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Study on Ectoparasites of Free-Ranging Domestic Cats (Felidae; Felis catus) and Introducing Trichodectes canis as a New Record Louse in Tehran Urban Parks, Iran 自由放养家猫(Felidae;Felis catus)体表寄生虫的研究及在伊朗德黑兰城市公园引入犬毛decates作为新记录的Louse
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2514681
Amrollah Azarm, A. Saghafipour, Saeideh Yousefi, F. Shahidi, Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
Free-ranging domestic cats (Felidae, Felis catus) can potentially play host to some life-threatening zoonotic pathogens including ectoparasites such as fleas, ticks, and lice. These ectoparasites are capable of transmitting zoonotic disease. Cats (Felis catus) were captured using baited cage traps with raw red meat from five parks in central areas of Tehran, Iran, in the summer of 2018. The collected cats were moved to the laboratory, and their ectoparasites were removed from their skin by forceps and combing for five minutes for each cat. Ectoparasites were stored in 70% ethanol and later mounted for identification of species, using species identification keys. Forty-one cats were collected from these study areas. Among all captured cats, 26 specimens (63.41%) were infected with 83 ectoparasites and the average infection rate was 3.19 in cats. Six arthropod species were identified, including four fleas (89.16%), one louse (8.43%), and one tick (2.41%). The four flea species included Ctenocephalides canis (39.76%), Ctenocephalides felis (18.07%), Xenopsylla nubica (16.87%), and Pulex irritans (14.46%). The one louse species was Trichodectes canis (8.43%), and the one tick species recovered was identified as Hyalomma spp. (2.41%). Based on the findings, Ctenocephalides canis was the most common ectoparasite species (39.76%). Fleas were the most prevalent ectoparasites on Felis catus cats, with the highest prevalence, observed for Ctenocephalides canis. Due to the large and growing population of cats and the high risk of transmission of common diseases between humans and cats, as well as the high contact and communication of people with cats, we were encouraged to study the ectoparasites of cats in five important parks in the city of Tehran.
自由放养的家猫(Felidae,Felis catus)可能会宿主一些危及生命的人畜共患病原体,包括跳蚤、蜱虫和虱子等体外寄生虫。这些体外寄生虫能够传播人畜共患疾病。2018年夏天,在伊朗德黑兰市中心的五个公园里,人们用装有生红肉的诱饵笼捕捉到了猫(Felis catus)。收集到的猫被转移到实验室,用钳子将它们的体外寄生虫从皮肤上清除,并为每只猫梳理五分钟。外寄生虫被储存在70%的乙醇中,然后使用物种识别密钥进行物种识别。从这些研究区域采集了四十一只猫。在所有捕获的猫中,26个标本(63.41%)感染了83种体外寄生虫,猫的平均感染率为3.19。共鉴定出6种节肢动物,包括4只跳蚤(89.16%)、1只虱子(8.43%)和1只蜱虫(2.41%)。4种跳蚤包括犬Ctenochalides(39.76%)、猫Ctenocheadides(18.07%)、结节Xenopsylla(16.87%)和刺激Pulex(14.46%),其中一种蜱被鉴定为透明质瘤(2.41%)。根据研究结果,犬栉头虫是最常见的体外寄生虫物种(39.76%)。跳蚤是猫身上最常见的外寄生虫,犬栉头虫的患病率最高。由于猫的数量庞大且不断增长,人类和猫之间传播常见疾病的风险很高,以及人们与猫的高度接触和交流,我们被鼓励在德黑兰市的五个重要公园研究猫的体外寄生虫。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Oomycetes Lagenidium giganteum and L. ajelloi against Anopheles Mosquito Larvae 巨型虫卵菌Lagenidium giganteum和阿氏乳杆菌对按蚊幼虫的致病性评价
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2806034
Mathew Mumo Sila, F. Musila, V. Wekesa, Imbahale Susan Sangilu
Malaria is a mosquito-borne life-threatening parasitic disease of humans and the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the major efforts made towards malaria control, it is facing challenges of development of parasite resistance towards antimalarial drugs coupled with Anopheles vector resistance towards insecticides being used in control. There is, therefore, a need to develop complementary control strategies that are economical and environmentally friendly. