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Evidence for Use of Alliaria petiolata in North America by the European Cabbage White Butterfly, Pieris rapae 欧洲卷心菜白蝴蝶(Pieris rapae)在北美使用小叶葱属植物的证据
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-21 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9671506
Samantha L. Davis, D. Cipollini
Pieris rapae L., an invasive crop pest, may have recently begun using Alliaria petiolata Bieb. (Cavara & Grande), a European invasive biennial. We investigated how P. rapae uses forest habitats for nectar and oviposition and examined larval performance on A. petiolata in the field and laboratory. Being known primarily to occupy open habitats, we found that P. rapae regularly uses forest edge habitats, most surveyed A. petiolata plants had P. rapae damage, and P. rapae successfully used both stages of A. petiolata for larval development.
一种入侵的农作物害虫——油菜皮孢虫(Pieris rapae L.)最近可能开始利用小叶葱属(Alliaria petiolata Bieb)。(Cavara & Grande),欧洲入侵双年展植物。研究了油菜利用森林生境采集花蜜和产卵的方式,并在田间和室内对小叶青虫的幼虫性能进行了研究。研究发现,以开阔生境为主的油菜有规律地利用林缘生境,大部分被调查的小叶青属植物都有被油菜破坏的现象,并且油菜成功地利用了小叶青的两个阶段进行幼虫发育。
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引用次数: 3
Life History of an Endangered Marine Insect Halovelia septentrionalis Esaki (Hemiptera: Veliidae) 一种濒临灭绝的海生昆虫七棱海鞘(Halovelia septentrionalis Esaki)的生活史(半翅目:海鞘科)
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-12-24 DOI: 10.1155/2015/712093
T. Ikawa, A. Nakazawa
Halovelia septentrionalis Esaki is one of the endangered marine water striders found along the Japanese coast. It is of primary importance to investigate its life history in the field so as to develop conservation measures as well as to understand how this species has adapted to marine environments. We studied its life history in Misaki on the southern part of the Miura Peninsular near Tokyo, ca. 35°N, probably the northernmost locality not only for H. septentrionalis but also for any Halovelia species, most of which are found in warm tropical or subtropical waters. The southern part of the Miura Peninsular has jagged coastlines with deep inner bays. Adults and nymphs were found skating along the rocky shore of inner bays with overhanging vegetation nearby. This species appeared to have at least 2 generations a year and to overwinter in the adult stage. We discussed its overwintering strategy in comparison to those of two other Japanese marine water striders.
在日本海岸发现了一种濒临灭绝的海洋水黾,名叫Halovelia septentrionalis Esaki。在野外调查其生活史,以制定保护措施以及了解该物种如何适应海洋环境是至关重要的。我们在东京附近的三浦半岛南部的Misaki研究了它的生活史,大约35°N,可能是最北的地方,不仅是H. septentrionalis,而且是所有Halovelia物种的最北的地方,其中大多数是在温暖的热带或亚热带水域发现的。三浦半岛的南部有参差不齐的海岸线和很深的内湾。成年和若虫被发现沿着内湾的岩石海岸滑冰,附近有悬垂的植被。该物种一年至少有2代,并在成虫期越冬。我们讨论了它的越冬策略与其他两种日本海洋水黾的比较。
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引用次数: 3
Neochrysocharis okazakii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a Major Parasitoid Wasp of Stone Leek Leaf Miner Liriomyza chinensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Central Vietnam 越南中部石韭叶小蜂(双翅目:稻蚜科)的主要寄生蜂——冈山新茧蜂
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-12-21 DOI: 10.1155/2015/179560
T. Ueno, D. H. Tran
Liriomyza chinensis is a major pest of Welsh onion Allium fistulosum in Asia but little is known about the abundance of its natural enemies. A field survey was made to explore the major parasitoids of L. chinensis leaf miner in central Vietnam. An eulophid parasitoid, Neochrysocharis okazakii, comprised more than 95% of parasitoids reared from leaf miner larvae collected in the onion field and 98.3% of leaf miner parasitoids found during searches of onion plants. The mean number of female N. okazakii on plants was greater in onion fields with a higher density of L. chinensis, and, during searches, a greater proportion of N. okazakii was found on onion with more L. chinensis mines, suggesting density-dependent parasitoid aggregation. Melanized dead larvae of L. chinensis were more frequently found in onion fields with more parasitoids, demonstrating that melanized leaf miners are a good indicator of parasitoid activity. Mean instant rate of host encounter by N. okazakii in the field was estimated at 0.077, and the likelihood of a parasitoid finding a host increased with host density. Taken together, these results show that N. okazakii is the major parasitoid of L. chinensis. Usefulness of this parasitoid in stone leek leaf miner management is discussed.
