Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724002460
Alison Krauss, Ashley L Greene, Emily R Edwards, Marianne Goodman
Background: Suicide is a major concern among active-duty military personnel. Aggression represents a salient risk factor for suicide among civilians, yet is relatively understudied among military populations. Although several theories posit a relation between aggression and suicide with putative underlying mechanisms of social isolation, access to firearms, and alcohol use, researchers have yet to test these potential mediators. This study uses rich, longitudinal data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience (STARRS) Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS) to examine whether aggression longitudinally predicts suicide attempts and to identify mediators of this association.
Methods: Army soldiers (N = 8483) completed assessments 1 month prior to deployment and 1, 2-3, and 9-12 months post-deployment. Participants reported on their physical and verbal aggression, suicide attempts, social network size, firearm ownership, and frequency of alcohol use.
Results: As expected, pre-deployment aggression was significantly associated with suicide attempts at 12-months post-deployment even after controlling for lifetime suicide attempts. Social network size and alcohol use frequency mediated this association, but firearm ownership did not.
Conclusions: Findings further implicate aggression as an important suicide risk factor among military personnel and suggest that social isolation and alcohol use may partially account for this association.
{"title":"Examining the association between aggression and suicide attempts among army soldiers.","authors":"Alison Krauss, Ashley L Greene, Emily R Edwards, Marianne Goodman","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724002460","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724002460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide is a major concern among active-duty military personnel. Aggression represents a salient risk factor for suicide among civilians, yet is relatively understudied among military populations. Although several theories posit a relation between aggression and suicide with putative underlying mechanisms of social isolation, access to firearms, and alcohol use, researchers have yet to test these potential mediators. This study uses rich, longitudinal data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience (STARRS) Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS) to examine whether aggression longitudinally predicts suicide attempts and to identify mediators of this association.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Army soldiers (<i>N</i> = 8483) completed assessments 1 month prior to deployment and 1, 2-3, and 9-12 months post-deployment. Participants reported on their physical and verbal aggression, suicide attempts, social network size, firearm ownership, and frequency of alcohol use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As expected, pre-deployment aggression was significantly associated with suicide attempts at 12-months post-deployment even after controlling for lifetime suicide attempts. Social network size and alcohol use frequency mediated this association, but firearm ownership did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings further implicate aggression as an important suicide risk factor among military personnel and suggest that social isolation and alcohol use may partially account for this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142710657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724002563
Ling Zhao, Lijing Niu, Haowei Dai, Tatia M C Lee, Ruiwang Huang, Ruibin Zhang
Background: Late-life depression (LLD) predisposes individuals to cognitive decline, often leading to misdiagnoses as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) can distinguish the profiles of these disorders according to gray matter (GM) volumes. We integrated findings from previous VBM studies for comparative analysis and extended the research into molecular profiles to facilitate inspection and intervention.
Methods: We comprehensively searched PubMed and Web of Science for VBM studies that compared LLD and MCI cases with matched healthy controls (HCs) from inception to 31st December 2023. We included 13 studies on LLD (414 LLDs, 350 HCs) and 50 on MCI (1878 MCIs, 2046 HCs). Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI) was used for voxel-based meta-analysis to assess GM atrophy, spatially correlated with neuropsychological profiles. We then used multimodal and linear-model analysis to assess the similarities and differences in GM volumetric changing patterns. Partial least squares (PLS) regression and gene enrichment were employed for transcription-neuroimaging associations.
Results: GM volumes in the left hippocampus and right parahippocampal gyrus are more affected in MCI, along with memory impairment. MCI was spatially correlated with a more extensive reduction in the levels of neurotransmitters and a severe downregulation of genes related to cellular potassium ion transport and metal ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Conclusion: Compared to LLD, MCI exhibited more GM atrophy in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus and lower gene expression of ion transmembrane transport. Our findings provided imaging-transcriptomic-genetic integrative profiles for differential diagnosis and precise intervention between LLD and MCI.