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi against the immature malaria mosquito vectors presents an untapped opportunity. This study sought to isolate and characterize entomopathogenic oomycetes Lagenidium giganteum and L. ajelloi from wild Anopheles larvae from Ahero rice fields in western Kenya and test their pathogenicity against laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae larvae. Laboratory-reared A. gambiae larvae (3rd and 4th instar) were exposed to five different concentrations of L. giganteum and L. ajelloi zoospores; 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 zoospores/mL, respectively. The larval mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-exposure, until all larvae were dead. The results obtained showed that L. giganteum was not pathogenic to A. gambiae larvae after 24 and 48 hours post-exposure to all concentrations. Larval mortality was recorded at 72 and 96 hours. There were no significant differences observed in the mortalities p > 0.05 from all treatments. No mortalities were observed in deionized water (negative control) whereas 100% mortality was recorded in larvae exposed to Bti (positive control). Probit analysis showed that LC50 after 72 hours and 96 hours was 2.32 × 104 and 3.51 × 103 zoospores/ml, respectively. L. ajelloi caused larval mortalities at all the 5 test concentrations after 24-, 48-, 72- and 96-hours post-exposure with LC50 values of 1.18 × 105, 1.43 × 104, and 6.05 × 102, and 27.08 zoospores/ml, respectively. This study isolated and tested two species of Lagenidium from field collected larvae. Lagenidium ajelloi recorded greater pathogenicity than that of L. giganteum against A. gambiae larvae, making them potential candidates for use in the development of bio-larvicide for the control of Anopheles larvae.
疟疾是一种由蚊子传播的危及生命的人类寄生虫病,也是撒哈拉以南非洲地区死亡和发病的主要原因。尽管在疟疾控制方面作出了重大努力,但它面临着寄生虫对抗疟药物产生耐药性以及按蚊媒介对用于控制的杀虫剂产生耐药性的挑战。因此,有必要制定经济和环境友好的补充控制战略。利用昆虫病原真菌对未成熟的疟疾蚊媒进行生物防治是一个尚未开发的机会。本研究旨在从肯尼亚西部阿hero稻田野生按蚊幼虫中分离和鉴定昆虫病原卵菌Lagenidium giganteum和L. ajelloi,并测试它们对实验室饲养的冈比亚按蚊幼虫的致病性。将实验室饲养的3龄和4龄冈比亚单胞虫幼虫暴露于5种不同浓度的巨型乳杆菌和乳杆菌游动孢子;分别为1000、2000、3000、4000和5000个游动孢子/mL。分别在暴露后24、48、72和96小时记录幼虫死亡率,直至所有幼虫死亡。结果表明,在不同浓度下暴露24和48 h后,巨乳杆菌对冈比亚单胞虫幼虫均无致病性。在72小时和96小时记录幼虫死亡率。各治疗组的死亡率差异无统计学意义(p < 0.05)。在去离子水(阴性对照)中未观察到死亡率,而暴露于Bti(阳性对照)的幼虫死亡率为100%。Probit分析显示,72 h和96 h的LC50分别为2.32 × 104和3.51 × 103 zoo孢子/ml。24、48、72、96 h后,5种浓度下的幼虫均有死亡,LC50分别为1.18 × 105、1.43 × 104、6.05 × 102和27.08个zoo孢子/ml。本研究从野外采集的lagenidia幼虫中分离和试验了两种lagenidia。jellagenidium ajelloi对冈比亚按蚊幼虫的致病性高于L. giganteum,使其成为开发生物杀幼虫剂以控制按蚊幼虫的潜在候选物。
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引用次数: 0
Endophytic Potential and Larvicidal Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi against the Spotted Stem Borer, Chilo partellus 昆虫病原真菌对斑螟的内生潜力和杀幼虫效果
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3879183
Denberu Kebede, T. Alemu, T. Tefera
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) of different genera are known to have the potential to engage in fungus-plant interactions as fungal endophytes. This hidden endophytic interaction offers several advantages to host plants, such as insect pest management. Hence, this study aimed to explore the endophytic potential and virulence of EPF collections after artificial inoculation. A total of 27 EPF isolates from the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium were screened for virulence. Two inoculation methods (leaf and seed dressing) were used to study the endophytic colonisation potential of the selected isolates. There was a significant variation among the tested isolates in their ability to kill C. partellus larvae. Lower mean percentage mortality was recorded for isolates B4, DS-51-21, and B1,9 which scored 28.01%, 32.29%, and 34.58%, respectively. All the screened EPF isolates were able to colonise maize tissues after artificial inoculation, except for APPRC-34GM. The percent colonisation of maize tissues varied with strains, and delivery methods ranged from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 53%, where the maximum was recorded by S#10H. Larval mortality after feeding maize leaves inoculated with EPF ranged from 18% to 60%. The findings of this study indicated that Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium spp. have the potential to colonise maize after artificially inoculating and translocating from the site of infection. Hence, the potential to move from the site of infection and larvicidal activity after colonisation may give the advantage to manage insect pests acting on the different parts of maize.
