides additional information for the astrometry, such as positional uncertainties for each detection. The digest 2 code was also extended to read the roving observer astrometric format as well as the ability to compute a new parameter from the provided astrometric uncertainties ( RMS ) that can serve as an indicator of in-tracklet curvature when compared with tracklet’s great-circle fit rms. Comparison with the previous version of digest 2 confirmed the improvement in accuracy of NEO identification and found that using ADES XML input significantly reduces the computation time of the digest 2.
摘要本文描述了对文摘2软件的改进,文摘2是一个用于日心轨道的短弧轨道分类器。摘要2主要用于近地天体(NEO)社区标记新发现的天体,以便立即跟进,并且已经成为近地天体发现过程的一部分超过15年。我们更新了用于根据2023年已知太阳系轨道目录对摘要2评分进行加权的太阳系人口模型,并扩展了140个天文台代码的平均不确定度列表。此外,我们还为摘要2增加了天体测量数据交换标准(ADES)的输入格式支持,为天体测量提供了额外的信息,如每次探测的位置不确定性。摘要2代码也被扩展为读取漫游观测者的天体测量格式,以及从提供的天体测量不确定度(RMS)中计算新参数的能力,该参数可以作为轨道内曲率的指示器,与轨道的大圆拟合RMS相比较。与以前版本的摘要2相比,证实了NEO识别精度的提高,并且发现使用ADES XML输入显著减少了摘要2的计算时间。
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引用次数: 0
Rubin Observatory LSST Transients and Variable Stars Roadmap 鲁宾天文台LSST瞬变和变星路线图
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acdb9a
Kelly M. Hambleton, Federica B. Bianco, Rachel Street, Keaton Bell, David Buckley, Melissa Graham, Nina Hernitschek, Michael B. Lund, Elena Mason, Joshua Pepper, Andrej Prša, Markus Rabus, Claudia M. Raiteri, Róbert Szabó, Paula Szkody, Igor Andreoni, Simone Antoniucci, Barbara Balmaverde, Eric Bellm, Rosaria Bonito, Giuseppe Bono, Maria Teresa Botticella, Enzo Brocato, Katja Bučar Bricman, Enrico Cappellaro, Maria Isabel Carnerero, Ryan Chornock, Riley Clarke, Phil Cowperthwaite, Antonino Cucchiara, Filippo D’Ammando, Kristen C. Dage, Massimo Dall’Ora, James R. A. Davenport, Domitilla de Martino, Giulia de Somma, Marcella Di Criscienzo, Rosanne Di Stefano, Maria Drout, Michele Fabrizio, Giuliana Fiorentino, Poshak Gandhi, Alessia Garofalo, Teresa Giannini, Andreja Gomboc, Laura Greggio, Patrick Hartigan, Markus Hundertmark, Elizabeth Johnson, Michael Johnson, Tomislav Jurkic, Somayeh Khakpash, Silvio Leccia, Xiaolong Li, Davide Magurno, Konstantin Malanchev, Marcella Marconi, Raffaella Margutti, Silvia Marinoni, Nicolas Mauron, Roberto Molinaro, Anais Möller, Marc Moniez, Tatiana Muraveva, Ilaria Musella, Chow-Choong Ngeow, Andrea Pastorello, Vincenzo Petrecca, Silvia Piranomonte, Fabio Ragosta, Andrea Reguitti, Chiara Righi, Vincenzo Ripepi, Liliana Rivera Sandoval, Keivan G. Stassun, Michael Stroh, Giacomo Terreran, Virginia Trimble, Yiannis Tsapras, Sjoert van Velzen, Laura Venuti, Jorick S. Vink
Abstract The Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) holds the potential to revolutionize time domain astrophysics, reaching completely unexplored areas of the Universe and mapping variability time scales from minutes to a decade. To prepare to maximize the potential of the Rubin LSST data for the exploration of the transient and variable Universe, one of the four pillars of Rubin LSST science, the Transient and Variable Stars Science Collaboration, one of the eight Rubin LSST Science Collaborations, has identified research areas of interest and requirements, and paths to enable them. While our roadmap is ever-evolving, this document represents a snapshot of our plans and preparatory work in the final years and months leading up to the survey’s first light.