{"title":"A comparative meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies and gene expression profiles revealing the similarities and differences between late life depression and mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Ling Zhao, Lijing Niu, Haowei Dai, Tatia M C Lee, Ruiwang Huang, Ruibin Zhang","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724002563","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724002563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Late-life depression (LLD) predisposes individuals to cognitive decline, often leading to misdiagnoses as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) can distinguish the profiles of these disorders according to gray matter (GM) volumes. We integrated findings from previous VBM studies for comparative analysis and extended the research into molecular profiles to facilitate inspection and intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We comprehensively searched PubMed and Web of Science for VBM studies that compared LLD and MCI cases with matched healthy controls (HCs) from inception to 31st December 2023. We included 13 studies on LLD (414 LLDs, 350 HCs) and 50 on MCI (1878 MCIs, 2046 HCs). Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI) was used for voxel-based meta-analysis to assess GM atrophy, spatially correlated with neuropsychological profiles. We then used multimodal and linear-model analysis to assess the similarities and differences in GM volumetric changing patterns. Partial least squares (PLS) regression and gene enrichment were employed for transcription-neuroimaging associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GM volumes in the left hippocampus and right parahippocampal gyrus are more affected in MCI, along with memory impairment. MCI was spatially correlated with a more extensive reduction in the levels of neurotransmitters and a severe downregulation of genes related to cellular potassium ion transport and metal ion transmembrane transporter activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared to LLD, MCI exhibited more GM atrophy in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus and lower gene expression of ion transmembrane transport. Our findings provided imaging-transcriptomic-genetic integrative profiles for differential diagnosis and precise intervention between LLD and MCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142710713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724002095
Mark Faiz, Sanjida Ahmed
{"title":"Review and consensus on pharmacogenomic testing in psychiatry.","authors":"Mark Faiz, Sanjida Ahmed","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724002095","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724002095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142710745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001715
L Roldan, T Sánchez-Gutiérrez, I Fernández-Arias, E Rodríguez-Toscano, G López, J Merchán-Naranjo, A Calvo, M Rapado-Castro, M Parellada, C Moreno, L Ferraro, D La Barbera, C La Cascia, G Tripoli, M Di Forti, R M Murray, D Quattrone, C Morgan, C Gayer-Anderson, P B Jones, H E Jongsma, J B Kirkbride, J van Os, P García-Portilla, S Al-Halabí, J Bobes, L de Haan, M Bernardo, J L Santos, J Sanjuán, M Arrojo, A Szoke, B P Rutten, S A Stilo, I Tarricone, A Lasalvia, S Tosato, P-M Llorca, P Rossi Menezes, J-P Selten, A Tortelli, E Velthorst, C M Del-Ben, C Arango, C M Díaz-Caneja
Background: Cannabis use and familial vulnerability to psychosis have been associated with social cognition deficits. This study examined the potential relationship between cannabis use and cognitive biases underlying social cognition and functioning in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), their siblings, and controls.
Methods: We analyzed a sample of 543 participants with FEP, 203 siblings, and 1168 controls from the EU-GEI study using a correlational design. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the influence of clinical group, lifetime cannabis use frequency, and potency of cannabis use on cognitive biases, accounting for demographic and cognitive variables.
Results: FEP patients showed increased odds of facial recognition processing (FRP) deficits (OR = 1.642, CI 1.123-2.402) relative to controls but not of speech illusions (SI) or jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias, with no statistically significant differences relative to siblings. Daily and occasional lifetime cannabis use were associated with decreased odds of SI (OR = 0.605, CI 0.368-0.997 and OR = 0.646, CI 0.457-0.913 respectively) and JTC bias (OR = 0.625, CI 0.422-0.925 and OR = 0.602, CI 0.460-0.787 respectively) compared with lifetime abstinence, but not with FRP deficits, in the whole sample. Within the cannabis user group, low-potency cannabis use was associated with increased odds of SI (OR = 1.829, CI 1.297-2.578, FRP deficits (OR = 1.393, CI 1.031-1.882, and JTC (OR = 1.661, CI 1.271-2.171) relative to high-potency cannabis use, with comparable effects in the three clinical groups.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest increased odds of cognitive biases in FEP patients who have never used cannabis and in low-potency users. Future studies should elucidate this association and its potential implications.