已知不同属的昆虫病原真菌(EPF)具有作为真菌内生菌参与真菌-植物相互作用的潜力。这种隐藏的内生相互作用为寄主植物提供了几个优势,例如害虫管理。因此,本研究旨在探索人工接种后EPF集合的内生潜力和毒力。从白僵菌属和绿僵菌属共分离到27个EPF菌株进行毒力筛选。采用两种接种方法(叶面和种衣剂)研究了所选分离株的内生定植潜力。在测试的分离株中,它们杀死C.partellus幼虫的能力存在显著差异。B4、DS-51-21和B1,9的平均死亡率较低,分别为28.01%、32.29%和34.58%。除APPRC-34GM外,所有筛选出的EPF分离株在人工接种后都能在玉米组织中定植。玉米组织的定植百分比因菌株而异,递送方法从最低0%到最高53%不等,其中最大值由S#10H记录。饲喂接种EPF的玉米叶片后,幼虫死亡率在18%至60%之间。本研究结果表明,白僵菌和绿僵菌在人工接种并从感染部位转移后,具有在玉米上定植的潜力。因此,在定植后离开感染地点和杀幼虫活动的可能性可能有利于管理作用于玉米不同部位的害虫。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Locally Available Botanicals for the Management of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) in Room Storage Condition 室内储存条件下玉米象鼻虫(Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.)本地可用植物制剂的评价
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-26 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3362779
B. Neupane, P. N. Sharma, S. Aryal, J. Shrestha
From April to July 2019, an experiment was conducted in Khumaltar, Lalitpur (27°39.312′N, 85° 19.586′E, and 1322 m above sea level) to assess the effectiveness of plant materials on maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) control under laboratory conditions (maintained room temperature of 28.5 ± 2°C, and relative humidity of 72 ± 5%) treatments were Acorus calamus (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, Melia azadirach (rhizome powder) seed) @ 5 g·kg−1, Curcuma domestica (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, mustard oil @ 2 mL·kg−1, Gingiber officinalis (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, rice husk ash @ 5 g·kg−1, and an untreated control. These treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. At four months, the grains treated with Acorus calamus had the least weight loss (6.66%), and grain damage (1.23%). Grain damage (18%), and weight loss (62.33%) were the highest in the control treatment. Similarly, grains treated with Acorus calamus had the fewest number of exit holes (3.10 per 100 g of maize seed), while the control treatment had the largest number of exit holes (45.10 per 100 g of maize seed). There was a significantly higher number of weevils in the control treatment (55.80 per 250 g maize grains), but only a few numbers of weevils in the Acorus calamus-treated grains (2.50 per 250 g maize grains). In contrast with other plant materials treated grains, the maize weevil showed a reduced preference for Acorus calamus- treated grains with low weight loss, and grain damage. These findings can be used to promote locally accessible botanicals for maize weevil control in Nepal.
