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The multicomponent model of working memory fifty years on. 快讯:工作记忆的多成分模型五十年后的今天。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241290909
Graham J Hitch, Richard J Allen, Alan D Baddeley

We provide a broad overview of our original investigation of working memory; how the multicomponent model followed from our use of a dissociative methodology; and our intention that it should be simple, robust, and applicable. We describe how subsequent development of the model has increased its scope, depth, and applications while at the same time retaining its core features. Comparisons with the growing number of alternative models suggest agreement on the basic phenomena to be explained and more similarities than differences. While differences between models attract interest, we caution that they do not necessarily reflect the most important issues for future research, which we suggest relate principally to the nature of executive control. The longevity of the multicomponent model reflects not only the importance of working memory in cognition but also the usefulness of a simple, robust framework for further theoretical development and applications.

我们概括介绍了我们最初对工作记忆的研究,多成分模型是如何从我们对分离方法的使用中衍生出来的,以及我们希望它简单、稳健和适用的初衷。我们描述了该模型的后续发展是如何在保留其核心特征的同时扩大其范围、深度和应用的。与越来越多的替代模型进行比较后发现,我们在需要解释的基本现象上达成了一致,相似之处多于不同之处。尽管模型之间的差异引起了人们的兴趣,但我们要提醒的是,这些差异并不一定反映了未来研究中最重要的问题,我们认为这些问题主要与执行控制的本质有关。多成分模型的长盛不衰不仅反映了工作记忆在认知中的重要性,也反映了一个简单、稳健的框架对进一步的理论发展和应用的有用性。
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引用次数: 0
Working memory gets a workout: Reviewing the legacy of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) 50 years on. 快讯:工作记忆得到锻炼:五十年后回顾巴德利和希奇(1974 年)的遗产。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241301759
John Towse, Mark Hurlstone, Amy Atkinson, Satoru Saito, Robert Logie
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引用次数: 0
The Working Memory Model and the relationship between immediate serial recall and immediate free recall. 表达:工作记忆模型和即时串行回忆与即时自由回忆之间的关系。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241282093
Geoff Ward, Philip C Beaman

The effects of speech-based variables on the immediate serial recall (ISR) task constitute fundamental evidence underpinning the concept of the Phonological Loop component of Working Memory. Somewhat surprisingly, the Phonological Loop has yet to be applied to the immediate free recall (IFR) task although both tasks share similar memoranda and presentation methods. We believe that the separation of theories of ISR and IFR has contributed to the historical divergence between the Working Memory and Episodic Memory literature. We review more recent evidence showing that the two tasks are approached by participants in similar ways, with similar encoding and rehearsal strategies, and are similarly affected by manipulations of word length, phonological similarity, articulatory suppression/concurrent articulation, and irrelevant speech/sound. We present new analyses showing that the outputs of the two tasks share similar runs of successive items that include the first and last items- which we term start- and end-sequences, respectively-that the remaining residual items exhibit strong recency effects, and that start- and end-sequences impose constraints on output order that help account for error transposition gradients in ISR. Such analyses suggest that similar mechanisms might convey serial order information in the two tasks. We believe that recency effects are often under-appreciated in theories of ISR, and IFR mechanisms could generate error transpositions. We hope that our review and new analyses encourage greater theoretical integration between ISR and IFR and between the Working Memory and Episodic Memory literature.