{"title":"Cannabis use and cognitive biases in people with first-episode psychosis and their siblings.","authors":"L Roldan, T Sánchez-Gutiérrez, I Fernández-Arias, E Rodríguez-Toscano, G López, J Merchán-Naranjo, A Calvo, M Rapado-Castro, M Parellada, C Moreno, L Ferraro, D La Barbera, C La Cascia, G Tripoli, M Di Forti, R M Murray, D Quattrone, C Morgan, C Gayer-Anderson, P B Jones, H E Jongsma, J B Kirkbride, J van Os, P García-Portilla, S Al-Halabí, J Bobes, L de Haan, M Bernardo, J L Santos, J Sanjuán, M Arrojo, A Szoke, B P Rutten, S A Stilo, I Tarricone, A Lasalvia, S Tosato, P-M Llorca, P Rossi Menezes, J-P Selten, A Tortelli, E Velthorst, C M Del-Ben, C Arango, C M Díaz-Caneja","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001715","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cannabis use and familial vulnerability to psychosis have been associated with social cognition deficits. This study examined the potential relationship between cannabis use and cognitive biases underlying social cognition and functioning in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), their siblings, and controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed a sample of 543 participants with FEP, 203 siblings, and 1168 controls from the EU-GEI study using a correlational design. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the influence of clinical group, lifetime cannabis use frequency, and potency of cannabis use on cognitive biases, accounting for demographic and cognitive variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FEP patients showed increased odds of facial recognition processing (FRP) deficits (OR = 1.642, CI 1.123-2.402) relative to controls but not of speech illusions (SI) or jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias, with no statistically significant differences relative to siblings. Daily and occasional lifetime cannabis use were associated with decreased odds of SI (OR = 0.605, CI 0.368-0.997 and OR = 0.646, CI 0.457-0.913 respectively) and JTC bias (OR = 0.625, CI 0.422-0.925 and OR = 0.602, CI 0.460-0.787 respectively) compared with lifetime abstinence, but not with FRP deficits, in the whole sample. Within the cannabis user group, low-potency cannabis use was associated with increased odds of SI (OR = 1.829, CI 1.297-2.578, FRP deficits (OR = 1.393, CI 1.031-1.882, and JTC (OR = 1.661, CI 1.271-2.171) relative to high-potency cannabis use, with comparable effects in the three clinical groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest increased odds of cognitive biases in FEP patients who have never used cannabis and in low-potency users. Future studies should elucidate this association and its potential implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001879
Justin Chapman, Nicole Korman, Eva Malacova, Caroline Robertson, Urska Arnautovska, Dan Siskind, Shuichi Suetani, Brendon Stubbs, Davy Vancampfort
Background: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is beneficial for health, and reducing sedentary behavior (SB) is recommended in international guidelines. People with mental illnesses are at higher risk of preventable diseases than the general population, partly attributable to lower MVPA and higher SB. Self-determination theory provides a framework for understanding how motivation regulates behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of different forms of motivation for physical activity (amotivation, controlled, autonomous) to MVPA and SB in people with mental illnesses.
Methods: Cross-sectional self-reported and accelerometer-derived MVPA and SB in people with a range of mental illnesses across four countries were pooled for analysis (Australia, Belgium, England, Uganda). Motivation for physical activity was measured using the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ). Regression analyses were used to investigate the association of MVPA and SB with amotivation, controlled, autonomous motivations, controlling for mental health and demographic variables.
Results: Autonomous motivation was associated with 31% higher self-reported MVPA, and amotivation and controlled motivation were associated with 18% and 11% lower self-reported MVPA, respectively (n = 654). In contrast, controlled motivation was positively associated with SB (n = 189). Having physical comorbidities or an alcohol use disorder was associated with lower MVPA (n = 318). Sub-analyses with accelerometer-derived MVPA and SB (n = 139 and n = 145) did not reveal any associations with motivational forms.
Conclusions: Findings with an international sample support the universal relevance of motivation in promoting health-related behavior. Strategies for facilitating autonomous motivation should be utilized by health professionals seeking to support people with mental illnesses to become physically active.