2019年4月至7月,在Lalitpur的Khumaltar(北纬27°39.312′、东经85°19.586′和1322° 海拔米),以评估植物材料在实验室条件下(保持28.5的室温)对玉米象甲(玉米象)控制的有效性 ± 2°C,相对湿度72 ± 5%)处理为菖蒲(根茎粉末)@5 g·kg−1,印楝(根茎粉)种子)@5 g·kg−1,姜黄(根茎粉)@5 g·kg−1,芥末油@2 mL·kg−1,姜(根茎粉末)@5 g·kg−1,稻壳灰@5 g·kg−1和未经处理的对照组。在三次重复的完全随机设计(CRD)中对这些治疗进行评估。4个月时,用菖蒲处理的籽粒失重最小(6.66%),籽粒受损(1.23%)。对照处理的籽粒受损(18%)和失重(62.33%)最高。同样,用菖蒲处理的谷物的出口孔数量最少(3.10/100 g玉米种子),而对照处理具有最大数量的出口孔(45.10/100 g玉米种子)。对照组的象鼻虫数量明显更高(55.80/250 g玉米粒),但在菖蒲处理的谷物中只有少量象鼻虫(2.50/250 g玉米粒)。与其他植物材料处理的谷物相比,玉米象甲对橡子处理的谷物的偏好降低,重量损失和谷物损伤较低。这些发现可用于在尼泊尔推广当地可获得的玉米象甲防治植物。
{"title":"Evaluation of Locally Available Botanicals for the Management of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) in Room Storage Condition","authors":"B. Neupane, P. N. Sharma, S. Aryal, J. Shrestha","doi":"10.1155/2022/3362779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3362779","url":null,"abstract":"From April to July 2019, an experiment was conducted in Khumaltar, Lalitpur (27°39.312′N, 85° 19.586′E, and 1322 m above sea level) to assess the effectiveness of plant materials on maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) control under laboratory conditions (maintained room temperature of 28.5 ± 2°C, and relative humidity of 72 ± 5%) treatments were Acorus calamus (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, Melia azadirach (rhizome powder) seed) @ 5 g·kg−1, Curcuma domestica (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, mustard oil @ 2 mL·kg−1, Gingiber officinalis (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, rice husk ash @ 5 g·kg−1, and an untreated control. These treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. At four months, the grains treated with Acorus calamus had the least weight loss (6.66%), and grain damage (1.23%). Grain damage (18%), and weight loss (62.33%) were the highest in the control treatment. Similarly, grains treated with Acorus calamus had the fewest number of exit holes (3.10 per 100 g of maize seed), while the control treatment had the largest number of exit holes (45.10 per 100 g of maize seed). There was a significantly higher number of weevils in the control treatment (55.80 per 250 g maize grains), but only a few numbers of weevils in the Acorus calamus-treated grains (2.50 per 250 g maize grains). In contrast with other plant materials treated grains, the maize weevil showed a reduced preference for Acorus calamus- treated grains with low weight loss, and grain damage. These findings can be used to promote locally accessible botanicals for maize weevil control in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":20890,"journal":{"name":"Psyche: A Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45563737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes and Their Feeding Values on Rearing Performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Southwest Ethiopia 蓖麻(Ricinus commons L.)基因型及其对埃塞俄比亚西南部Eri蚕(鳞翅目:桑科)饲养性能的评价
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1556776
Dereje Tulu, Melkam Aleme, G. Mengistu, A. Bogale, K. Shifa, E. Mendesil
The quality of feed plays an important role in the growth and development of silkworms and eventually in the economic traits of cocoons. This study was conducted to evaluate ten castors (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes and their feeding values on the rearing performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) at Tepi, southwest Ethiopia. A total of ten castor genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), and the suitability of castor genotypes as feed for a mixed strain of Eri-silkworm was also evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) under laboratory conditions. A hundred worms were used in each replication. Castor genotypes showed significant differences in fresh leaf yield. Among the castor genotypes tested, genotype 219645 recorded 439 g of ten fresh leaf yields. Results of Eri-silkworm rearing performance depict that a shorter larval period (22 days), a higher effective rate of rearing (94.54%), and a shorter life cycle (58 days) were observed in Eri-silkworm fed on leaves of the 200390 genotype, while a higher larval weight (6.16 g) was recorded in the Abaro genotype. However, higher cocoon weight (3.26 g), pupal weight (2.46 g), shell weight (0.45 g), and silk ratio (13.80%) were found in Eri-silkworms fed on leaves of genotype 219645. Hence, based on silkworm rearing performance, genotype 219645 showed relatively superior results and is recommended for future development work. Further studies should continue giving more emphasis to the multilocation study of genotype 219645 to understand its performance in the diverse growing environment.