语音变量对即时串行回忆(ISR)任务的影响构成了工作记忆中语音环路部分概念的基本证据。令人感到有些意外的是,尽管即时自由回忆(IFR)任务和ISR任务有着相似的记忆和呈现方法,但语音环路尚未被应用到这两种任务中。我们认为,ISR 和 IFR 理论的分离造成了工作记忆和外显记忆文献之间的历史性分歧。我们回顾了最近的一些证据,这些证据表明,受试者以类似的方式、类似的编码和排练策略来完成这两项任务,而且这两项任务也同样受到单词长度、语音相似性、发音抑制/并发发音以及无关语音/声音等操作的影响。我们提出的新分析表明,这两项任务的输出具有类似的连续项目运行,其中包括第一个和最后一个项目--我们分别称之为起始序列和结束序列--剩余的残余项目表现出强烈的重现效应,而且起始序列和结束序列对输出顺序施加了限制,有助于解释 ISR 中的错误转置梯度。这些分析表明,在这两项任务中,类似的机制可能会传递序列顺序信息。我们认为,在 ISR 的理论中,追忆效应往往没有得到足够的重视,而 IFR 机制可能会产生错误转置。我们希望我们的综述和新的分析能够鼓励在 ISR 和 IFR 之间,以及在工作记忆和外显记忆文献之间进行更多的理论整合。
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引用次数: 0
Getting value out of working memory through strategic prioritisation: Implications for storage and control. 通过确定战略优先次序,从工作记忆中获取价值;对存储和控制的影响。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241258102
Richard J Allen, Amy L Atkinson, Graham J Hitch

Working memory is an active system responsible for the temporary maintenance and processing of information in the support of cognition and action. In keeping with this, a growing body of research has explored the close links between working memory and attention, and how these might be harnessed to impact performance and possibly improve working memory efficiency. This is theoretically and practically important, given that working memory is a central hub in complex cognition yet is extremely capacity- and resource-limited. We review work carried out over the last 10 years or so looking at how high "value" items in working memory can be strategically prioritised through selective attention, drawing principally from visual working memory paradigms with young adult participants, while also discussing how the core effects extend to different task domains and populations. A consistent set of core findings emerges, with improved memory for items that are allocated higher value but no change in overall task performance, and a recency advantage regardless of point allocation when items are encountered sequentially. Value-directed prioritisation is effortful, under top-down strategic control, and appears to vary with perceptual distraction and executive load. It is driven by processes operating during encoding, maintenance, and retrieval, though the extent to which these are influenced by different features of the task context remains to be mapped out. We discuss implications for working memory, attention, and strategic control, and note some possible future directions of travel for this promising line of research.

工作记忆是一个活跃的系统,负责 "临时维护和处理信息,以支持认知和行动"(Baddeley 等人,2021 年)。有鉴于此,越来越多的研究探索了工作记忆与注意力之间的密切联系,以及如何利用这些联系来影响成绩并提高工作记忆的效率。鉴于工作记忆是复杂认知的核心枢纽,但其能力和资源却极为有限,因此这在理论和实践上都非常重要。我们回顾了过去十多年来研究如何通过选择性注意对工作记忆中的高 "价值 "项目进行策略性优先排序的工作,主要借鉴了以年轻成人参与者为对象的视觉工作记忆范例,同时还讨论了核心效应如何扩展到不同的任务领域和人群。研究得出了一系列一致的核心结论,即对 "价值 "分配较高的项目的记忆有所改善,但整体任务表现没有变化,而当项目依次出现时,无论点数分配如何,都会产生回忆优势。以价值为导向的优先排序是费力的,受自上而下的策略控制,似乎会随着知觉分心和执行负荷的变化而变化。它受编码、维持和检索过程的驱动,但这些过程在多大程度上受任务情境不同特征的影响还有待研究。我们将讨论其对工作记忆、注意力和策略控制的影响,并指出这一前景广阔的研究领域未来可能的发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting working memory 50 years after Baddeley and Hitch: A review of field-specific conceptualisations, use and misuse, and paths forward for studying children. 快讯:在巴德利和希奇五十年后重新审视工作记忆:回顾特定领域的概念、使用和误用,以及研究儿童的未来之路。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241301701
Dana Miller-Cotto, Rebecca Gordon

As trained educational and developmental psychologists who study the role of working memory in educational outcomes, we know the various assumptions made about definitions and measurements of this cognitive ability. Considering the popularity of the Baddeley and Hitch working memory model in these fields, we raise challenges related to measurement, overlap with executive function, and adopting working memory measurement approaches from adult models. We propose that researchers consider how working memory tasks might tap multiple other abilities. This is problematic in the context of child cognitive development and in understanding which factors explain educational outcomes in children. We recommend giving greater attention to the central executive, acknowledging the overlap between the central executive and executive function in study design, and investigating a developmental model in the context of the broader abilities evoked in measurement. These recommendations may provide a fuller understanding of working memory's mechanistic role in children's learning and development and assist in developing reasonable adjustments for specific aspects of working memory for children who struggle.

