Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724000977
Kristin N Javaras, Victoria F Franco, Boyu Ren, Cynthia M Bulik, Scott J Crow, Susan L McElroy, Harrison G Pope, James I Hudson
Background: Epidemiological data offer conflicting views of the natural course of binge-eating disorder (BED), with large retrospective studies suggesting a protracted course and small prospective studies suggesting a briefer duration. We thus examined changes in BED diagnostic status in a prospective, community-based study that was larger and more representative with respect to sex, age of onset, and body mass index (BMI) than prior multi-year prospective studies.
Methods: Probands and relatives with current DSM-IV BED (n = 156) from a family study of BED ('baseline') were selected for follow-up at 2.5 and 5 years. Probands were required to have BMI > 25 (women) or >27 (men). Diagnostic interviews and questionnaires were administered at all timepoints.
Results: Of participants with follow-up data (n = 137), 78.1% were female, and 11.7% and 88.3% reported identifying as Black and White, respectively. At baseline, their mean age was 47.2 years, and mean BMI was 36.1. At 2.5 (and 5) years, 61.3% (45.7%), 23.4% (32.6%), and 15.3% (21.7%) of assessed participants exhibited full, sub-threshold, and no BED, respectively. No participants displayed anorexia or bulimia nervosa at follow-up timepoints. Median time to remission (i.e. no BED) exceeded 60 months, and median time to relapse (i.e. sub-threshold or full BED) after remission was 30 months. Two classes of machine learning methods did not consistently outperform random guessing at predicting time to remission from baseline demographic and clinical variables.
Conclusions: Among community-based adults with higher BMI, BED improves with time, but full remission often takes many years, and relapse is common.
{"title":"The natural course of binge-eating disorder: findings from a prospective, community-based study of adults.","authors":"Kristin N Javaras, Victoria F Franco, Boyu Ren, Cynthia M Bulik, Scott J Crow, Susan L McElroy, Harrison G Pope, James I Hudson","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724000977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724000977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidemiological data offer conflicting views of the natural course of binge-eating disorder (BED), with large retrospective studies suggesting a protracted course and small prospective studies suggesting a briefer duration. We thus examined changes in BED diagnostic status in a prospective, community-based study that was larger and more representative with respect to sex, age of onset, and body mass index (BMI) than prior multi-year prospective studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Probands and relatives with current DSM-IV BED (<i>n</i> = 156) from a family study of BED ('baseline') were selected for follow-up at 2.5 and 5 years. Probands were required to have BMI > 25 (women) or >27 (men). Diagnostic interviews and questionnaires were administered at all timepoints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of participants with follow-up data (<i>n</i> = 137), 78.1% were female, and 11.7% and 88.3% reported identifying as Black and White, respectively. At baseline, their mean age was 47.2 years, and mean BMI was 36.1. At 2.5 (and 5) years, 61.3% (45.7%), 23.4% (32.6%), and 15.3% (21.7%) of assessed participants exhibited full, sub-threshold, and no BED, respectively. No participants displayed anorexia or bulimia nervosa at follow-up timepoints. Median time to remission (i.e. no BED) exceeded 60 months, and median time to relapse (i.e. sub-threshold or full BED) after remission was 30 months. Two classes of machine learning methods did not consistently outperform random guessing at predicting time to remission from baseline demographic and clinical variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among community-based adults with higher BMI, BED improves with time, but full remission often takes many years, and relapse is common.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141157630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1017/S003329172400103X
Sophie R Abber, Kendra R Becker, Casey M Stern, Lilian P Palmer, Thomas E Joiner, Lauren Breithaupt, Paraskevi Evelyna Kambanis, Kamryn T Eddy, Jennifer J Thomas, Helen Burton-Murray
Background: DSM-5 differentiates avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) from other eating disorders (EDs) by a lack of overvaluation of body weight/shape driving restrictive eating. However, clinical observations and research demonstrate ARFID and shape/weight motivations sometimes co-occur. To inform classification, we: (1) derived profiles underlying restriction motivation and examined their validity and (2) described diagnostic characterizations of individuals in each profile to explore whether findings support current diagnostic schemes. We expected, consistent with DSM-5, that profiles would comprise individuals endorsing solely ARFID or restraint (i.e. trying to eat less to control shape/weight) motivations.
Methods: We applied latent profile analysis to 202 treatment-seeking individuals (ages 10-79 years [M = 26, s.d. = 14], 76% female) with ARFID or a non-ARFID ED, using the Nine-Item ARFID Screen (Picky, Appetite, and Fear subscales) and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Restraint subscale as indicators.
Results: A 5-profile solution emerged: Restraint/ARFID-Mixed (n = 24; 8% [n = 2] with ARFID diagnosis); ARFID-2 (with Picky/Appetite; n = 56; 82% ARFID); ARFID-3 (with Picky/Appetite/Fear; n = 40; 68% ARFID); Restraint (n = 45; 11% ARFID); and Non-Endorsers (n = 37; 2% ARFID). Two profiles comprised individuals endorsing solely ARFID motivations (ARFID-2, ARFID-3) and one comprising solely restraint motivations (Restraint), consistent with DSM-5. However, Restraint/ARFID-Mixed (92% non-ARFID ED diagnoses, comprising 18% of those with non-ARFID ED diagnoses in the full sample) endorsed ARFID and restraint motivations.
