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Dimorphic Sessile Apterae of the Aphid Neothoracaphis glaucae (Hemiptera) on the Evergreen Oak Quercus glauca 常绿栎树青松上新胸蚜(半翅目)二态无柄翅
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-11 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1280414
S. Aoki, U. Kurosu, K. Uematsu, T. Fukatsu, M. Kutsukake
Species of the aphid genus Neothoracaphis (Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) produce tiny, sessile, sclerotized apterous adults on leaves of oaks. Among Japanese species, “N. glaucae” has been known to have the largest, ovate apterae, while “N. saramaoensis” has smaller, elongated oval apterae on Quercus glauca. Through examining mitochondrial DNA sequences of Japanese Neothoracaphis species, we found that the two are the same species with a clear dimorphism. Neothoracaphis glaucae (Takahashi) was adopted as the valid name for the species. In Tokyo, Japan, apterae of the smaller type are abundantly seen throughout the year, and those of the larger type are generally few in number from summer to autumn. Alates, which are supposed to be sexuparae, appear from November to January. Nymphs developing into the alates are covered with long, semitransparent, bristle-like wax filaments. We conclude that N. querciphaga, N. elongata, and N. yanonis are distinct species and that both the genus Neothoracaphis and the three Neothoracaphis species other than N. yanonis form monophyletic groups among Japanese Nipponaphidini species we have examined.
新胸蚜属的一种蚜虫(麻蚜科,日本蚜科)在橡树的叶子上产生微小的、无柄的、硬化的无翼成虫。在日本物种中,“N。众所周知,“青花”有最大的卵形翅,而“白花”有最大的卵形翅。“saramaoensis”在青松上有较小的,细长的卵形翅。通过对日本新胸蚜种线粒体DNA序列的分析,发现两者是同一种,具有明显的二态性。新胸蚜(高桥)被采纳为该物种的有效名称。在日本的东京,一年四季都能看到大量的小翅,而从夏季到秋季,大翅的数量通常很少。从11月到次年1月,被认为是性成熟期。发育成鳞片的若虫被长长的、半透明的、刚毛状的蜡丝所覆盖。我们认为,在我们所调查的日本Nipponaphidini种中,querciphaga N.、elongata N.和yanonis N.是不同的种,新胸蚜属和除yanonis外的三个新胸蚜属都是单系群。
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引用次数: 1
Richness of Wild Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Forest Remnant in a Transition Region of Eastern Amazonia 东亚马逊过渡区森林遗迹中野蜂(膜翅目:蜂科)的丰富度
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5356104
Luciano André Chaves Ferreira, D. C. Martins, M. Rêgo, Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque
Eastern Amazonia is an area with great biological diversity that has suffered rapid deforestation and forest fragmentation over the years. Because of the scarcity of data on the fauna and flora, the northwest of the state of Maranhão has become a priority area for studies that seek to gain a better understanding of bee fauna. Between August 2013 and December 2014, in collections at two-month intervals, a total of 1047 bees belonging to 70 species were collected using two methods (an insect net and scent-baited traps). Apinae was the most abundant subfamily and had the greatest species richness (63 species and 1039 individuals); the most notable tribes in this subfamily were Meliponini (20 species and 445 individuals) and Euglossini (24 species and 452 individuals). In all, 62.8% of the total richness was sampled with an insect net and 34.2% with bait traps. Bees were present in every collection month, and August and December were the months with the greatest richness and abundance, respectively. Although the species accumulation curve did not stabilize, the results were positive as three new species were recorded for the Maranhão state: Bombus transversalis (Olivier, 1789); Xylocopa suspecta Moure and Camargo, 1988; and Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier, 1841, and eleven for the Amazonian region of the state.