作为研究工作记忆在教育成果中的作用的训练有素的教育和发展心理学家,我们知道对这一认知能力的定义和测量存在各种假设。考虑到 Baddeley 和 Hitch 工作记忆模型(1974 年)在这些领域的流行,我们提出了与测量、与执行功能的重叠以及采用成人模型的工作记忆测量方法有关的挑战。我们建议研究人员考虑工作记忆任务可能会如何挖掘其他多种能力。在儿童认知发展的背景下,以及在理解哪些因素可以解释儿童教育成果的过程中,这是个问题。我们建议对中枢执行力给予更多关注,在研究设计中承认中枢执行力和执行功能之间的重叠,并在测量中唤起更广泛能力的背景下研究发展模型。这些建议可以让我们更全面地了解工作记忆在儿童学习和发展中的机制性作用,并有助于为学习有困难的儿童在工作记忆的特定方面制定合理的调整方案。
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引用次数: 0
The phonological store of working memory: A critique and an alternative, perceptual-motor, approach to verbal short-term memory. 表达:工作记忆的语音存储:口头短时记忆的感知-运动方法的批判与替代。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241257885
Robert W Hughes

A key quality of a good theory is its fruitfulness, one measure of which might be the degree to which it compels researchers to test it, refine it, or offer alternative explanations of the same empirical data. Perhaps the most fruitful element of Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) Working Memory framework has been the concept of a short-term phonological store, a discrete cognitive module dedicated to the passive storage of verbal material that is architecturally fractionated from perceptual, language, and articulatory systems. This review discusses how the phonological store construct has served as the main theoretical springboard for an alternative perceptual-motor approach in which serial-recall performance reflects the opportunistic co-opting of the articulatory-planning system and, when auditory material is involved, the products of obligatory auditory perceptual organisation. It is argued that this approach, which rejects the need to posit a distinct short-term store, provides a better account of the two putative empirical hallmarks of the phonological store-the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant speech effect-and that it shows promise too in being able to account for nonword repetition and word-form learning, the supposed evolved function of the phonological store. The neuropsychological literature cited as strong additional support for the phonological store concept is also scrutinised through the lens of the perceptual-motor approach for the first time and a tentative articulatory-planning deficit hypothesis for the "short-term memory" patient profile is advanced. Finally, the relation of the perceptual-motor approach to other "emergent-property" accounts of short-term memory is briefly considered.

好理论的一个关键品质是它的富有成效性,衡量标准之一可能是它能在多大程度上迫使研究人员去检验它、完善它,或对相同的经验数据提供替代性解释。巴德利和希奇(1974)的工作记忆框架中最富有成效的元素或许就是短期语音存储的概念,这是一个专门用于被动存储言语材料的离散认知模块,在结构上与知觉、语言和发音系统分离开来。这篇综述讨论了语音存储结构如何成为另一种知觉-运动方法的主要理论跳板,在这种方法中,连续回忆的表现反映了发音规划系统的机会主义共用,当涉及听觉材料时,则反映了强制性听觉知觉组织的产物。有学者认为,这种方法不需要假定一个独特的短期储存,它能更好地解释语音储存的两个假定的经验标志--语音相似性效应和无关语音效应,而且它还能解释非词重复和词形学习--语音储存的假定进化功能--。此外,还首次通过知觉-运动方法的视角,对作为语音存储概念有力补充的神经心理学文献进行了仔细研究,并对 "短时记忆 "患者的特征提出了一个初步的发音-规划缺陷假说。最后,我们还简要探讨了知觉-运动方法与其他 "突现-属性 "短时记忆方法之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
What are the benefits of directed attention within verbal working memory? 表达:语言工作记忆中的定向注意有什么好处?
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241299918
Stéphanie Jeanneret, Evie Vergauwe, Caro Hautekiet, Naomi Langerock

