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The First Workers of the Ant Camponotus obscuripes Are a Different Allometric Morph with Relatively Long Antennae to Communicate with Other Larger Colony Members 暗纹蚁的第一个工蚁是一种不同的异速变体,具有相对较长的触角,可以与其他较大的群体成员通信
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-22 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4520109
Saori Watanabe, M. Terayama, Ryota Kawauchiya, Natsuki Ogusu, Y. Fujita, Syunta Mikami, Yuuka Murakami, E. Hasegawa
The first workers produced by an ant queen with a claustral founding mode are much smaller than the workers after the second generation and are thus called “nanitics.” These nanitics shoulder the initial fate of the colony and thus may be different morphometric morph from the other workers in mature colony to optimize the survival of their own colony. We report here that, in the ant Camponotus obscuripes Mayr, the allometric rules of the nanitics are different from those of other workers in mature colonies, suggesting that the nanitics constitute an independent caste as with soldiers or queens in other species. In addition, the antennae of the nanitics show the minimum absolute length-difference with the mother queen compared to the other traits measured. This result suggests that this small size difference enables C. obscuripes nanitics to communicate with the other members of the colony. Our results indicate that polymorphic societies affect the growth rules of workers.
蚁后以幽闭的建立模式产生的第一批工蚁比第二代之后的工蚁小得多,因此被称为“楠政治”。这些楠政治肩负着群体的最初命运,因此可能与成熟群体中的其他工蚁不同,以优化自己群体的生存。我们在这里报告说,在露背蚁Camponotus obscuripes Mayr中,楠政治学的异速规则与成熟群体中的其他工蚁不同,这表明楠政治学与其他物种的士兵或王后一样构成了一个独立的种姓。此外,与测量的其他性状相比,楠的触角与母女王的绝对长度差异最小。这一结果表明,这种微小的体型差异使C.obscuisipes nanitics能够与殖民地的其他成员交流。我们的研究结果表明,多态性社会会影响工人的成长规律。
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引用次数: 0
Repellent effect and insecticidal activities of Bridelia ferruginea, Blighia sapida, and Khaya senegalensis leaves powders and extracts against Dinoderus porcellus in infested dried yam chips 铁芽Bridelia ferroginea、Blighia sapida和Khaya senegalensis叶粉和叶提取物对受侵扰的干薯片中牛肝菌的驱避作用和杀虫活性
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-21 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5468202
L. Loko, O. Alagbe, E. Dannon, B. Datinon, A. Orobiyi, A. Thomas-Odjo, A. Dansi, M. Tamò
Dinoderus porcellus is considered as the most important pest of stored yam chips and compounds extracted from plants can be used for its control. The present study aimed to test the insecticidal and repellent activities of powders and extracts of leaves of Bridelia ferruginea, Blighia sapida, and Khaya senegalensis against D. porcellus. The efficacy of plant powders was compared with the synthetic pesticide Antouka (Permethrin 3 g/kg + pirimiphos 16 g/kg). The results of the experiment revealed that all plant powders were effective as repellents. Antouka was more effective as insecticidal than the plant powders and minimal weight loss was observed with B. sapida at 2%. Among treatments, propanol extract of K. senegalensis at 5% was found to elicit the highest repellent effect on D. porcellus. The LC50 results revealed that the acetone extract of K. senegalensis is the most toxic (0.29 μL/insect) to the pest, while the propanol extract of B. ferruginea at 5% exhibited strong fumigant toxicity against D. porcellus, with 88.89% of pest mortality at 160 μL/L air. The findings from the current work proved that plant powders and extracts of the three plants are sources of botanical insecticides which may be used in the integrated management of D. porcellus.