{"title":"Which behavioral regulations predict physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with mental illness?","authors":"Justin Chapman, Nicole Korman, Eva Malacova, Caroline Robertson, Urska Arnautovska, Dan Siskind, Shuichi Suetani, Brendon Stubbs, Davy Vancampfort","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001879","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is beneficial for health, and reducing sedentary behavior (SB) is recommended in international guidelines. People with mental illnesses are at higher risk of preventable diseases than the general population, partly attributable to lower MVPA and higher SB. Self-determination theory provides a framework for understanding how motivation regulates behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of different forms of motivation for physical activity (amotivation, controlled, autonomous) to MVPA and SB in people with mental illnesses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional self-reported and accelerometer-derived MVPA and SB in people with a range of mental illnesses across four countries were pooled for analysis (Australia, Belgium, England, Uganda). Motivation for physical activity was measured using the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ). Regression analyses were used to investigate the association of MVPA and SB with amotivation, controlled, autonomous motivations, controlling for mental health and demographic variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Autonomous motivation was associated with 31% higher self-reported MVPA, and amotivation and controlled motivation were associated with 18% and 11% lower self-reported MVPA, respectively (<i>n =</i> 654). In contrast, controlled motivation was positively associated with SB (<i>n =</i> 189). Having physical comorbidities or an alcohol use disorder was associated with lower MVPA (<i>n</i> = 318). Sub-analyses with accelerometer-derived MVPA and SB (<i>n =</i> 139 and <i>n</i> = 145) did not reveal any associations with motivational forms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings with an international sample support the universal relevance of motivation in promoting health-related behavior. Strategies for facilitating autonomous motivation should be utilized by health professionals seeking to support people with mental illnesses to become physically active.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Psychiatric diagnosis is based on categorical diagnostic classification, yet similarities in genetics and clinical features across disorders suggest that these classifications share commonalities in neurobiology, particularly regarding neurotransmitters. Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, play critical roles in brain function and physiological processes.
Methods: We examined the levels of Glu, combined glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and GABA across psychiatric disorders by pooling data from 121 1H-MRS studies and further divided the sample based on Axis I disorders.
Results: Statistically significant differences in GABA levels were found in the combined psychiatric group compared with healthy controls (Hedge's g = -0.112, p = 0.008). Further analyses based on brain regions showed that brain GABA levels significantly differed across Axis I disorders and controls in the parieto-occipital cortex (Hedge's g = 0.277, p = 0.019). Furthermore, GABA levels were reduced in affective disorders in the occipital cortex (Hedge's g = -0.468, p = 0.043). Reductions in Glx levels were found in neurodevelopmental disorders (Hedge's g = -0.287, p = 0.022). Analysis focusing on brain regions suggested that Glx levels decreased in the frontal cortex (Hedge's g = -0.226, p = 0.025), and the reduction of Glu levels in patients with affective disorders in the frontal cortex is marginally significant (Hedge's g = -0.172, p = 0.052). When analyzing the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex separately, reductions were only found in GABA levels in the former (Hedge's g = - 0.191, p = 0.009) across all disorders.
Conclusions: Altered glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolites were found across psychiatric disorders, indicating shared dysfunction. We found reduced GABA levels across psychiatric disorders and lower Glu levels in affective disorders. These results highlight the significance of GABA and Glu in psychiatric etiology and partially support rethinking current diagnostic categories.
背景:精神疾病的诊断以分类诊断为基础,然而各种疾病在遗传学和临床特征方面的相似性表明,这些分类在神经生物学方面存在共性,尤其是在神经递质方面。谷氨酸(Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)是大脑主要的兴奋性和抑制性神经递质,在大脑功能和生理过程中发挥着关键作用:我们汇集了 121 项 1H-MRS 研究的数据,并根据轴 I 疾病进一步划分样本,从而研究了不同精神疾病中 Glu、谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺(Glx)以及 GABA 的水平:结果:与健康对照组相比,综合精神病组的 GABA 水平存在统计学意义上的显著差异(Hedge's g = -0.112,p = 0.008)。基于大脑区域的进一步分析表明,在顶枕皮层,轴一疾病患者和对照组的大脑 GABA 水平存在显著差异(Hedge's g = 0.277,p = 0.019)。此外,情感障碍患者枕叶皮层中的 GABA 水平降低(Hedge's g = -0.468,p = 0.043)。神经发育障碍患者的 Glx 水平降低(Hedge's g = -0.287,p = 0.022)。以大脑区域为重点的分析表明,额叶皮层的 Glx 水平降低(Hedge's g = -0.226,p = 0.025),情感障碍患者额叶皮层的 Glu 水平降低略有显著性(Hedge's g = -0.172,p = 0.052)。在对前扣带回皮层和前额叶皮层进行单独分析时,在所有失调症中仅发现前者的 GABA 水平降低(Hedge's g = - 0.191,p = 0.009):结论:在各种精神障碍中都发现了谷氨酸能和 GABA 能代谢产物的改变,这表明存在共同的功能障碍。我们发现各种精神障碍的 GABA 水平都有所降低,而情感障碍的 Glu 水平较低。这些结果凸显了GABA和Glu在精神病病因学中的重要性,并部分支持了对当前诊断类别的重新思考。