饲料质量对蚕的生长发育起着重要作用,最终影响蚕茧的经济性状。本研究评估了10种蓖麻(Ricinus commons L.)基因型及其饲养价值对埃塞俄比亚西南部特皮地区Eri蚕(鳞翅目:蚕科)饲养性能的影响。采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)对共10种蓖麻基因型进行了评价,并在实验室条件下采用完全随机设计(CRD)对蓖麻基因型作为混合蚕种饲料的适宜性进行了评价。在每次复制中使用了一百个蠕虫。蓖麻基因型鲜叶产量差异显著。在测试的蓖麻基因型中,219645基因型记录了439 g每10片鲜叶产量。结果表明,用200390基因型叶片饲养的Eri蚕幼虫期较短(22天),饲养有效率较高(94.54%),生命周期较短(58天),而幼虫重量较高(6.16 g) 记录在Abaro基因型中。然而,较高的茧重(3.26 g) ,蛹重(2.46 g) ,壳体重量(0.45 g) 以219645基因型叶为食的伊利蚕,丝率为13.80%。因此,基于养蚕性能,219645基因型表现出相对优越的结果,并推荐用于未来的开发工作。进一步的研究应继续更加重视219645基因型的多位置研究,以了解其在不同生长环境中的表现。
{"title":"Evaluation of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes and Their Feeding Values on Rearing Performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Dereje Tulu, Melkam Aleme, G. Mengistu, A. Bogale, K. Shifa, E. Mendesil","doi":"10.1155/2022/1556776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1556776","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of feed plays an important role in the growth and development of silkworms and eventually in the economic traits of cocoons. This study was conducted to evaluate ten castors (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes and their feeding values on the rearing performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) at Tepi, southwest Ethiopia. A total of ten castor genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), and the suitability of castor genotypes as feed for a mixed strain of Eri-silkworm was also evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) under laboratory conditions. A hundred worms were used in each replication. Castor genotypes showed significant differences in fresh leaf yield. Among the castor genotypes tested, genotype 219645 recorded 439 g of ten fresh leaf yields. Results of Eri-silkworm rearing performance depict that a shorter larval period (22 days), a higher effective rate of rearing (94.54%), and a shorter life cycle (58 days) were observed in Eri-silkworm fed on leaves of the 200390 genotype, while a higher larval weight (6.16 g) was recorded in the Abaro genotype. However, higher cocoon weight (3.26 g), pupal weight (2.46 g), shell weight (0.45 g), and silk ratio (13.80%) were found in Eri-silkworms fed on leaves of genotype 219645. Hence, based on silkworm rearing performance, genotype 219645 showed relatively superior results and is recommended for future development work. Further studies should continue giving more emphasis to the multilocation study of genotype 219645 to understand its performance in the diverse growing environment.","PeriodicalId":20890,"journal":{"name":"Psyche: A Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45738743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Larvicidal Effects of Nanoliposomes Containing Clove and Cinnamon Essential Oils, Eugenol, and Cinnamaldehyde against the Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston 丁香和肉桂精油、丁香酚和肉桂醛纳米脂体对疟疾主要媒介斯氏按蚊的杀灭效果
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9991238
Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi, R. Heiran, Ghazaal Roozitalab, Narges Elahi, M. Osanloo
The use of larvicides, especially in endemic regions, is recommended for malaria control. However, due to the excessive use of synthetic larvicides, resistance in mosquitoes and environmental pollution have been challenges. In the current study, nanoliposome containing clove and cinnamon essential oils and their major ingredients, i.e., eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, were first prepared; particle size and successful loading were investigated using DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed) analysis. Larvicidal effects of the nanoliposomes and nonformulated samples were then investigated against Anopheles stephensi. The best-observed efficacy (LC50 5.4 μg/mL) was related to nanoliposomes containing eugenol with a particle size of 109 ± 4 nm. However, LC50 values of the other three nanoformulations were also around 10 μg/mL; all four prepared nanoformulations were thus introduced as natural larvicides for further investigations in the field conditions.