porcellus是山药薯片储存库中最重要的害虫,可采用植物提取物进行防治。本研究旨在研究铁布里迪亚(Bridelia ferruginea)、白螺旋藻(Blighia sapida)和塞内加尔海叶(Khaya senegalensis)的叶粉和叶提取物对猪角蝇(D. porcellus)的杀避活性。比较植物粉与合成农药安图卡(氯菊酯3 g/kg +吡虫磷16 g/kg)的防治效果。实验结果表明,所有植物粉末均具有驱避效果。安度卡的杀虫效果比植物粉更有效,而在2%的浓度下,可使白刺虫的体重减轻最少。其中,以5%的塞内加尔金缕草丙醇提取物对赤蝇的驱避效果最好。LC50结果表明,塞内哥拉草丙酮提取物对小蠊的毒力最强(0.29 μL/虫),而5%浓度的铁铁白刀草丙醇提取物对小蠊的熏蒸毒性最强,在160 μL/L的空气中,小蠊的死亡率为88.89%。本研究结果证明,这三种植物的植物粉和提取物是植物性杀虫剂的来源,可用于牛耳草的综合治理。
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引用次数: 20
Buzzing Wild Bee Visits Enhance Seed Set in Eggplant, Solanum melongena 嗡嗡作响的野生蜜蜂来访增强了茄子的种子集
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-25 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4624062
U. Jayasinghe, T. Silva, W. Karunaratne
Sixty percent of the angiosperms with poricidal anthers are buzz-pollinated by bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes). Plant taxa with Solanum-type flowers have larger anthers and shorter filaments. Solanum melongena (Solanaceae) is more commonly and efficiently pollinated by buzz pollinators. The present study documented bees and their diurnal pattern of visitation to flowers, relationship between their handling time and flower age, and the effect of bee visits on fruit and seed set in S. melongena in two sites in Kandy District. Efficiency of buzz pollination over pollination in the absence of bees was determined using open buds and buds covered with pollinator exclusion bags. On average, 150 days were taken to complete the life cycle of Solanum melongena. Three buzzing bees and two nonbuzzing bees in site I and five buzzing bees and two nonbuzzing bees in site II were recorded. Handling time of Pachynomia sp. and Hoplonomia westwoodi indicates that bees spend more time at new flowers than at old flowers. Handling time is higher in the smaller bee, Pachynomia sp., than in the larger bee, H. westwoodi. Statistical data on pollinator exclusion experiment revealed that the fruit set and seed set of S. melongena are enhanced by buzz-pollinating bees.
具有孢子花药的被子植物中有60%是由蜜蜂传粉的(膜翅目:apo总科:蜂形目)。具有茄型花的植物分类群具有较大的花药和较短的花丝。龙葵(Solanum melongena)是一种较为常见和有效的蜂传粉媒介。本文研究了康提地区两个地点的蜜蜂访花方式、访花时间与花龄的关系以及访花对甜瓜果实和种子结实的影响。在没有蜜蜂的情况下,用开放的花蕾和覆盖授粉者隔离袋的花蕾来测定嗡嗡传粉的效率。平均需要150天才能完成龙葵的生命周期。在I点记录了3只嗡嗡蜜蜂和2只非嗡嗡蜜蜂,在II点记录了5只嗡嗡蜜蜂和2只非嗡嗡蜜蜂。青花花和野花花的处理时间表明蜜蜂花在新花上的时间比花在旧花上的时间要长。较小的蜜蜂(Pachynomia sp.)处理时间比较大的蜜蜂(H. westwoodi)要长。排除传粉者实验的统计数据表明,蜂群传粉的蜜蜂增强了黑麦的坐果和结实率。
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引用次数: 8
An Insight in the Reproductive Biology of Therophilus javanus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, and Agathidinae), a Potential Biological Control Agent against the Legume Pod Borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). javophilus javanus(膜翅目,小蜂科,小蜂科)是一种潜在的豆荚螟虫生物防治剂。
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-09-28 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3156534
Djibril Aboubakar Souna, Aimé Bokonon-Ganta, Marc Ravallec, Antonino Cusumano, Barry Robert Pittendrigh, Anne-Nathalie Volkoff, Manuele Tamò

Therophilus javanus is a koinobiont, solitary larval endoparasitoid currently being considered as a biological control agent against the pod borer Maruca vitrata, a devastating cowpea pest causing 20-80% crop losses in West Africa. We investigated ovary morphology and anatomy, oogenesis, potential fecundity, and egg load in T. javanus, as well as the effect of factors such as age of the female and parasitoid/host size at oviposition on egg load. The number of ovarioles was found to be variable and significantly influenced by the age/size of the M. vitrata caterpillar when parasitized. Egg load also was strongly influenced by both the instar of M. vitrata caterpillar at the moment of parasitism and wasp age. The practical implications of these findings for improving mass rearing of the parasitoid toward successful biological control of M. vitrata are discussed.