Information that is particularly relevant for upcoming behaviour can be prioritised within working memory, by directing attention to it. Receiving focused attention during retention is assumed to be associated with specific benefits, such as increased memory performance and reduced vulnerability to perceptual distractions. This has been demonstrated in visuospatial working memory. Given the domain-general nature of the focus of attention, these benefits should extend to verbal working memory as well. This was tested in the current study. In particular, we examined and compared the effects of cue-based and reward-based prioritisation in verbal working memory across a series of five preregistered experiments. These experiments varied in their memory materials, set size, interference, and memory task. Our results collectively revealed several key findings. First, both cue-based and reward-based prioritisation led to a clear and consistent memory boost for prioritised information in verbal working memory. Second, the memory boost induced by cue-based prioritisation was mostly comparable to that induced by reward-based prioritisation. Third, memory for verbal information did not drastically suffer when exposed to perceptual interference. And finally, the effect of perceptual interference on verbal information was not drastically influenced by whether the information was prioritised or not. Overall, this series of experiments contributes to understanding the consequences of directed attention in verbal working memory and highlights similarities and differences from findings in visuospatial working memory.

在工作记忆中,与即将发生的行为特别相关的信息可以通过引导注意力的方式得到优先处理。在记忆过程中集中注意力被认为与特定的益处有关,如提高记忆效果和减少对知觉干扰的脆弱性。视觉空间工作记忆已经证明了这一点。鉴于注意力集中的领域普遍性,这些益处也应扩展到言语工作记忆中。本研究对此进行了测试。具体而言,我们通过五个预先登记的实验,考察并比较了基于线索和基于奖励的优先级在言语工作记忆中的效果。这些实验的记忆材料、集合大小、干扰和记忆任务各不相同。我们的结果共同揭示了几个关键发现。首先,无论是基于线索还是基于奖励的优先化,都会对言语工作记忆中的优先化信息产生明显而一致的记忆促进作用。其次,基于线索的优先排序与基于奖励的优先排序所引起的记忆增强效果大体相当。第三,当受到知觉干扰时,对言语信息的记忆并没有大幅减弱。最后,知觉干扰对言语信息的影响并没有因为信息是否被优先处理而受到很大影响。总之,这一系列实验有助于理解定向注意在言语工作记忆中的后果,并突出了与视觉空间工作记忆研究结果的异同。
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引用次数: 0
The role of articulatory rehearsal in short-term false memories during ageing. 表达:发音排练在衰老过程中的短期错误记忆中的作用。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241269320
Magaux Piroelle, Christelle Guette, Marlène Abadie

Recent studies have shown that articulatory rehearsal prevents false memories in working memory tasks in young adults. During ageing, a substantial increase in false memories has been documented in numerous studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of rehearsal in the increase of false memories with age. In two experiments, we manipulated the opportunity to use rehearsal in a Brown-Peterson task in which younger (n = 80) and older (n = 70) adults maintained semantically related word lists and reported their maintenance strategies. Both experiments showed that reducing the opportunity to use rehearsal increased false memories and decreased correct recall in both groups. Furthermore, older adults made more false memories and less correct recall than younger adults, and these effects were partially mediated by the number of times participants reported using rehearsal (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that age-related differences in rehearsal use explain differences in working memory task performance.