建议使用杀幼虫剂控制疟疾,特别是在流行地区。然而,由于合成杀幼虫剂的过度使用,蚊子的抗药性和环境污染一直是挑战。本研究首先制备了含有丁香和肉桂精油及其主要成分丁香酚和肉桂醛的纳米脂质体;采用动态光散射(DLS)和衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外(ATR-FTIR)分析对颗粒大小和成功加载进行了研究。研究了纳米脂质体和非配方样品对斯氏按蚊的杀灭效果。以含丁香酚的纳米脂质体(粒径为109±4 nm)为研究对象,LC50值为5.4 μg/mL。其余3种纳米制剂的LC50值均在10 μg/mL左右;因此,所有四种制备的纳米制剂都被作为天然杀幼虫剂引入,以便在野外条件下进行进一步研究。
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引用次数: 6
Spatial Distribution, Seasonal Dynamics, and Sex Ratio of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Adults on Tree of Heaven 天树上鲜天蛾成虫的空间分布、季节动态及性能比
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4775718
Houping Liu, Matthew G. Hunter
The spatial distribution and seasonal dynamics of the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) on tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) were studied in Pennsylvania through weekly sampling of 30 trees (6 sites, 5 trees/site) from 27 July to 8 November 2020. Adults found on each tree were separated into six within-tree positions (lower trunk, middle trunk, upper trunk, first branch, second branch, and above second branch) by four directions (East, South, West, and North). In total, 78,796 adults were counted at the six study sites during the 15-week period. Significant differences in total adult count were found among trees, with a mean of 2,627 (254–12,023) adults/tree. Study site, tree diameter, and cardinal direction had no significant impact on adult spatial distribution. However, significantly more adults were found on the middle (1077), the lower (865), and the upper trunk (337) compared with the first (194), the second (93), and above second branches (60). Most adults were congregated on the lower and middle trunks. Seasonal dynamics followed adult development and migration patterns in the field, with peak populations observed in weeks 35 (24–30 August) and 37 (7–13 September) before declining. Female-based sex ratios ranged from 77.3 to 100% according to weekly monitoring of the lower 1 m trunk of 10 trees at 2 sites (5 trees/site) for 12 weeks from 17 August to 8 November, with 7,356 females and 197 males counted, respectively. Impact factors such as attack patterns, intraspecific congregation, adult seasonality, and sexual dimorphism in host selection are discussed.
2020年7月27日至11月8日,通过每周对30棵树(6个地点,5棵树/地点)进行采样,研究了宾夕法尼亚州天堂树(臭椿)上斑点灯笼蝇(Lycoma delicatula)的空间分布和季节动态。在每棵树上发现的成虫被四个方向(东、南、西和北)分为六个树内位置(下主干、中主干、上主干、第一分支、第二分支和第二分支以上)。在15周的时间里,共有78796名成年人在六个研究地点接受了统计。树木之间的成虫总数存在显著差异,平均每棵树有2627(254–12023)个成虫。研究地点、树径和基本方向对成虫空间分布没有显著影响。然而,与第一分支(194)、第二分支(93)和第二分支以上分支(60)相比,在中部(1077)、下部(865)和上部主干(337)发现了明显更多的成虫。大多数成年人都聚集在下树干和中树干上。季节动态遵循野外的成年发育和迁徙模式,在第35周(8月24日至30日)和第37周(9月7日至13日)观察到种群数量峰值,然后下降。根据对2个地点(5棵树/个地点)10棵树下1米树干12年的每周监测,基于女性的性别比在77.3%至100%之间 从8月17日至11月8日,共有7356名女性和197名男性。讨论了寄主选择中的攻击模式、种内聚集、成虫季节性和两性异形等影响因素。
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引用次数: 1
Defense against Feeding by Spring Aphid Parasitism in the Upper Leaf Parts of Host Plants 春蚜寄生在寄主植物上部叶部的摄食防御
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-31 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1087823
Yuuka Murakami, Hisashi Kawai, Akane Shindo, E. Hasegawa
In a symbiosis, each participant gains more fitness benefits than is paid in maintenance costs for the symbiosis. The mugwort aphid, Macrosiphoniella yomogicola, is ant-associated, and the host mugwort Artemisia montana is a genet-producing plant that has clonal aboveground shoots. M. yomogicola infests most A. montana shoots from spring to midsummer, and attending ants also repel leaf-eaters of the host plant. However, most aphid colonies become extinct after budding of A. montana inflorescence after early August. A few surviving aphid colonies (1∼3 per genet) produce sexuparae in mid-October. The shoots on which the sexuparae emerged lost most of their fitness because the aphids strongly suppress budding and growth of inflorescence. However, as the shoots are genetic clones of each other, the appearance of stem mothers in the next spring may result in early spreading of the aphids and attending ants to clonal shoots, which would protect the host from leaf-eaters. Here, we show that all shoots on a genet with stem mothers are occupied by aphids and ants much faster than those on a genet without stem mothers. The attending ants repel leaf-eaters to unimportant leaves for the host. Our results suggest that, as the shoots of a genet are all clones, sustaining the aphids on a few shoots may be beneficial to a genet as a whole through kin selection.