亚马逊东部是一个生物多样性很强的地区,多年来遭受了快速的森林砍伐和森林破碎化。由于缺乏有关动物和植物群的数据,马拉尼昂州西北部已成为寻求更好地了解蜜蜂动物群的研究的优先地区。在2013年8月至2014年12月期间,每隔两个月收集一次,共使用两种方法(昆虫网和气味诱饵陷阱)收集了70个物种的1047只蜜蜂。Apinae是最丰富的亚科,物种丰富度最高(63种,1039个个体);该亚科中最著名的部落是Meliponini(20种,445个体)和Euglossini(24种,452个体)。总的来说,62.8%的总丰富度是用昆虫网采样的,34.2%是用诱饵陷阱采样的。蜜蜂出现在每个采集月,8月和12月分别是最丰富和最丰富的月份。尽管物种积累曲线没有稳定下来,但结果是积极的,因为马拉尼昂州记录了三个新物种:横骨炸弹(Olivier,1789);Moure和Camargo,1988年;1841年,Lepeletier的大木霉和该州亚马逊地区的11个大木霉。
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引用次数: 2
On Farm Evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus Labill Leaf and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Whole Plant Powder against Storage Insect Pests in Stored Maize at Sokoru District in Jimma Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia 在埃塞俄比亚奥罗米亚州吉玛地区Sokoru地区,蓝桉叶和藜麦全株粉对玉米贮藏害虫的田间评价
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-08-20 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2306742
Lelise Tilahun Dufera, A. Tadesse, W. Gobena, C. G. Kuyu
Maize is the second most widely grown cereal and gaining importance as a highly nutritious crop in Ethiopia. However, it is severely destroyed by storage insect pests and needs further research to minimize losses. In line with this, research was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of two botanical plant powders (Eucalyptus globulus Labill leaf and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. whole plant) against storage insect pests of maize grains of two maize varieties (BH-661 and Limu) in polypropylene sacks storage conditions at Jimma Zone, Sokoru district. The plant powders were compared with untreated control, and completely randomized design was used in the experiment with three replications for each treatment. Germination capacity, thousand grain weights, percent of insect damage, and weight loss of the stored grains were evaluated and reported in the range of 69.67–94.33%, 318.7–339.3 g, 3.67–50%, and 0.2843–5.22%, respectively, after five months of storage for grains treated with botanicals. However, germination capacity of 10% and 65.33%, percent insect damage of 80.33% and 48%, and weight loss of 23.53% and 5.89% were observed for BH-661 and Limu varieties, respectively, after five months of storage for untreated control. The result indicated that both tested botanicals were effective in protecting the storage insect pests and maintaining the quality of the grains tested in comparison with control and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. whole plant powder is more effective. Although there was significant protective effect compared to untreated control, their effectiveness was decreased drastically after five and three months of storage for Chenopodium ambrosioides L. whole plant powder and Eucalyptus globulus Labill leaf powder, respectively. It is recommended that further research should be done to check if the increasing rate of application increases protection duration of these botanicals and the toxicity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. should be further studied to use it as a storage insect protectant of maize grains intended for food purpose.
玉米是种植面积第二大的谷物,作为一种高营养作物在埃塞俄比亚越来越重要。然而,储藏害虫对其破坏严重,需要进一步研究以尽量减少损失。在Sokoru县Jimma区聚丙烯麻袋储藏条件下,研究了两种植物粉剂(蓝桉叶和藜草全株)对两个玉米品种(bh661和Limu)玉米籽粒贮藏害虫的防治效果。将植物粉与未处理对照进行比较,试验采用完全随机设计,每个处理3个重复。结果表明,经植物药处理5个月后,籽粒发芽率、千粒重、虫害率和失重率分别为69.67 ~ 94.33%、318.7 ~ 339.3 g、3.67 ~ 50%和0.2843 ~ 5.22%。而未经处理后5个月,BH-661和Limu品种的发芽率分别为10%和65.33%,虫害率分别为80.33%和48%,失重率分别为23.53%和5.89%。结果表明,与对照相比,两种植物制剂对贮藏害虫的防治和籽粒品质的保持均有较好的效果,其中全株藜麦粉效果更好。与未处理的对照相比,虽然有显著的保护效果,但贮藏5个月和3个月后,山梨全株粉和蓝桉叶粉的保护效果急剧下降。建议进一步研究增加施用量是否会增加这些植物的保护期,并进一步研究其毒性,以便将其作为食用玉米谷物的贮藏保护剂。
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引用次数: 5
Integrated Management of Haricot Bean Foliage Beetle in Northeastern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚东北部扁豆叶甲虫综合治理
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-06-17 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3728651
Setu Bazie, Yohannes Ebabuye, Sang Woo Kim, Y. Lee
A field experiment was conducted to determine the integrated effect of planting dates, insecticides, and their interaction on the reduction of yield and yield related components of haricot bean caused by haricot bean foliage beetle damage at Sirinka Agriculture Research Center, Ethiopia. Planting dates were normal planting (NP) and late planting (10 days after normal planting) (LP), while insecticides comprised Apron star seed dressing (A) and without insecticide (WI). The combined analysis revealed that late planting combined with Apron star seed dressing (LPA) resulted in the highest yield (1223.7 Kg/ha). On the other hand, normal planting date without insecticide application (NPWI) gave the lowest yield (209.6 kg/ha) and the maximum yield loss (209.6%). The cost-benefit analysis showed that use of LPA gave by far better high net profit over control. Thus, LPA are recommended for haricot bean foliage beetle management in northeastern Ethiopia.