爪哇热嗜菌是一种单独的幼虫类内寄生虫,目前被认为是一种生物防治剂,用于防治豆荚螟,一种造成西非20-80%作物损失的破坏性豇豆害虫。研究了爪哇瓢虫卵巢形态解剖、卵发生、潜在繁殖力和卵载情况,以及雌性年龄和产卵时寄生蜂/寄主大小等因素对卵载的影响。虫卵数是可变的,受寄生虫卵的年龄/大小的显著影响。卵量也受寄生时卵龄和寄生蜂年龄的影响。本文还讨论了这些发现对改善寄生蜂的大规模饲养对成功地进行vitrata生物防治的实际意义。
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引用次数: 4
Sigma Virus (DMelSV) Incidence in Lines of Drosophila melanogaster Selected for Survival following Infection with Bacillus cereus 感染蜡样芽孢杆菌后存活的黑腹果蝇中Sigma病毒(DMelSV)的发病率
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3593509
M. Bentz, Eve A. Humphrey, L. Harshman, M. Wayne
The immune response of Drosophila melanogaster is complex and involves both specific and general responses to parasites. In this study we tested for cross-immunity for bacteria and viruses by scoring the incidence of infection with the vertically transmitted Sigma virus (DMelSV) in the progeny of a cross between females transmitting DMelSV at high frequencies and males from lines subjected to three selection regimes related to resistance to Bacillus cereus. There was no significant difference in transmission of DMelSV among selection regimes, though results suggest that the B. cereus selected lines had lower rates of infection by DMelSV. We found a significant difference in viral infection with respect to the sex of the progeny, with males consistently less likely to be infected than females. Given a finite energy budget, flies that have experienced immune system challenge may show alterations in other life history traits. Later eclosing progeny were also less likely to be infected than earlier eclosing progeny, indicating a relationship with development time. Finally, there was a significant interaction between the timing of collection and the sex of the progeny, such that later eclosing males were the most resistant group. Increased development time is sometimes associated with increased energy acquisition; from this perspective, increased development time may be associated with acquiring sufficient resources for effective resistance.
黑腹果蝇的免疫反应是复杂的,包括对寄生虫的特异性和一般反应。在这项研究中,我们通过对垂直传播的西格玛病毒(DMelSV)的感染发生率进行评分,对细菌和病毒的交叉免疫进行了测试。这一杂交的后代是高频率传播DMelSV的雌性和经受三种与蜡样芽孢杆菌抗性相关的选择制度的雄性。尽管结果表明蜡样芽孢杆菌选择菌株的DMelSV感染率较低,但在不同的选择方案中,DMelSV的传播没有显著差异。我们发现病毒感染在后代性别方面存在显著差异,男性感染的可能性始终低于女性。鉴于有限的能量预算,经历过免疫系统挑战的果蝇可能会在其他生活史特征上表现出改变。较晚闭合的后代也比较早闭合的后代更不容易被感染,这表明了与发育时间的关系。最后,在采集时间和后代的性别之间存在显著的相互作用,因此较晚关闭的雄性是最具抵抗力的群体。开发时间的增加有时与能量获取的增加有关;从这个角度来看,增加的开发时间可能与获得足够的资源来进行有效的抵抗有关。
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引用次数: 3
Reproductive Interference and Niche Partitioning in Aphidophagous Insects 食蚜昆虫的生殖干扰与生态位分配
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2016-12-20 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4751280
Suzuki Noriyuki, N. Osawa
The range and quality of prey species differ greatly among closely related species of predators. However, the factors responsible for this diversified niche utilization are unclear. This is because the predation and resource competition do not always prevent species coexistence. In this paper, we present evidence in support of reproductive interference as a driver of niche partitioning, focusing on aphidophagous insect. Firstly, we present closely related generalist and specialist species pairs in aphidophagous lacewings to compare the reproductive interference hypothesis with two other hypotheses that have been proposed to explain niche partitioning in lacewings and sympatric speciation through host race formation and sexual selection. Secondly, we present a case study that shows how reproductive interference can drive niche partitioning in sibling ladybird species. Thirdly, we show that many ladybird genera include species inhabiting the same region but having different food and habitat preferences, raising the possibility that reproductive interference might occur in these groups. Finally, we show that intraguild predation cannot always explain the niche partitioning in aphidophagous insects including hoverflies and parasitoids. On the basis of the evidence presented, we urge that future studies investigating predator communities should take account of the role of reproductive interference.