{"title":"Charting brain GABA and glutamate levels across psychiatric disorders by quantitative analysis of 121 <sup>1</sup>H-MRS studies.","authors":"Jiayuan Zhang, Timothea Toulopoulou, Qian Li, Lijing Niu, Lanxin Peng, Haowei Dai, Keyin Chen, Xingqin Wang, Ruiwang Huang, Xinhua Wei, Ruibin Zhang","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001673","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychiatric diagnosis is based on categorical diagnostic classification, yet similarities in genetics and clinical features across disorders suggest that these classifications share commonalities in neurobiology, particularly regarding neurotransmitters. Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, play critical roles in brain function and physiological processes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the levels of Glu, combined glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and GABA across psychiatric disorders by pooling data from 121 <sup>1</sup>H-MRS studies and further divided the sample based on Axis I disorders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant differences in GABA levels were found in the combined psychiatric group compared with healthy controls (Hedge's <i>g</i> = -0.112, <i>p</i> = 0.008). Further analyses based on brain regions showed that brain GABA levels significantly differed across Axis I disorders and controls in the parieto-occipital cortex (Hedge's <i>g</i> = 0.277, <i>p</i> = 0.019). Furthermore, GABA levels were reduced in affective disorders in the occipital cortex (Hedge's <i>g</i> = -0.468, <i>p</i> = 0.043). Reductions in Glx levels were found in neurodevelopmental disorders (Hedge's <i>g</i> = -0.287, <i>p</i> = 0.022). Analysis focusing on brain regions suggested that Glx levels decreased in the frontal cortex (Hedge's <i>g</i> = -0.226, <i>p</i> = 0.025), and the reduction of Glu levels in patients with affective disorders in the frontal cortex is marginally significant (Hedge's <i>g</i> = -0.172, <i>p</i> = 0.052). When analyzing the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex separately, reductions were only found in GABA levels in the former (Hedge's <i>g</i> = - 0.191, <i>p</i> = 0.009) across all disorders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Altered glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolites were found across psychiatric disorders, indicating shared dysfunction. We found reduced GABA levels across psychiatric disorders and lower Glu levels in affective disorders. These results highlight the significance of GABA and Glu in psychiatric etiology and partially support rethinking current diagnostic categories.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001624
Fiona McNicholas, Blanaid Gavin, Ruth Sellers, Iris Ji, Xiaoning Zhang, Wendy V Browne, Gordon Harold
Background: Epidemiological samples provide opportunity to understand the development of mental health trajectories to better understand whether such epidemiological data can help to plan and modify service delivery for youth mental health. Variation between countries is not well understood and thus applying evidence from other countries to national strategies limits support service policy and planning. We therefore examine developmental patterns of youth mental health across different countries using the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) Cohorts, with comparison to existing UK longitudinal cohort data (Millennium Cohort Study, MCS; Growing up in Scotland, GUS).
Methods: Youth mental health problems within each cohort across development (5-17/18 years) were assessed using parent reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores. Using latent growth curve analyses, we examined trajectories of emotional, conduct, and hyperactivity problems for boys and girls, separately for each cohort.
Results: Across cohorts, we observed similar developmental patterns for emotional, conduct, and hyperactivity problems. However, the GUI emotional problems in Ireland emerged earlier than in the UK. By adolescence, GUI emotional scores were similar to the UK, suggesting that the differences in emotional problems between the ROI and UK had narrowed by adolescence. Covariates also had different associations with youth mental health trajectories across cohorts.
Conclusions: Utilizing multiple nationally representative cohort longitudinal datasets can help inform clinically meaningful conclusions and potential recommendations on population level multi-tiered service needs and development in the area of child and adolescent mental health support and future provision.