在埃塞俄比亚Sirinka农业研究中心,通过田间试验,确定了种植日期、杀虫剂及其互作对板豆叶甲虫危害造成的减产及产量相关成分的综合效应。植树期为正常植树期(NP)和晚植树期(LP),施用杀虫剂为围裙星浆(A)和不施用杀虫剂(WI)。综合分析表明,晚播配施围裙星浆(LPA)产量最高(1223.7 Kg/ha)。另一方面,未施用杀虫剂的正常播种期产量最低(209.6 kg/ hm2),产量损失最大(209.6%)。成本效益分析表明,使用LPA可获得远高于控制的高净利润。因此,建议在埃塞俄比亚东北部地区采用LPA技术进行白豆叶甲虫管理。
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引用次数: 2
Population Traits and a Female Perspective for Aglae and Exaerete, Tropical Bee Parasites (Hymenoptera, Apinae: Euglossini) Aglae和Exaerete,热带蜜蜂寄生虫的种群特征和雌性视角(膜翅目,Apinae:Euglossini)
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-05-02 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4602785
D. Roubik
Size variation of both males and females leads to taxonomic confusion regarding wholly parasitic euglossines. The six most widespread species, Exaerete frontalis, E. smaragdina, E. dentata, E. trochanterica, E. lepeletieri, and Aglae caerulea, ranged from 12.5 to 28 mm in length (n = 522; 50 females; 472 males), and within species, some were 40-80% larger than others. The size of E. lepeletieri matches E. smaragdina and E. dentata, but not E. frontalis, which it was said to resemble. Female E. lepeletieri, here described from Amazonian Ecuador, has a range shown to also include French Guiana and Suriname. Female Aglae and Exaerete were larger than males. Statistically, female Exaerete tended toward larger individuals more than did males. Each species should parasitize Eulaema and Eufriesea that have comparable size and provisions; thus multiple hosts may cause parasite size variation. Unknown factors may promote host resource partitioning between sympatric parasites, which include up to six in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador, the richest known euglossine community. Scutellum and metafemur punctation, sculpture and the frontal knob of both sexes, and male mesotibial tuft and metafemur permit easy identification of the six common species and E. azteca. Existence of E. kimseyae in Panama is questionable, while E. dentata there is certainly rare. The female tibial scoop, a structure in both Aglae and Exaerete, with a proposed function in material transport, is discussed. No new phylogenetic interpretation is presented.