在共生关系中,每个参与者获得的健身收益都超过了共生关系的维护成本。艾蚜Macrosephoniella yomogicola与蚂蚁有关,寄主艾是一种产基因的植物,具有克隆的地上芽。从春天到仲夏,M.yomogicola寄生在A.montana的大部分枝条上,而寄生的蚂蚁也会击退寄主植物的食叶蚁。然而,大多数蚜虫群落在8月初A.montana花序出芽后灭绝。一些幸存的蚜虫群落(每个基因1~3个)在10月中旬产生六倍体。由于蚜虫强烈抑制花序的出芽和生长,出现六胞菌的枝条失去了大部分健康状态。然而,由于芽是彼此的遗传克隆,第二年春天茎母的出现可能会导致蚜虫提前传播,并使蚂蚁进入克隆芽,这将保护宿主免受食叶者的伤害。在这里,我们展示了有茎母的基因上的所有芽被蚜虫和蚂蚁占据的速度比没有茎母的遗传上的要快得多。寄主蚂蚁会将食叶蚁排斥到对寄主来说不重要的叶子上。我们的研究结果表明,由于一个基因的芽都是无性系,通过亲属选择,在几个芽上维持蚜虫可能对整个基因有益。
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引用次数: 0
Larvicidal Activities and Synergistic Effects of Essential Oils against Anopheles funestus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Kisumu, Kenya 精油对肯尼亚基苏木地区富氏按蚊和致倦库蚊的杀幼虫活性及增效作用
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8302696
D. W. Wangrawa, Jackline Kosgei, Maxwell Machani, James Opala, Silas Agumba, Félix Yaméogo, D. Borovsky, E. Ochomo
Rapid development of resistance in vector mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides is a major challenge for malaria control. The use of plant-derived essential oils (EOs) is an attractive strategy in controlling mosquito populations because they are environmentally safe and may have a lower chance of developing resistance. This study assessed the larvicidal activities of EOs from Lantana camara, Lippia multiflora, Lippia chevalieri, and Cymbopogon schoenanthus against Anopheles funestus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 3rd–4th instar larvae were tested using a World Health Organization (WHO)-modified protocol to evaluate larval mortality 24 h after exposure to EOs and their binary combinations. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were more susceptible to EOs than An. funestus larvae. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, the lethal concentrations at 50% mortality (LC50s) of EOs from C. schoenanthus, L. multiflora, L. camara, and L. chevalieri were 23.32, 27.24, 38.54, and 54.11 ppm, respectively; whereas for An. funestus, the EO LC50s were 120.5, 67.5, 49.21, and 105.74 ppm, respectively. Synergistic effects were observed using EOs from C. schoenanthus + L. multiflora (LC50 = 44.05 ppm) on An. funestus, while L. camara + L. chevalieri (LC50 = 33.16 ppm), L. chevalieri + C. schoenanthus (LC50 = 12.08 ppm), and L. multiflora + L. chevalieri (LC50 = 20.61 ppm) were synergistic for Cx. quinquefasciatus. These results indicate the potential of EOs derived from local plants and their binary combinations as botanical larvicides. The EOs could be used as future ecofriendly agents to control these vectors.