{"title":"Examining the mental health trajectories of children and adolescents: a cross-cohort analysis.","authors":"Fiona McNicholas, Blanaid Gavin, Ruth Sellers, Iris Ji, Xiaoning Zhang, Wendy V Browne, Gordon Harold","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001624","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidemiological samples provide opportunity to understand the development of mental health trajectories to better understand whether such epidemiological data can help to plan and modify service delivery for youth mental health. Variation between countries is not well understood and thus applying evidence from other countries to national strategies limits support service policy and planning. We therefore examine developmental patterns of youth mental health across different countries using the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) Cohorts, with comparison to existing UK longitudinal cohort data (Millennium Cohort Study, MCS; Growing up in Scotland, GUS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Youth mental health problems within each cohort across development (5-17/18 years) were assessed using parent reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores. Using latent growth curve analyses, we examined trajectories of emotional, conduct, and hyperactivity problems for boys and girls, separately for each cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across cohorts, we observed similar developmental patterns for emotional, conduct, and hyperactivity problems. However, the GUI emotional problems in Ireland emerged earlier than in the UK. By adolescence, GUI emotional scores were similar to the UK, suggesting that the differences in emotional problems between the ROI and UK had narrowed by adolescence. Covariates also had different associations with youth mental health trajectories across cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Utilizing multiple nationally representative cohort longitudinal datasets can help inform clinically meaningful conclusions and potential recommendations on population level multi-tiered service needs and development in the area of child and adolescent mental health support and future provision.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724002496
B Yildirim, S S Sahin, A Gee, S Jauhar, J Rucker, P Salgado-Pineda, E Pomarol-Clotet, P McKenna
Background: Psychedelic drugs are a focus of interest in the treatment of depression and other disorders but there are longstanding concerns about possible adverse psychiatric consequences. Because the relevant literature is largely informal, the seriousness of these risks is difficult to evaluate.
Methods: Searches were made for case reports of schizophrenia-spectrum, affective or other psychiatric disorders after use of psychedelic drugs. Case reports of flashbacks were also searched for. Individuals with recent use of other drugs (apart from cannabis and alcohol) and/or a previous history of major psychiatric disorder were excluded. Symptoms were tabulated using the Syndrome Check List of the Present State Examination (PSE-9).
Results: We found 17 case reports of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 17 of affective disorder (depression, mania, or both), 3 cases of anxiety, 1 of depersonalization, and 1 of unclassifiable illness. The states could develop after a single use of the drug (5/17 schizophrenia; 6/17 affective disorder), and duration was highly variable. Recovery was the rule in cases of affective disorder but not in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Twelve of 29 cases of flashbacks showed psychiatric symptomatology definitely outlasting the attacks, mainly anxiety (5 cases) and depression (8 cases). Flashback symptoms resolved within twelve months in approximately half of the cases but in a few persisted for years.
Conclusions: Reliable descriptions of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and major affective disorder after psychedelic drug use disorder exist but are relatively uncommon. Flashbacks are sometimes but not always associated with psychiatric symptomatology, mainly anxiety or depression.
{"title":"Adverse psychiatric effects of psychedelic drugs: a systematic review of case reports.","authors":"B Yildirim, S S Sahin, A Gee, S Jauhar, J Rucker, P Salgado-Pineda, E Pomarol-Clotet, P McKenna","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724002496","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724002496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychedelic drugs are a focus of interest in the treatment of depression and other disorders but there are longstanding concerns about possible adverse psychiatric consequences. Because the relevant literature is largely informal, the seriousness of these risks is difficult to evaluate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Searches were made for case reports of schizophrenia-spectrum, affective or other psychiatric disorders after use of psychedelic drugs. Case reports of flashbacks were also searched for. Individuals with recent use of other drugs (apart from cannabis and alcohol) and/or a previous history of major psychiatric disorder were excluded. Symptoms were tabulated using the Syndrome Check List of the Present State Examination (PSE-9).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found 17 case reports of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 17 of affective disorder (depression, mania, or both), 3 cases of anxiety, 1 of depersonalization, and 1 of unclassifiable illness. The states could develop after a single use of the drug (5/17 schizophrenia; 6/17 affective disorder), and duration was highly variable. Recovery was the rule in cases of affective disorder but not in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Twelve of 29 cases of flashbacks showed psychiatric symptomatology definitely outlasting the attacks, mainly anxiety (5 cases) and depression (8 cases). Flashback symptoms resolved within twelve months in approximately half of the cases but in a few persisted for years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reliable descriptions of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and major affective disorder after psychedelic drug use disorder exist but are relatively uncommon. Flashbacks are sometimes but not always associated with psychiatric symptomatology, mainly anxiety or depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001867
Lukas Roell, Tim Fischer, Daniel Keeser, Boris Papazov, Moritz Lembeck, Irina Papazova, David Greska, Susanne Muenz, Thomas Schneider-Axmann, Eliska Sykorova, Cristina E Thieme, Bob O Vogel, Sebastian Mohnke, Charlotte Huppertz, Astrid Roeh, Katriona Keller-Varady, Berend Malchow, Sophia Stoecklein, Birgit Ertl-Wagner, Karsten Henkel, Bernd Wolfarth, Wladimir Tantchik, Henrik Walter, Dusan Hirjak, Andrea Schmitt, Alkomiet Hasan, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Peter Falkai, Isabel Maurus
Background: The hippocampal formation represents a key region in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Aerobic exercise poses a promising add-on treatment to potentially counteract structural impairments of the hippocampal formation and associated symptomatic burden. However, current evidence regarding exercise effects on the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia is largely heterogeneous. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of aerobic exercise on total hippocampal formation volume. Additionally, we used data from a recent multicenter randomized-controlled trial to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on hippocampal formation subfield volumes and their respective clinical implications.