在亲缘关系密切的掠食者中,猎物种类的范围和质量差别很大。然而,造成这种多样化生态位利用的因素尚不清楚。这是因为捕食和资源竞争并不总是阻止物种共存。本文以食蚜昆虫为研究对象,提供了支持生殖干扰作为生态位分配驱动因素的证据。首先,我们介绍了食蚜草蛉中密切相关的通才和专才物种对,并将生殖干扰假说与其他两种假说进行了比较,这两种假说解释了草蛉通过寄主种族形成和性选择来解释生态位分配和同域物种形成。其次,我们提出了一个案例研究,表明生殖干扰如何驱动兄弟瓢虫物种的生态位划分。第三,我们发现许多瓢虫属包括生活在同一地区但具有不同食物和栖息地偏好的物种,这增加了这些群体中可能发生生殖干扰的可能性。最后,研究表明,食蚜蝇和拟寄生物等食蚜昆虫的生态位划分并不总是以野外捕食来解释。基于这些证据,我们敦促未来研究捕食者群落应该考虑到生殖干扰的作用。
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引用次数: 15
Abrupt Geographical Transition between Aposematic Color Forms in the Spittlebug Prosapia ignipectus (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) 斑点斑点吐虫(Prosapia ignipectus)警示色形态的地理突变(半翅目:蠓科)
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-26 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3623092
V. Thompson, G. S. Carvalho
Over most of its range populations of the spittlebug Prosapia ignipectus (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) are monomorphic for black dorsal coloration. At the far northeastern margin of the species range in Maine, a cluster of populations is monomorphic for the presence of traverse orange dorsal lines against a black background. The narrow gap separating monomorphic black and monomorphic lined populations is less than 10 km wide, shows no evidence of a hybrid zone, and is without consequential physical barriers or ecological breaks. This sharp and unexpected division of color forms seems to have persisted for at least 90 years. It appears to be the sharpest divide ever recorded between geographically adjacent populations monomorphic for alternative aposematic color forms. About 45 kilometers to the southwest of this dividing line, three closely situated populations, surrounded by monomorphic black populations, are polymorphic for the two color forms. These observations are at variance with several expectations for aposematic species: (1) that local populations will be monomorphic for warning coloration, (2) that adjacent populations monomorphic for different local color forms will be linked by populations with mixed or hybrid forms, and (3) that geographic boundaries between contrasting aposematic color forms should be temporally unstable.