中国Liriomyza chinensis是亚洲威尔士洋葱Allium fisstulosum的主要害虫,但对其天敌的丰度知之甚少。本文对越南中部地区的羊草叶螨主要寄生蜂进行了实地调查。在洋葱田间采集的叶螨幼虫饲养的拟虫中,冈崎新黄斑拟虫占95%以上,在洋葱植株搜寻过程中发现的叶螨拟虫占98.3%。在棉铃虫密度较高的洋葱田中,棉铃虫在植株上的平均雌虫数量较多;在棉铃虫密度较高的洋葱田中,棉铃虫在植株上的比例也较大,说明棉铃虫的聚集具有密度依赖性。在寄生蜂较多的洋葱田中,黑化叶虫的死亡幼虫较多,表明黑化叶虫是寄生蜂活性的良好指标。据估计,冈崎夜蛾在田间的平均瞬时接触寄主率为0.077,寄生蜂发现寄主的可能性随寄主密度的增加而增加。综上所述,冈崎乳螨是中国冬虫夏草的主要寄生蜂。讨论了该寄生蜂在石韭菜叶虫管理中的应用。
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引用次数: 7
Pimachrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Nothochrysinae): Larval Description and Support for Generic Relationships 金翅虫(神经翅目:金翅虫科:金翅虫科):幼虫描述及其属缘关系的支持
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-12-21 DOI: 10.1155/2015/875738
C. A. Tauber, D. K. Faulkner
We describe the previously unknown larval characteristics of Pimachrysa (second and third instars), and we provide new comparative data on the Nothochrysa californica Banks larvae that were described earlier. The Pimachrysa larvae (identified as Pimachrysa fusca Adams) express the numerous features that characterize the chrysopid subfamily Nothochrysinae. They resemble Hypochrysa larvae in many respects, but several differences support retaining the two genera as separate. It now appears that the reputedly more archaic, small bodied, nothochrysine genera (e.g., Dictyochrysa, Hypochrysa, and Pimachrysa) have naked larvae that differ distinctly from the larvae of Nothochrysa species, all of which are debris-carriers. In addition, the pattern of variability in Nothochrysa larval features supports the proposal that this genus has a closer relationship with the other chrysopid subfamilies than do the small-bodied nothochrysine genera. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that larval nakedness (as opposed to debris-carrying) was the ancestral life style for the extant chrysopid clade.
我们描述了以前未知的Pimachrysa幼虫(2龄和3龄)的特征,并为早期描述的加州野蝶(Nothochrysa californica Banks)幼虫提供了新的比较数据。Pimachrysa幼虫(鉴定为Pimachrysa fusca Adams)表现出许多特征,这些特征是菊亚科的特征。它们在许多方面类似于下蛹幼虫,但一些差异支持将这两个属分开。现在看来,据说更古老,体型小,nothochrysine属(例如,Dictyochrysa, Hypochrysa和Pimachrysa)的幼虫与Nothochrysa物种的幼虫明显不同,它们都是碎片载体。此外,Nothochrysa幼虫特征的变异模式支持了该属与其他蛹亚科的关系比与小体nothochrysine属的关系更密切的建议。这一发现与一种假设相一致,即幼虫裸露(而不是携带碎片)是现存蝶类进化支的祖先生活方式。
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引用次数: 3
Temporal and Spatial Foraging Behavior of the Larvae of the Fall Webworm Hyphantria cunea 秋丝蛾幼虫的时空觅食行为
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-12-07 DOI: 10.1155/2015/359765
Terrence D. Fitzgerald
During their first three larval stadia, caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) are patch-restricted foragers, confining their activity to a web-nest they construct in the branches of the host tree. Activity recordings of eight field colonies made over 46 colony-days showed that the later instars become central place foragers, leaving their nests at dusk to feed at distant sites and then returning to their nests in the morning. Colonies maintained in the laboratory showed that same pattern of foraging. In Y-choice laboratory experiments, caterpillars were slow to abandon old, exhausted feeding sites in favor of new food finds. An average of approximately 40% of the caterpillars in five colonies still selected pathways leading to exhausted sites at the onset of foraging bouts over those leading to new sites after feeding exclusively at the new sites on each of the previous four days. On returning to their nests in the morning, approximately 23% of the caterpillars erred by selecting pathways that led them away from the nest rather than toward it and showed no improvement over the course of the study. The results of these Y-choice studies indicate that, compared to other previously studied species of social caterpillars, the webworm employs a relatively simple system of collective foraging.