Methods: The meta-analysis comprised six studies that investigated the influence of aerobic exercise on total hippocampal formation volume compared to a control condition with a total of 186 people with schizophrenia (100 male, 86 female), while original data from 29 patients (20 male, 9 female) was considered to explore effects of six months of aerobic exercise on hippocampal formation subfield volumes.
Results: Our meta-analysis did not demonstrate a significant effect of aerobic exercise on total hippocampal formation volume in people with schizophrenia (g = 0.33 [-0.12 to 0.77]), p = 0.15), but our original data suggested significant volume increases in certain hippocampal subfields, namely the cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus.
Conclusions: Driven by the necessity of better understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the present work underlines the importance to focus on hippocampal formation subfields and to characterize subgroups of patients that show neuroplastic responses to aerobic exercise accompanied by corresponding clinical improvements.
背景:海马形成是精神分裂症病理生理学中的一个关键区域。有氧运动是一种很有前景的附加治疗方法,有可能抵消海马形成的结构损伤和相关症状负担。然而,目前有关运动对精神分裂症海马形成的影响的证据在很大程度上是不一致的。因此,我们进行了一项系统回顾和荟萃分析,以评估有氧运动对海马体形成总体积的影响。此外,我们还利用最近一项多中心随机对照试验的数据,研究了有氧运动对海马形成子野体积的影响及其各自的临床意义:荟萃分析包括六项研究,这些研究调查了有氧运动与对照组相比对海马体形成总体积的影响,共有186名精神分裂症患者(100名男性,86名女性)参与了研究,同时考虑了29名患者(20名男性,9名女性)的原始数据,以探讨六个月的有氧运动对海马体形成子野体积的影响:我们的荟萃分析并未证明有氧运动对精神分裂症患者的海马形成总体积有显著影响(g = 0.33 [-0.12 to 0.77]),p = 0.15),但我们的原始数据表明,某些海马亚领域,即角鞍和齿状回的体积有显著增加:结论:为了更好地理解精神分裂症的病理生理学,本研究强调了关注海马形成亚区的重要性,以及确定对有氧运动表现出神经可塑性反应并伴有相应临床改善的亚组患者的特征。
{"title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on hippocampal formation volume in people with schizophrenia - a systematic review and meta-analysis with original data from a randomized-controlled trial.","authors":"Lukas Roell, Tim Fischer, Daniel Keeser, Boris Papazov, Moritz Lembeck, Irina Papazova, David Greska, Susanne Muenz, Thomas Schneider-Axmann, Eliska Sykorova, Cristina E Thieme, Bob O Vogel, Sebastian Mohnke, Charlotte Huppertz, Astrid Roeh, Katriona Keller-Varady, Berend Malchow, Sophia Stoecklein, Birgit Ertl-Wagner, Karsten Henkel, Bernd Wolfarth, Wladimir Tantchik, Henrik Walter, Dusan Hirjak, Andrea Schmitt, Alkomiet Hasan, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Peter Falkai, Isabel Maurus","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001867","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The hippocampal formation represents a key region in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Aerobic exercise poses a promising add-on treatment to potentially counteract structural impairments of the hippocampal formation and associated symptomatic burden. However, current evidence regarding exercise effects on the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia is largely heterogeneous. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of aerobic exercise on total hippocampal formation volume. Additionally, we used data from a recent multicenter randomized-controlled trial to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on hippocampal formation subfield volumes and their respective clinical implications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The meta-analysis comprised six studies that investigated the influence of aerobic exercise on total hippocampal formation volume compared to a control condition with a total of 186 people with schizophrenia (100 male, 86 female), while original data from 29 patients (20 male, 9 female) was considered to explore effects of six months of aerobic exercise on hippocampal formation subfield volumes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our meta-analysis did not demonstrate a significant effect of aerobic exercise on total hippocampal formation volume in people with schizophrenia (<i>g</i> = 0.33 [-0.12 to 0.77]), <i>p</i> = 0.15), but our original data suggested significant volume increases in certain hippocampal subfields, namely the cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Driven by the necessity of better understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the present work underlines the importance to focus on hippocampal formation subfields and to characterize subgroups of patients that show neuroplastic responses to aerobic exercise accompanied by corresponding clinical improvements.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001685
Jun Yang, Zhening Liu, Yunzhi Pan, Zebin Fan, Yixin Cheng, Feiwen Wang, Fuping Sun, Guowei Wu, Xuan Ouyang, Haojuan Tao, Jie Yang, Lena Palaniyappan
Background: Major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) are delineated by distinct clinical features. However, overlapping symptoms and transdiagnostic effectiveness of medications have challenged the traditional diagnostic categorisation. We investigate if there are shared and illness-specific disruptions in the regional functional efficiency (RFE) of the brain across these disorders.