在其大部分分布范围内,斑点斑麻虱(半翅目:斑麻虱科)的种群为单态的黑色背色。在缅因州物种范围的远东北边缘,有一群种群是单态的,因为它们在黑色背景下有橙色的横背线。单形黑色种群和单形条纹种群之间的狭窄间隙小于10公里宽,没有杂交带的证据,也没有相应的物理屏障或生态断裂。这种鲜明而意想不到的色彩形式划分似乎已经持续了至少90年。这似乎是有史以来在地理上相邻的种群之间记录的最明显的鸿沟。在这条分界线的西南方向约45公里处,有三个紧密相连的种群,被单态的黑色种群所包围,它们是两种颜色形态的多态种群。这些观察结果与对警示语物种的几个预期不一致:(1)当地种群对警告色将是单态的,(2)不同地方颜色形式的相邻种群将由混合或杂交形式的种群联系起来,(3)对比警示语颜色形式之间的地理界限应该是暂时不稳定的。
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引用次数: 6
Defensive Nymphs of the Woolly Aphid Thoracaphis kashifolia (Hemiptera) on the Oak Quercus glauca 青松上的胸蚜(半翅目)防御性若虫
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2016-10-05 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4036571
U. Kurosu, S. Aoki, K. Uematsu, M. Kutsukake, T. Fukatsu
Aphid nymphs with enlarged fore- and mid-legs were found from woolly colonies of Thoracaphis kashifolia (Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) on leaves of the evergreen Quercus glauca in Japan. It was shown that they grasped an introduced moth larva with their legs and some inserted their stylets deep into the body. These defenders were first-instar nymphs of the alate generation and were produced by aleyrodiform apterae from early September onward. There was a large variation in the size of their forelegs. First-instar nymphs (to be alates) produced early in the season had fore-femorotrochanters shorter than those produced later. The molting rate (the percentage of pharate individuals) of the latter was very low (less than 5% to zero), suggesting their semisterility. Although first-instar nymphs with various lengths of forelegs joined to attack moth larvae, these facts indicate that an incipient caste differentiation occurs within the first-instar nymphs of the alate generation.
在日本常绿的青松树叶上发现了胸腹蚜(胸蚜科,日本胸蚜科)有毛的蚜虫群,其前足和中足增大。研究表明,它们用腿抓住引进的蛾子幼虫,有些还把它们的触角深深地插入体内。这些防御者是晚期一代的一龄若虫,从9月初开始由变形虫羽翼产生。它们前腿的大小差异很大。在季节早期产生的一龄若虫(待鉴定)的前股骨粗隆比后来产生的要短。后者的蜕皮率(pharate个体的百分比)很低(小于5%至零),表明它们是半不育的。尽管具有不同前腿长度的一龄若虫联合起来攻击蛾幼虫,但这些事实表明,在晚期一代的一龄若虫中发生了早期的种姓分化。
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引用次数: 4
Perch Selection by Three Cooccurring Species of Celithemis (Odonata: Libellulidae): Testing for a Competitive Hierarchy among Similar Species 三种共栖种对栖木的选择:相似种间竞争等级的检验
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2016-09-22 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9028105
W. Worthen, Parker H. Morrow
In many communities of perching dragonflies (Odonata: Libellulidae), a size-dependent competitive hierarchy creates a positive relationship between male body size and perch height. We tested for this pattern among three similar-sized species: Celithemis elisa, C. fasciata, and C. ornata. Males were caught and photographed from May to July 2015 at Ashmore Heritage Preserve, Greenville County, SC, USA, and perch heights and perch distance to open water were measured. Five indices of body size were measured with ImageJ software: abdomen length, forewing length, hindwing length, area of forewing, and area of hindwing. Celithemis fasciata was significantly larger than the other two species for all five anatomical characters and used perches that were significantly taller and closer to open water than the other species, though these differences changed over the summer. Aggressive interactions between and within species were tallied and compared to expected distributions based on mean relative abundances derived from hourly abundance counts. Patterns of interspecific aggression were also consistent with a size-dependent hierarchy: the large C. fasciata was attacked less frequently, and the small C. ornata more frequently, than predicted by their relative abundances. We conclude that even small differences in body size may contribute to niche partitioning in perch selection.