在它们的前三个幼虫期,美国斑蛾(鳞翅目:针叶蛾科)的毛虫是有斑块限制的觅食者,它们的活动局限于它们在宿主树的树枝上建造的网状巢。对8个野外蚁群在46个蚁群日中的活动记录表明,较晚的幼虫成为中心觅食者,黄昏时离开巢穴到远处觅食,然后在早上返回巢穴。在实验室中维持的菌落显示出相同的觅食模式。在y选择实验室实验中,毛毛虫不太愿意放弃旧的、耗尽的觅食地点,而去寻找新的食物。平均约有40%的幼虫在觅食回合开始时仍然选择通往疲惫地点的路径,而不是在前4天每天只在新地点进食后通往新地点的路径。在早上返回巢穴时,大约23%的毛毛虫错误地选择了离开巢穴而不是朝向巢穴的路径,并且在研究过程中没有显示出任何改善。这些y选择研究的结果表明,与之前研究过的其他群居毛毛虫物种相比,网虫采用了一种相对简单的集体觅食系统。
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引用次数: 2
Morphometric Analysis of the Host Effect on Phenotypical Variation of Belminus ferroae (Hemiptera: Triatominae) 寄主效应对铁斑蝽表型变异的形态计量学分析(半翅目:铁斑蝽科)
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-11-24 DOI: 10.1155/2015/613614
C. Ramírez, E. Blanco, R. Marín, D. Mendez, Nelcy Rodríguez, Fernando Otálora-Luna, E. Aldana
The Triatominae subfamily includes hematophagous insects, well known for their role as vectors for the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, etiologic agent of Chagas’ disease. Belminus ferroae is a triatomine that showed an increased demographic fitness when cockroaches were used as hosts. Here we compare the centroid size (CS) and wing shape between B. ferroae parents and three successive generations (O1, O2, and O3) of their offspring fed on cockroaches or mice under laboratory conditions. Morphometric analysis of the wings bugs fed on cockroaches showed a significant reduction in CS in both sexes among all generations. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was observed in the insects fed on cockroaches (O2 and O3), as well as those bugs fed on mice (O2). Differences in the shape of wings were observed between parental and offspring wings when fed on mice, but not in males (O1, O2, and O3) or females (O1 and O2) fed on cockroaches. There was a greater wing shape similarity between the cockroach-fed offspring and their parents according to the Mahalanobis distances. Our results support the idea of higher adaptation of this Triatominae with arthropod hosts.