Vera C. Rubin时空遗赠调查(LSST)有可能彻底改变时域天体物理学,到达宇宙中完全未被探索的领域,并绘制从几分钟到十年不等的时间尺度的变化图。作为鲁宾LSST科学的四大支柱之一,瞬态和变星科学合作组织(鲁宾LSST科学合作组织之一)已经确定了感兴趣的研究领域和需求,以及实现这些领域的途径,以准备最大限度地发挥鲁宾LSST数据在探索瞬态和可变宇宙方面的潜力。虽然我们的路线图在不断发展,但这份文件代表了我们在调查开始前的最后几年和几个月里的计划和准备工作的快照。
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引用次数: 2
Fifteen Years of Millimeter Accuracy Lunar Laser Ranging with APOLLO: Data Set Characterization 十五年的毫米精度月球激光测距与阿波罗:数据集表征
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/aceb2f
J. B. R. Battat, E. Adelberger, N. R. Colmenares, M. Farrah, D. P. Gonzales, C. D. Hoyle, R. J. McMillan, T. W. Murphy, S. Sabhlok, C. W. Stubbs
Abstract We present data from the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) covering the 15 yr span from 2006 April through the end of 2020. APOLLO measures the Earth–Moon separation by recording the round-trip travel time of photons from the Apache Point Observatory to five retro-reflector arrays on the Moon. The APOLLO data set, combined with the 50 yr archive of measurements from other lunar laser ranging (LLR) stations, can be used to probe fundamental physics such as gravity and Lorentz symmetry, as well as properties of the Moon itself. We show that range measurements performed by APOLLO since 2006 have a median nightly accuracy of 1.7 mm, which is significantly better than other LLR stations.
本文介绍了阿帕奇点天文台月球激光测距操作(APOLLO)从2006年4月到2020年底的15年间的数据。阿波罗通过记录光子从阿帕奇点天文台到月球上五个反向反射器阵列的往返旅行时间来测量地月距离。阿波罗的数据集,结合其他月球激光测距站(LLR) 50年来的测量档案,可以用来探测基本物理,如引力和洛伦兹对称,以及月球本身的特性。我们发现,自2006年以来,APOLLO进行的距离测量的夜间平均精度为1.7 mm,明显优于其他LLR站。
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引用次数: 2
A Galaxy Morphology Classification Model Based on Momentum Contrastive Learning 基于动量对比学习的星系形态分类模型
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf8f7
Guoqiang Shen, Zhiqiang Zou, A-Li Luo, Shuxin Hong, Xiao Kong
Abstract The taxonomy of galaxy morphology plays an important role in astrophysics and provides great help for the study of galaxy evolution. To integrate the advantages of unsupervised learning without labels and supervised learning with high classification accuracy, this paper proposes a galaxy morphology classification model based on a momentum contrastive learning algorithm named Momentum Contrastive Learning Galaxy (MCL-Galaxy), which mainly includes two parts (i) pre-training of the model, where the ResNet_50 backbone network acts as an encoder to learn the galaxy morphology image features, which are stored in the queue and their consistency is ensured by using the momentum contrastive learning algorithm; and (ii) transfer learning, where Mahalanobis distance can assist in improving classification accuracy in downstream tasks where both encoder and queue are transferred. To evaluate the performance of MCL-Galaxy, we use the data set of the Galaxy Zoo challenge project on Kaggle for comparative testing. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of MCL-Galaxy can reach 90.12%, which is 8.12% higher than the unsupervised state-of-the-art results. Although it is 3.1% lower than the advanced supervised method, it has the advantage of no label and can achieve a higher accuracy rate at the first epoch of classification iteration. This suggests that the gap between unsupervised and supervised representation learning in the field of Galaxy Morphologies classification tasks is well bridged.
星系形态的分类在天体物理学中占有重要地位,为星系演化的研究提供了很大的帮助。为了融合无标签无监督学习和有监督学习分类精度高的优点,本文提出了一种基于动量对比学习算法的星系形态分类模型,命名为动量对比学习星系(mcll - galaxy),该模型主要包括两个部分:一是模型的预训练,其中ResNet_50骨干网络作为编码器学习星系形态图像特征;并利用动量对比学习算法保证其一致性;(ii)迁移学习,其中马氏距离可以帮助提高下游任务的分类精度,其中编码器和队列都被转移。为了评估MCL-Galaxy的性能,我们使用Kaggle上Galaxy Zoo挑战项目的数据集进行对比测试。实验结果表明,MCL-Galaxy的分类准确率达到90.12%,比无监督状态下的分类准确率提高了8.12%。虽然比先进的监督方法低3.1%,但它具有无标签的优点,在分类迭代的第一个历元可以达到更高的准确率。这表明在星系形态分类任务领域中,无监督和有监督表示学习之间的差距已经很好地弥合了。
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引用次数: 0
Fitting Optical Light Curves of Tidal Disruption Events with TiDE 潮汐干扰事件光学光曲线的潮汐拟合
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf8f8
Zsófia V. Kovács-Stermeczky, József Vinkó
Abstract A Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) occurs when a supermassive black hole tidally disrupts a nearby passing star. The fallback accretion rate of the disrupted star may exceed the Eddington limit, which induces a supersonic outflow and a burst of luminosity, similar to an explosive event. Thus, TDEs can be detected as very luminous transients, and the number of observations for such events is increasing rapidly. In this paper we fit 20 TDE light curves with TiDE , a new public, object-oriented code designed to model optical TDE light curves. We compare our results with those obtained by the popular MOSFiT and the recently developed TDEmass codes, and discuss the possible sources of differences.