病媒蚊子对合成杀虫剂的抗药性迅速发展是疟疾控制面临的一大挑战。使用植物源性精油是控制蚊子数量的一种有吸引力的策略,因为它们对环境安全,而且产生抗药性的可能性较低。本研究评价了大柳杉、多花Lippia multiflora、chevalieri Lippia chevalieri和Cymbopogon schoenanthus 4种植物的幼虫对富氏按蚊和致倦库蚊的杀幼虫活性。采用世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)修订方案,对暴露于EOs及其二元组合24 h后的3 ~ 4龄幼虫进行了死亡率评估。致倦库蚊幼虫对EOs的易感程度高于安蚊。funestus幼虫。残雪。致倦库蚊的50%致死浓度(lc50)分别为23.32、27.24、38.54和54.11 ppm;而对于An。结果表明,其EO lc50分别为120.5、67.5、49.21和105.74 ppm。用花楸+ L的EOs观察了协同效应。(LC50 = 44.05 ppm);L. camara + L.;(LC50 = 33.16 ppm), L. chevalieri + C.;(LC50 = 12.08 ppm);chevalieri (LC50 = 20.61 ppm)对Cx有增效作用。quinquefasciatus。这些结果表明,从当地植物中提取的EOs及其二元组合具有作为植物性杀幼虫剂的潜力。EOs可以作为未来的生态友好型代理来控制这些载体。
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引用次数: 6
The Use of Honeybee Hives May Boost Yields of Some Crops in Nepal 在尼泊尔,使用蜂箱可能会提高一些作物的产量
IF 1.1 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-14 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8876388
Kedar Devkota, Prashant Rijal, Charles Fernando dos Santos
Many pollination-dependent crops worldwide need bees for the highest productivity. If the crops are not pollinated, a pollination deficit will result. Consequently, low yields of fruit set and seed set of cultivated plants may be expected. Here, we evaluated how pollination with honeybee (Apis mellifera) hives may affect the production of the bittergourd (Momordica charantia), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), and mustard (Brassica campestris) in tons or quintal per hectare in Nepal. Our experimental design involved three treatments in blocks within selected areas: (i) the effect of the honeybees alone (caged with beehives), (ii) free insect access under natural field conditions, and (iii) blocks restraining insect access (caged without beehives). We also assessed the flower visiting insects within crops using pan traps and identifying insect orders. We found that the productivity of bittergourd, buckwheat, and mustard significantly increased in the treatments with beehives inside the cage. To a lesser extent, the treatment with free access to the flying insects enhanced the production of the selected crops. Proportionally, Hymenoptera (mainly bees) was the most common taxon within bittergourd, buckwheat, and mustard crops, followed by Diptera and Lepidoptera. Hence, the provision of beehives in cultivated areas such as those evaluated here could be considered as a complementary strategy for supporting the long-term productivity of these crops in Nepal.
世界上许多依赖授粉的作物需要蜜蜂来获得最高的生产力。如果作物不授粉,就会导致授粉不足。因此,栽培植物坐果和坐种的产量可能较低。在这里,我们评估了蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)蜂箱授粉如何影响尼泊尔苦瓜(Momordica charantia)、荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum)和芥菜(Brassica campestris)的产量(每公顷吨或五分)。我们的实验设计包括在选定区域内进行三种方块处理:(i)蜜蜂单独(有蜂巢的笼子)的影响,(ii)自然野外条件下昆虫自由进入,(iii)限制昆虫进入的方块(没有蜂巢的笼子)。我们还利用盘诱法和昆虫分类法对作物内访花昆虫进行了评估。我们发现,在笼子里有蜂箱的处理下,苦瓜、荞麦和芥菜的产量显著提高。在较小程度上,自由接触飞虫的处理提高了所选作物的产量。在苦瓜、荞麦和芥菜作物中,膜翅目昆虫以蜜蜂为主,其次是双翅目昆虫和鳞翅目昆虫。因此,在这里所评估的耕种地区提供蜂箱可被视为支持尼泊尔这些作物长期生产力的补充战略。
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引用次数: 1
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Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
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