锥虫亚科包括食血昆虫,以其作为恰加斯病病原克氏锥虫寄生虫的媒介而闻名。当用蟑螂作为寄主时,铁铁Belminus ferroae是一种triatomine,显示出增加的人口适应性。在实验条件下,我们比较了铁芽孢杆菌亲本及其连续三代(O1、O2和O3)以蟑螂或小鼠为食的后代的质心大小(CS)和翅膀形状。对以蟑螂为食的翅虫的形态计量学分析表明,在所有世代中,雌雄翅虫的CS显著降低。以蟑螂为食的昆虫(O2和O3)和以小鼠为食的昆虫(O2)均存在性别大小二态性(SSD)。在以老鼠为食时,观察到亲代和子代翅膀的形状存在差异,但在雄性(O1、O2和O3)和雌性(O1和O2)以蟑螂为食时,翅膀的形状没有差异。根据马氏距离,喂食蟑螂的后代和它们的父母翅膀形状有更大的相似性。我们的研究结果支持了这个Triatominae与节肢动物宿主的更高适应性的观点。
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引用次数: 9
Dipterofauna Associated with Sus scrofa Linné, 1758, Carcasses in Urban and Coastal Regions of São Paulo State, Brazil 巴西圣保罗州城市和沿海地区的双翼动物群,1758年,与苏斯克罗法有关的双翼动物群
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-11-22 DOI: 10.1155/2015/983980
Maria Luiza Luiza Cavallari, Fabio Navarro Baltazar, S. Nihei, D. Muñoz, J. E. Tolezano
Cadaverous entomofauna successions vary according to the region, environment, and climate, and such differences may occur within the same country due to seasonal variations. The present study aimed to analyze and compare the dipterofauna that visit or colonize carcasses in the urban and coastal areas of Sao Paulo, Brazil, during summer and winter seasons. Four swine (Sus scrofa Linne, 1758) carcasses of approximately 12 kg were used. The animals were previously euthanized and then placed in metal cages covered with a flight intercept trap (Shannon, modified). In total, 10,495 flies from 39 families were collected, with 15 species belonging to the Calliphoridae family, 14 species belonging to the Fanniidae family, 43 species belonging to the Muscidae family, and 22 species belonging to the Sarcophagidae family. Flies from these four families visited all carcasses; however, they did not show the highest visitation frequencies in all of the trials. Species variations occurred between the experiments that were performed at different locations and in different seasons. Furthermore, difference in the number of insects attracted to each stage of decomposition was observed. In addition to the four families highlighted above, the families Phoridae, Sepsidae, Otitidae, and Piophilidae were observed in all carcasses.
尸体昆虫动物群演替因地区、环境和气候而异,由于季节变化,这种差异可能在同一国家内发生。本研究旨在分析和比较巴西圣保罗城市和沿海地区在夏季和冬季访问或定居尸体的双翅目动物。使用了4头猪(Sus scrofa Linne, 1758)约12公斤的胴体。这些动物之前被安乐死,然后被放在金属笼子里,上面覆盖着飞行拦截陷阱(香农,改进版)。共采集蝇类39科10495只,其中蝇科15种,蝇科14种,蝇科43种,麻蝇科22种。来自这四个科的苍蝇拜访了所有的尸体;然而,在所有的试验中,他们并没有显示出最高的访问频率。在不同地点和季节进行的实验中,物种发生了变化。此外,还观察到每个分解阶段吸引的昆虫数量的差异。除上述4科外,在所有尸体中均观察到蝇科、毒蝇科、耳蝇科和嗜蝇科。
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引用次数: 9
Observations on the Biology and Anatomy of Myerslopiidae (Hemiptera, Membracoidea) 蝶蛾科(半翅目,膜总科)生物学和解剖学观察
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-11-19 DOI: 10.1155/2015/898063
R. Rakitov
Adults and nymphs of Mapuchea chilensis (Nielson), from the poorly known family Myerslopiidae, were collected from the litter horizon of temperate forests and shrub bogs in southern Chile. The species apparently feeds on roots and creeping stems of angiosperms. Salivary sheaths of captive specimens terminated in vascular bundles. Indirect evidence suggests feeding on phloem sap. Both nymphs and adults are strong jumpers and both actively disperse, as evidenced by their capture in pan traps. The Malpighian tubules of this species produce no brochosomes and, unlike in most previously studied Membracoidea, comprise no specialized secretory segment. Each tubule comprises secretory cells scattered among excretory ones, a condition not previously known among Hemiptera.