潮汐破坏事件(TDE)发生在超大质量黑洞潮汐破坏附近经过的恒星时。被破坏的恒星的后退吸积速率可能超过爱丁顿极限,这会导致超音速流出和光度爆发,类似于爆炸事件。因此,tde可以被检测为非常明亮的瞬变,并且对这类事件的观测数量正在迅速增加。在本文中,我们用一种新的公共的、面向对象的代码TiDE来拟合20条TDE光曲线。我们将我们的结果与流行的MOSFiT和最近开发的TDEmass代码得到的结果进行了比较,并讨论了可能的差异来源。
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引用次数: 0
The Greenland Telescope—Construction, Commissioning, and Operations in Pituffik 格陵兰望远镜-垂体的建造、调试和操作
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf072
Ming-Tang Chen, Keiichi Asada, Satoki Matsushita, Philippe Raffin, Makoto Inoue, Paul T. P. Ho, Chih-Chiang Han, Derek Kubo, Timothy Norton, Nimesh A. Patel, George Nystrom, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Jun Yi Koay, Cristina Romero-Cañizales, Ching-Tang Liu, Teddy Huang, Kuan-Yu Liu, Tashun Wei, Shu-Hao Chang, Ryan Chilson, Peter Oshiro, Homin Jiang, Chao-Te Li, Geoffrey Bower, Paul Shaw, Hiroaki Nishioka, Patrick M. Koch, Chung-Cheng Chen, Ranjani Srinivasan, Ramprasad Rao, William Snow, Hao Jinchi, Kuo-Chang Han, Song-Chu Chang, Li-Ming Lu, Hideo Ogawa, Kimihiro Kimura, Yutaka Hasegawa, Hung-Yi Pu, Shoko Koyama, Masanori Nakamura, Daniel Bintley, Craig Walther, Per Friberg, Jessica Dempsey, T. K. Sriharan, Sivasankaran Srikanth, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Roger Brissenden, Juan-Carlos Algaba Marcos, Britt Jeter, Cheng-Yu Kuo, Jongho Park
Abstract In 2018, the Greenland Telescope (GLT) started scientific observation in Greenland. Since then, we have completed several significant improvements and added new capabilities to the telescope system. This paper presents a full review of the GLT system, a summary of our observation activities since 2018, the lessons learned from the operations in the Arctic regions, and the prospect of the telescope.
2018年,格陵兰望远镜(GLT)开始在格陵兰岛进行科学观测。从那时起,我们完成了几项重大改进,并为望远镜系统增加了新的功能。本文全面回顾了GLT系统,总结了我们自2018年以来的观测活动,总结了北极地区行动的经验教训,并展望了望远镜的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient Lossless Compression of Integer Astronomical Data 整数天文数据的高效无损压缩
3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/acf6e0
Òscar Maireles-González, Joan Bartrina-Rapesta, Miguel Hernández-Cabronero, Joan Serra-Sagristà
Abstract Each new generation of telescope produces increasingly larger astronomical data volumes, which are expected to reach the order of exabytes in the next decade. Effective and fast data compression methods are paramount to help the scientific community contain storage costs and improve transmission times. Astronomical data differs significantly from natural and Earth-observation images, asking for specifically tailored compression approaches. This paper presents a novel lossless compression technique that employs the discrete Haar wavelet transform within the JPEG 2000 standard. Its performance is compared to that of a comprehensive selection of compressors, including fpack, the most common technique in astronomical observatories, as well as other algorithms highly competitive for other types of data. Experiments are performed on a large data set of 16 bit integer images, produced by telescopes around the world and representative of a wide variety of astronomical scenarios. The proposed technique has two modes. The first mode outperforms all the other tested techniques in terms of compression performance. It surpasses the most competitive configuration of fpack by, respectively, 5.3% (about 0.3 bits per sample), having also 4.5% lower compression and decompression times. The second mode is the fastest among all tested techniques. Its compression and decompression times are 2.5 and 3.5 times faster than the fastest configuration of fpack, while also yielding a 2.4% better compression performance (0.15 bits per sample).
每一代新一代望远镜产生的天文数据量越来越大,预计在未来十年内将达到艾字节数量级。有效和快速的数据压缩方法对于帮助科学界控制存储成本和提高传输时间至关重要。天文数据与自然和地球观测图像有很大的不同,需要特别定制的压缩方法。提出了一种基于jpeg2000标准的离散Haar小波变换的无损压缩技术。将其性能与综合选择的压缩器进行比较,包括天文台中最常用的fpack技术,以及对其他类型数据具有高度竞争力的其他算法。实验是在一个由16位整数图像组成的大数据集上进行的,这些图像是由世界各地的望远镜产生的,代表了各种各样的天文场景。所提出的技术有两种模式。第一种模式在压缩性能方面优于所有其他测试技术。它比最具竞争力的fpack配置分别高出5.3%(每个样本约0.3比特),压缩和解压缩时间也降低了4.5%。第二种模式是所有测试过的技术中最快的。它的压缩和解压缩时间比fpack的最快配置快2.5倍和3.5倍,同时压缩性能也提高了2.4%(每个样本0.15比特)。
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引用次数: 0
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Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
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