雄性和雌性的大小变化导致了关于全寄生真舌兰属的分类混乱。六个分布最广的物种,额额额额蛛、小额额额腹蛛、齿腹蛛、粗隆蛛、勒氏额腹蛛和银合欢,长度在12.5至28毫米之间(n=522;雌性50只;雄性472只),在物种内,一些物种比其他物种大40-80%。lepeletieri的大小与E.smaragdina和E.dentata相匹配,但与据说相似的E.frontalis不匹配。雌性E.lepeletieri,来自亚马逊厄瓜多尔,其范围也包括法属圭亚那和苏里南。雌性Agee和Exaerete比雄性大。从统计数据来看,雌性Exaerete比雄性更倾向于体型较大的个体。每个物种都应该寄生在大小和食物相当的Eulaema和Eufriesea身上;因此多个宿主可能导致寄生虫大小的变化。未知因素可能会促进同域寄生虫之间的宿主资源分配,其中包括厄瓜多尔Yasuní生物圈保护区的多达六种寄生虫,该保护区是已知最丰富的euglossine群落。Scutellum和股骨后点、两性的雕塑和额结节,以及雄性胫骨中丛和股骨后束,可以很容易地识别六种常见物种和阿兹特克E。金塞亚E.kimseyae在巴拿马的存在是值得怀疑的,而齿形E.dentata在那里肯定是罕见的。讨论了女性胫骨勺,一种Agee和Exaerete的结构,具有物质运输功能。没有提出新的系统发育解释。
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引用次数: 2
The Hindwings of Ants: A Phylogenetic Analysis 蚂蚁的后翅:系统发育分析
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-04-14 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7929717
S. Cantone, C. V. Von Zuben
In this study, we compare and analyze different ant taxa hindwing morphologies with phylogenetic hypotheses of the Family Formicidae (Hymenoptera). The hindwings are classified into three Typologies based on progressive veins reduction. This analysis follows a revision of the hindwing morphology in 291 extant and eight fossil genera. The distribution of different Typologies was analyzed in the two Clades: Formicoid and Poneroid. The results show a different distribution of Typologies, with a higher genera percentage of hindwings of Typology I in the Clade Poneroid. A further analysis, based on genetic affinities, was performed by dividing the Clades into Subclades, showing a constant presence of hindwings of Typology I in almost all the Subclades, albeit with a different percentage. The presence of hindwings of Typology I (hypothesized as more ancestral) in the Subclades, indicates the genera that could be morphologically more similar to their ancestral ones. This study represents the first revision of the ants’ hindwings, showing an overview of the distribution of different Typologies.
在本研究中,我们比较和分析了膜翅目蚁科不同蚂蚁类群的后翅形态和系统发育假说。后翅根据渐进式静脉减少分为三种类型。这一分析是在对291个现存和8个化石属的后翅形态进行修正之后进行的。分析了两支系中不同类型学的分布:Formicoid和ponerooid。结果表明,蝶枝的类型学分布不同,类型学ⅰ的后翅属比例较高。进一步的分析,基于遗传亲缘关系,通过将支系划分为亚支系进行,显示几乎所有亚支系中都存在类型I的后翅,尽管百分比不同。亚枝中类型学I(假设为更祖先)的后翅的存在,表明该属在形态上可能与其祖先更相似。这项研究代表了蚂蚁后翅的首次修订,展示了不同类型学分布的概述。
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引用次数: 3
Follower Position Does Not Affect Waggle Dance Information Transfer 随从的位置不影响摇摆舞信息的传递
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-03-03 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4939120
P. Kietzman, P. Visscher
It is known that the honey bee waggle dance communicates the distance and direction of some item of interest, most commonly a food source, to nestmates. Previous work suggests that, in order to successfully acquire the information contained in a dance, other honey bees must follow the dancer from behind. We revisit this topic using updated methodology, including a greater distance from the hive to the feeder, which produced longer, more easily-read dances. Our results are not congruent with those of earlier work, and we did not conclude that honey bees must follow a dancer from behind in order to obtain the dance information. Rather, it is more likely that a follower can successfully acquire a dance’s information regardless of where she may be located about a dancer.
众所周知,蜜蜂摇摆舞将感兴趣的物品(最常见的食物来源)的距离和方向传达给巢友。先前的研究表明,为了成功获取舞蹈中包含的信息,其他蜜蜂必须从后面跟随舞者。我们使用更新的方法重新审视了这个话题,包括从蜂箱到喂食器的更大距离,这会产生更长、更容易阅读的舞蹈。我们的结果与早期的工作不一致,我们也没有得出蜜蜂必须从后面跟着舞者才能获得舞蹈信息的结论。相反,追随者更有可能成功地获得舞蹈的信息,而不管她在哪里。
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引用次数: 3
Genetic Diversity of Apis spp. in Thailand Inferred from 28S rRNA Nuclear and Cytochrome b Mitochondrial Gene Sequences 从28S rRNA核序列和细胞色素b线粒体序列推断泰国Apis的遗传多样性
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5823219
Thitipan Meemongkolkiat, A. Rattanawannee, C. Chanchao
Knowledge of the genetic diversity of Apis spp. is important in order to provide a better understanding of breeding strategies that relate to the conservation of wild species and colony survival of farmed species. Here, honeybees of five Apis species were collected from 12 provinces throughout Thailand. After DNA extraction, 28S rRNA nuclear (710 bp) and cytochrome b (cytb) mitochondrial (520 bp) gene fragments were sequenced. Homologous sequences (nucleotide identity of over 95%) were obtained from GeneBank using the BLASTn algorithm, aligned, and analysed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetics. For 28S rRNA, a low genetic variation was detected within species (haplotype diversity ranging from 0.212 to 0.394), while 19 polymorphic sites were detected between species. Although the relative haplotype diversity was high, a low nucleotide divergence was found (0.7%), with migratory species. For cytb, the sequence divergence ranged from 0.24 to 3.88% within species and 7.35 to 13.07% between species. The divergence of cytb was higher than that of 28S rRNA. A. cerana showed two distinct clades between Southern Thailand and the other regions. Groups of A. cerana (Asian cavity-nesting), A. mellifera (European cavity-nesting), A. dorsata (giant open-nesting), and A. florea and A. andreniformis (dwarf bees) were defined in the 28S rRNA and cytb tree topologies.