在智利南部温带森林和灌丛沼泽的凋落物层收集了不为人知的智利马普切亚(Mapuchea chilensis, Nielson)的成虫和若虫。该物种显然以被子植物的根和匍匐茎为食。捕获标本的唾鞘终止于维管束。间接证据表明,它们以韧皮部汁液为食。若虫和成虫都是强有力的跳跃者,都积极分散,这一点从它们被捕盆捕获就可以证明。这个物种的马尔比氏小管不产生染色体,并且不像大多数以前研究过的膜总纲,不包含专门的分泌段。每个小管由分散在排泄细胞中的分泌细胞组成,这种情况以前在半翅目动物中并不为人所知。
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引用次数: 7
Broad Protein Spectrum in Stored Pollen of Three Stingless Bees from the Chaco Dry Forest in South America (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) and Its Ecological Implications 南美Chaco干旱林三种无刺蜂花粉的广谱蛋白特征及其生态学意义(膜翅目,蜂科,蜂科)
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-11-18 DOI: 10.1155/2015/659538
F. G. Vossler
Protein content of pollen stored by three meliponine species was variable from 9.78% (less than half the value considered as optimal to brood development in Apis mellifera) in type Capparis tweediana-C. speciosa to more than 26% in type Maytenus vitis-idaea and some Prosopis samples. This pollen of low protein value was occasionally foraged (only six out of 75 masses analyzed of G. argentina, but none in 86 masses of T. fiebrigi or in ten of M. orbignyi). However, it is likely that amino acid deficiencies of certain pollens are compensated by randomly foraging on a broad spectrum of pollen plants. The large amounts of pollen stored in their nests might also be important in compensating these deficiencies. The only sample studied for M. orbignyi showed a protein value greater than the one required for A. mellifera and was dominated by types Acacia praecox and Prosopis. As this species also prefers Solanum and other protein-rich pollen, more samples would need to be analyzed to establish whether protein requirements are high for this Melipona species. Pollen showing the highest protein content (>26%) belonged to highly nectariferous plants well represented in meliponine and Apis honey such as Prosopis, Maytenus, and Ziziphus.
三种美利波碱种储存花粉的蛋白质含量变化较大,在中华蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)中为9.78%(不到巢发育最佳值的一半)。在斑马鱼和部分斑马鱼中占26%以上。这种低蛋白质价值的花粉偶有被采集到(阿根廷田鼠的75个花粉团中只有6个被采集到,但在86个田鼠和10个田鼠中没有被采集到)。然而,某些花粉的氨基酸缺乏很可能是通过在花粉植物的广谱上随机觅食来补偿的。储存在它们巢穴中的大量花粉可能对弥补这些缺陷也很重要。所研究的唯一样品显示出比蜜蜂所需的蛋白质值更大,并且以金合欢和Prosopis类型为主。由于该物种也喜欢茄属植物和其他富含蛋白质的花粉,因此需要分析更多的样本来确定该Melipona物种对蛋白质的需求是否很高。蛋白质含量最高的花粉(>26%)属于高含糖量的植物,如Prosopis、Maytenus和Ziziphus。
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引用次数: 11
Morphology of the Preimaginal Stages of Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Candidate Biocontrol Agent for Giant Arundo Cane 巨芋藤候选生物防治剂——巨芋蛾科(双翅目:瘿蚊科)前象期形态研究
IF 1.1 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-11-02 DOI: 10.1155/2015/262678
Donald B. Thomas, J. Goolsby
The larval stages of Lasioptera donacis Coutin consist of three instars which develop within the mesophyll of the leaf sheaths of Arundo donax (L.) (Poaceae). The larvae feed aggregatively on mycelia of an ambrosia fungus. The third instars are similar to other members of the genus except for a three-pronged spatula (typically two-pronged) and five lateral papillae (typically four) and with a nonbristled first instar. A related species, L. arundinis (Schiner) which breeds on fungus in Phragmites (Poaceae), also has a three-pronged spatula and five lateral papillae but has a bristled first instar. The third instar of L. donacis has a feeding and a nonfeeding prepupal stage. Papillae associated with the spatula are sensory organs, sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, and sensilla ampullacea, perhaps related to extraoral digestion of the fungal mycelia. Pupation occurs in the host plant within a silken cocoon. Egression of the adult is through an escape hatch excavated by the third instar.
金翅虫的幼虫期分为3个阶段,发育在龙竹叶鞘的叶肉中。幼虫以一种蘑菇的菌丝为食。三龄星与其他成员相似,除了有一个三叉的刮刀(通常是两叉的)和五个侧面乳头(通常是四个)和一个无毛的一龄星。一个相关的物种,L. arundinis (Schiner),在芦苇(禾本科)的真菌上繁殖,也有一个三叉的铲子和五个侧面的乳头,但有一个刚毛的第一阶段。三龄蛾分为摄食期和非摄食期。与刮刀相关的乳头是感觉器官,毛状感器、毛状感器和壶状感器,可能与真菌菌丝的口外消化有关。化蛹发生在寄主植物的蚕茧内。成虫的出口是由第三颗星挖出的逃生口。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
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