Methods: We included 364 participants (118 schizophrenia [SCZ], 80 bipolar disorder [BD], 91 major depressive disorder [MDD], and 75 healthy controls [HCs]). Resting-state fMRI was used to caclulate the RFE based on the static amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity, and degree centrality and corresponding dynamic measures indicating variability over time. We used principal component analysis to obtain static and dynamic RFE values. We conducted functional and genetic annotation and enrichment analysis based on abnormal RFE profiles.
Results: SCZ showed higher static RFE in the cortico-striatal regions and excessive variability in the cortico-limbic regions. SCZ and MDD shared lower static RFE with higher dynamic RFE in sensorimotor regions than BD and HCs. We observed association between static RFE abnormalities with reward and sensorimotor functions and dynamic RFE abnormalities with sensorimotor functions. Differential spatial expression of genes related to glutamatergic synapse and calcium/cAMP signaling was more likely in the regions with aberrant RFE.
Conclusions: SCZ shares more regions with disrupted functional integrity, especially in sensorimotor regions, with MDD rather than BD. The neural patterns of these transdiagnostic changes appear to be potentially driven by gene expression variations relating to glutamatergic synapses and calcium/cAMP signaling. The aberrant sensorimotor, cortico-striatal, and cortico-limbic integrity may collectively underlie neurobiological mechanisms of MPDs.
{"title":"Regional neural functional efficiency across schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a transdiagnostic resting-state fMRI study.","authors":"Jun Yang, Zhening Liu, Yunzhi Pan, Zebin Fan, Yixin Cheng, Feiwen Wang, Fuping Sun, Guowei Wu, Xuan Ouyang, Haojuan Tao, Jie Yang, Lena Palaniyappan","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001685","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) are delineated by distinct clinical features. However, overlapping symptoms and transdiagnostic effectiveness of medications have challenged the traditional diagnostic categorisation. We investigate if there are shared and illness-specific disruptions in the regional functional efficiency (RFE) of the brain across these disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 364 participants (118 schizophrenia [SCZ], 80 bipolar disorder [BD], 91 major depressive disorder [MDD], and 75 healthy controls [HCs]). Resting-state fMRI was used to caclulate the RFE based on the static amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity, and degree centrality and corresponding dynamic measures indicating variability over time. We used principal component analysis to obtain static and dynamic RFE values. We conducted functional and genetic annotation and enrichment analysis based on abnormal RFE profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SCZ showed higher static RFE in the cortico-striatal regions and excessive variability in the cortico-limbic regions. SCZ and MDD shared lower static RFE with higher dynamic RFE in sensorimotor regions than BD and HCs. We observed association between static RFE abnormalities with reward and sensorimotor functions and dynamic RFE abnormalities with sensorimotor functions. Differential spatial expression of genes related to glutamatergic synapse and calcium/cAMP signaling was more likely in the regions with aberrant RFE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SCZ shares more regions with disrupted functional integrity, especially in sensorimotor regions, with MDD rather than BD. The neural patterns of these transdiagnostic changes appear to be potentially driven by gene expression variations relating to glutamatergic synapses and calcium/cAMP signaling. The aberrant sensorimotor, cortico-striatal, and cortico-limbic integrity may collectively underlie neurobiological mechanisms of MPDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}