了解Apis spp.的遗传多样性对于更好地了解与野生物种保护和养殖物种群体生存有关的繁殖策略非常重要。在这里,从泰国12个省采集了5种蜜蜂。DNA提取后,对28S rRNA核(710bp)和细胞色素b(cytb)线粒体(520bp)基因片段进行测序。同源序列(核苷酸同一性超过95%)使用BLASTn算法从GeneBank获得,通过最大似然和贝叶斯推断系统发育学进行比对和分析。对于28S rRNA,在物种内检测到低遗传变异(单倍型多样性范围从0.212到0.394),而在物种之间检测到19个多态位点。尽管相对单倍型多样性较高,但迁徙物种的核苷酸差异较低(0.7%)。对于cytb,种内序列差异在0.24至3.88%之间,种间序列差异在7.35至13.07%之间。cytb的分化程度高于28S rRNA的分化程度。在泰国南部和其他地区,角龙属有两个不同的分支。在28S rRNA和cytb树拓扑结构中定义了角蜂(亚洲腔巢)、蜜铃蜂(欧洲腔巢)和背蜂(巨型开放巢)以及小花蜂和矮蜂。
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引用次数: 7
Universal Health Coverage in Bangladesh: Activities, Challenges, and Suggestions. 孟加拉国的全民医保:活动、挑战和建议。
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-03-03 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4954095
Taufique Joarder, Tahrim Z Chaudhury, Ishtiaq Mannan

Catastrophic health expenditure forces 5.7 million Bangladeshis into poverty. Inequity is present in most of health indicators across social, economic, and demographic parameters. This study explores the existing health policy environment and current activities to further the progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the challenges faced in these endeavors. This qualitative study involved document reviews (n=22) and key informant interviews (KII, n=15). Thematic analysis of texts (themes: activities around UHC, implementation barriers, suggestions) was done using the manual coding technique. We found that Bangladesh has a comprehensive set of policies for UHC, e.g., a health-financing strategy and staged recommendations for pooling of funds to create a national health insurance scheme and expand financial protection for health. Progress has been made in a number of areas including the roll out of the essential package of health services for all, expansion of access to primary health care services (support by donors), and the piloting of health insurance which has been piloted in three sub districts. Political commitment for these areas is strong. However, there are barriers pertaining to the larger policy level which includes a rigid public financing structure dating from the colonial era. While others pertain to the health sector's implementation shortfalls including issues of human resources, political interference, monitoring, and supervision, most key informants discussed demand-side barriers too, such as sociocultural disinclination, historical mistrust, and lack of empowerment. To overcome these, several policies have been recommended, e.g., redesigning the public finance structure, improving governance and regulatory mechanism, specifying code of conduct for service providers, introducing health-financing reform, and collaborating with different sectors. To address the implementation barriers, recommendations include improving service quality, strengthening overall health systems, improving health service management, and improving monitoring and supervision. Addressing demand-side barriers, such as patient education and community empowerment, is also needed. Research and advocacy are required to address crosscutting barriers such as the lack of common understanding of UHC.