在许多栖息的蜻蜓群落中,一种依赖于大小的竞争等级制度在雄性体型和栖息高度之间创造了正相关关系。我们在三个相似大小的物种中测试了这种模式:Celithemis elisa, C. fasciata和C. ornata。2015年5月至7月,在美国南卡罗来纳州格林维尔县的Ashmore遗产保护区捕获并拍摄了雄性,并测量了栖息高度和栖息距离。采用ImageJ软件测量五项体型指标:腹长、前翼长、后翼长、前翼面积、后翼面积。在所有5个解剖特征上,斑腹蝶的体型都明显大于其他两种,栖地也明显高于其他两种,且离开阔水域更近,但这些差异在夏季发生了变化。对物种之间和物种内部的侵略性相互作用进行了统计,并与基于小时丰度计数得出的平均相对丰度的预期分布进行了比较。种间攻击模式也与大小依赖的等级结构相一致:与相对丰度预测的相比,大的筋膜杉受到攻击的频率较低,而小的花楸受到攻击的频率较高。我们得出结论,即使体型的微小差异也可能有助于栖木选择中的生态位划分。
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引用次数: 6
Capture of Nontarget Flies (Diptera: Lauxaniidae, Chloropidae, and Anthomyiidae) on Traps Baited with Volatile Chemicals in Field-Crop Habitats 农田作物生境中挥发性化学药剂诱捕非靶蝇(双翅目:姬蝇科、蠓科、花蝇科)的研究
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2016-08-14 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6938368
L. Hesler
Volatile chemicals increased trap catch of flies from the families Lauxaniidae [Homoneura bispina (Loew) and Camptoprosopella borealis Shewell], Chloropidae (Olcella sp.), and Anthomyiidae (Delia spp.) in field crops. With lauxaniids, baiting with 2-phenylethanol on cotton-roll dispensers increased catch of H. bispina in two corn plot tests, and methyl salicylate increased trap catch in one test. Traps baited with methyl salicylate increased the catch of C. borealis. When using plastic-sachet dispensers, traps baited with methyl salicylate caught more H. bispina than ones baited with 2-phenylethanol, whereas traps baited with 2-phenylethanol caught more C. borealis than those with methyl salicylate. For chloropids, traps baited with 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine greatly increased catch of Olcella flies in corn and soybean. With anthomyiids, catch of male Delia flies in wheat increased with 2-phenylethanol on cotton rolls and with either 2-phenylethanol or methyl salicylate using plastic dispensers. In soybean, 2-phenylethanol formulated on cotton rolls or in plastic dispensers increased catch of male Delia flies, but methyl salicylate did not affect trap catch. Trap catch of female Delia flies did not vary among chemicals. In another test in soybean, trap catch of both male and female Delia flies was greater with 2-phenylethanol than with other volatile chemicals.
挥发性化学物质增加了诱捕器对大田作物中Lauxaniidae (Homoneura bispina (Loew)和Camptoprosopella borealis Shewell)、Chloropidae (Olcella sp.)和花蝇科(Delia sp.)蝇类的捕获。在两次玉米田试验中,用2-苯基乙醇在棉卷分配器上进行诱饵饵料,增加了双色小蠊的捕获量,在一次试验中,水杨酸甲酯增加了捕集器的捕获量。水杨酸甲酯诱捕器增加了北方蓟马的捕获量。当使用塑料袋分配器时,以水杨酸甲酯为诱饵的陷阱比以2-苯基乙醇为诱饵的陷阱捕获更多的双鱼,而以2-苯基乙醇为诱饵的陷阱比以水杨酸甲酯为诱饵的陷阱捕获更多的北方蓟马。对氯虫,2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪诱捕器对玉米和大豆中小蝇的捕获量均有显著提高。2-苯乙醇在棉卷上和2-苯乙醇或水杨酸甲酯在塑料分配器上均可增加小麦中雄性迪利亚蝇的捕获量。在大豆中,2-苯乙醇在棉卷和塑料分配器上的配制增加了雄性迪利蝇的捕获量,而水杨酸甲酯对捕蝇器的捕获量没有影响。不同化学药剂对雌性迪利亚蝇的诱捕效果没有影响。在另一项大豆试验中,2-苯乙醇比其他挥发性化学物质更能捕获雄性和雌性迪利亚蝇。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
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