最近的研究表明,在年轻人的工作记忆任务中,发音排练可以防止错误记忆。在衰老过程中,许多研究都证实了错误记忆的大量增加。本研究的目的是探究随着年龄的增长,排练在错误记忆增加中的作用。在两项实验中,我们在布朗-彼得森(Brown-Peterson)任务中操纵了使用预演的机会,在这项任务中,年轻(n = 80)和年长(n = 70)的成年人保持了语义相关的单词表,并报告了他们的保持策略。这两项实验都表明,减少使用预演的机会会增加两组人的错误记忆,降低正确回忆率。此外,与年轻人相比,老年人的错误记忆更多,正确回忆更少,而这些影响部分受参与者报告使用预演的次数的影响(实验 2)。这些研究结果表明,与年龄有关的预演使用差异可以解释工作记忆任务成绩的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the role of visual similarity in parafoveal processing: Insights from the Flanking Letter Lexical Decision task. EXPRESS:探索视觉相似性在视网膜旁处理中的作用:侧面字母词性决定任务的启示。
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241308376
Brice Brossette, Bernard Lété

This study explores the impact of visually similar flanking stimuli on central target words using the Flanking Letter Lexical Decision (FLLD) task. Specifically, we investigated whether visual similarity effects can explain orthographic relatedness effects observed in previous FLLD tasks. By employing non-reversal mirror letters as visual flankers, we compared their influence on response times to traditional orthographic-related and orthographic-unrelated conditions. Results confirmed the known facilitative effect of orthographic-related flankers on response times (ROCK ROCK ROCK). However, mirror-related conditions showed no facilitative effect ([Formula: see text] ROCK [Formula: see text]), as evidenced by a Bayesian analysis indicating no significant differences between mirror-related and mirror-unrelated ([Formula: see text] ROCK [Formula: see text]). These findings suggest that low-level visual information in the parafovea does not contribute to the processing of the foveal word in tasks requiring specific word identification. The study concludes that only parafoveal information with relevant linguistic content is spatially pooled across target and flankers during word identification tasks. This research highlights the need to consider task-specific attentional demands and the linguistic relevance of parafoveal information in understanding visual and orthographic processing in reading.

本研究通过侧翼字母词汇决策(FLLD)任务,探讨视觉相似侧翼刺激对中心目标词的影响。具体来说,我们研究了视觉相似性效应是否可以解释在以前的FLLD任务中观察到的正字法相关性效应。通过使用非反转镜像字母作为视觉侧板,我们比较了它们对传统正字法相关和非正字法相关条件对反应时间的影响。结果证实了已知的正字法相关侧链对反应时间的促进作用(ROCK ROCK ROCK)。然而,镜像相关条件没有表现出促进作用(ROCK ROCK ROCK),正如贝叶斯分析所证明的那样,镜像相关条件和镜像不相关条件之间没有显著差异(STEP ROCK STEP)。这些发现表明,在需要识别特定单词的任务中,旁中央的低水平视觉信息对中央凹单词的处理没有贡献。该研究得出结论,在单词识别任务中,只有具有相关语言内容的旁中央凹信息在目标和侧边被识别者之间进行空间汇集。本研究强调了在理解阅读中的视觉和正字法加工时,需要考虑特定任务的注意需求和旁中央凹信息的语言相关性。
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引用次数: 0
EXPRESS: Sleep supports the consolidation of newly learned statistical concepts.
IF 1.5 3区 心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1177/17470218251317885
John J Shaw, Marie-Josee Bisson

Within mathematical cognition the development of conceptual knowledge is seen as critical to developing understanding. Sleep has been well established to play a role in the consolidation of newly learned information and schema-based information but has yet to be explored within mathematical cognition. Across three experiments participants (N = 167) were assigned to a sleep or wake group and then viewed lectures on either p-values, t-test, or z-scores. The sleep group watched the lecture at 9pm, completed an immediate recall task to explain the concept, then a second recall task 12h later at 9am. The wake groups watched the lecture at 9am, and completed an immediate recall task then a second recall task 12h later at 9pm. Written responses were then assessed using a comparative judgement task by subject experts. Across all three experiments, results showed that participants in the sleep group retained their knowledge from the immediate recall to 12 hours later, while in the wake group, participants' knowledge declined significantly between sessions. These results suggest that sleep may be involved in an important process of maintaining the information learned from statistical concepts.

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引用次数: 0
期刊
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
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