灾难性的医疗支出迫使 570 万孟加拉国人陷入贫困。在社会、经济和人口参数方面,大多数健康指标都存在不公平现象。本研究探讨了现有的卫生政策环境和当前为进一步推进全民健康覆盖(UHC)而开展的活动,以及在这些努力中所面临的挑战。这项定性研究包括文件审查(22 人)和关键信息提供者访谈(KII,15 人)。使用手动编码技术对文本进行了主题分析(主题:围绕全民健康计划开展的活动、实施障碍、建议)。我们发现,孟加拉国制定了一套全面的全民医保政策,例如,卫生筹资战略和分阶段的建议,以汇集资金建立国家医疗保险计划,并扩大卫生方面的财政保护。在一些领域取得了进展,包括推出人人享有的一揽子基本保健服务,扩大初级保健服务的覆盖面(得到捐助者的支持),以及在三个分区试行医疗保险。对这些领域的政治承诺是坚定的。然而,在更大的政策层面上还存在一些障碍,其中包括殖民时代遗留下来的僵化的公共筹资结构。其他障碍涉及卫生部门在执行方面的不足,包括人力资源、政治干预、监测和监督等问题,而大多数关键信息提供者也讨论了需求方面的障碍,如社会文化上的排斥、历史上的不信任以及缺乏授权等。为克服这些障碍,建议采取若干政策,如重新设计公共财政结构、改善治理和监管机制、明确服务提供者的行为准则、引入卫生筹资改革以及与不同部门合作。针对实施方面的障碍,建议包括提高服务质量、加强整体医疗系统、改善医疗服务管理以及改进监测和监督。还需要解决需求方面的障碍,如患者教育和社区赋权。需要开展研究和宣传,以解决跨领域的障碍,如缺乏对全民保健的共同理解。
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引用次数: 0
A Unique Conjunction: Evidence for Gynogenesis Accompanying Haplodiploid Sex Determination in the Australian Ant Myrmecia impaternata Taylor 一种独特的结合:澳大利亚金蚁(Myrmecia impaternata Taylor)雌核发生伴随单倍体性别决定的证据
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-18 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2832690
Robert W. Taylor, H. Imai, E. Hasegawa, C. Beaton
Myrmecia impaternata is an allodiploid all-female species of hybrid origin. Its parental taxa are confirmed here to be M. banksi and M. pilosula. We suggest that its queens produce diploid female offspring by gynogenetic parthenogenesis, a process which requires interaction between unreduced maternal oocytes and allospecific sperm cells obtained by copulation with another related species. We propose that impaternata queens almost certainly mate for this purpose with males reared in impaternata nests from eggs laid by impaternata females. Because sex in ants is determined by haplodiploidy (males haploid, females diploid), we posit that these males would in fact not be technically conspecific with the females in whose reproductive systems they developed, since they would each carry the haploid genome of one or other of the hybridic parental species. They would therefore be individually identical karyologically to males of either M. banksi or M. pilosula and appropriately allospecific to M. impaternata. We postulate that, unlike all other known gynogens, M. impaternata would have no need to maintain parasitic affiliation or sympatry with free-living sperm-donor host species. Its queens are arguably able to produce the required allospecific males by accessing their own genomes. M. impaternata apparently originated by instantaneous speciation when individuals of its parental species first successfully hybridized.
黑杨梅是一个异二倍体的全雌性杂交种。其亲本分类群在这里被确认为M.banksi和M.pilosula。我们认为,它的女王通过雌生殖单性生殖产生二倍体雌性后代,这一过程需要未还原的母体卵母细胞和通过与另一个相关物种交配获得的异特异性精子细胞之间的相互作用。我们建议,为了这个目的,几乎可以肯定的是,凤蝶女王会与在凤蝶巢穴中由雌性凤蝶产下的蛋饲养的雄性进行交配。由于蚂蚁的性别是由单倍性决定的(雄性单倍体,雌性二倍体),我们假设这些雄性实际上在技术上不会与它们在其生殖系统中发育的雌性同种,因为它们各自携带一个或另一个杂交亲本物种的单倍体基因组。因此,它们在核体上与班克西M.banksi或毛果M.pilosula的雄性个体完全相同,并且与国际大蠊具有适当的异特异性。我们假设,与所有其他已知的雌核细胞生成菌不同,M.imparanta不需要与自由生活的精子供体宿主物种保持寄生关系或症状。它的女王可以说能够通过访问自己的基因组来产生所需的异特异性雄性。当其亲本物种的个体首次成功杂交时,M.impalternata显然是由瞬时物种形成引起的。
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引用次数: 1
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Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
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