Conclusions: The heterogeneous profiles identified suggest ARFID and restraint motivations for dietary restriction may overlap somewhat and that individuals with non-ARFID EDs can also endorse high ARFID symptoms. Future research should clarify diagnostic boundaries between ARFID and non-ARFID EDs.
{"title":"Latent profile analysis reveals overlapping ARFID and shape/weight motivations for restriction in eating disorders.","authors":"Sophie R Abber, Kendra R Becker, Casey M Stern, Lilian P Palmer, Thomas E Joiner, Lauren Breithaupt, Paraskevi Evelyna Kambanis, Kamryn T Eddy, Jennifer J Thomas, Helen Burton-Murray","doi":"10.1017/S003329172400103X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172400103X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>DSM-5</i> differentiates avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) from other eating disorders (EDs) by a lack of overvaluation of body weight/shape driving restrictive eating. However, clinical observations and research demonstrate ARFID and shape/weight motivations sometimes co-occur. To inform classification, we: (1) derived profiles underlying restriction motivation and examined their validity and (2) described diagnostic characterizations of individuals in each profile to explore whether findings support current diagnostic schemes. We expected, consistent with <i>DSM-5</i>, that profiles would comprise individuals endorsing solely ARFID or restraint (i.e. trying to eat less to control shape/weight) motivations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We applied latent profile analysis to 202 treatment-seeking individuals (ages 10-79 years [<i>M</i> = 26, s.d. = 14], 76% female) with ARFID or a non-ARFID ED, using the Nine-Item ARFID Screen (Picky, Appetite, and Fear subscales) and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Restraint subscale as indicators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 5-profile solution emerged: Restraint/ARFID-Mixed (<i>n</i> = 24; 8% [<i>n</i> = 2] with ARFID diagnosis); ARFID-2 (with Picky/Appetite; <i>n</i> = 56; 82% ARFID); ARFID-3 (with Picky/Appetite/Fear; <i>n</i> = 40; 68% ARFID); Restraint (<i>n</i> = 45; 11% ARFID); and Non-Endorsers (<i>n</i> = 37; 2% ARFID). Two profiles comprised individuals endorsing solely ARFID motivations (ARFID-2, ARFID-3) and one comprising solely restraint motivations (Restraint), consistent with <i>DSM-5</i>. However, Restraint/ARFID-Mixed (92% non-ARFID ED diagnoses, comprising 18% of those with non-ARFID ED diagnoses in the full sample) endorsed ARFID <i>and</i> restraint motivations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The heterogeneous profiles identified suggest ARFID and restraint motivations for dietary restriction may overlap somewhat and that individuals with non-ARFID EDs can also endorse high ARFID symptoms. Future research should clarify diagnostic boundaries between ARFID and non-ARFID EDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001053
Theresa Wimberley, Isabell Brikell, Aske Astrup, Janne T Larsen, Liselotte V Petersen, Clara Albiñana, Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson, Cynthia M Bulik, Zheng Chang, Giuseppe Fanelli, Janita Bralten, Nina R Mota, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Fernando Fernandez-Aranda, Monica Bulló, Barbara Franke, Anders Børglum, Preben B Mortensen, Henriette T Horsdal, Søren Dalsgaard
Background: Psychiatric disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are heritable, polygenic, and often comorbid conditions, yet knowledge about their potential shared familial risk is lacking. We used family designs and T2DM polygenic risk score (T2DM-PRS) to investigate the genetic associations between psychiatric disorders and T2DM.
Methods: We linked 659 906 individuals born in Denmark 1990-2000 to their parents, grandparents, and aunts/uncles using population-based registers. We compared rates of T2DM in relatives of children with and without a diagnosis of any or one of 11 specific psychiatric disorders, including neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, using Cox regression. In a genotyped sample (iPSYCH2015) of individuals born 1981-2008 (n = 134 403), we used logistic regression to estimate associations between a T2DM-PRS and these psychiatric disorders.
Results: Among 5 235 300 relative pairs, relatives of individuals with a psychiatric disorder had an increased risk for T2DM with stronger associations for closer relatives (parents:hazard ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.35-1.42; grandparents: 1.14, 1.13-1.15; and aunts/uncles: 1.19, 1.16-1.22). In the genetic sample, one standard deviation increase in T2DM-PRS was associated with an increased risk for any psychiatric disorder (odds ratio = 1.11, 1.08-1.14). Both familial T2DM and T2DM-PRS were significantly associated with seven of 11 psychiatric disorders, most strongly with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, and inversely with anorexia nervosa.
Conclusions: Our findings of familial co-aggregation and higher T2DM polygenic liability associated with psychiatric disorders point toward shared familial risk. This suggests that part of the comorbidity is explained by shared familial risks. The underlying mechanisms still remain largely unknown and the contributions of genetics and environment need further investigation.
{"title":"Shared familial risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychiatric disorders: a nationwide multigenerational genetics study.","authors":"Theresa Wimberley, Isabell Brikell, Aske Astrup, Janne T Larsen, Liselotte V Petersen, Clara Albiñana, Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson, Cynthia M Bulik, Zheng Chang, Giuseppe Fanelli, Janita Bralten, Nina R Mota, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Fernando Fernandez-Aranda, Monica Bulló, Barbara Franke, Anders Børglum, Preben B Mortensen, Henriette T Horsdal, Søren Dalsgaard","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychiatric disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are heritable, polygenic, and often comorbid conditions, yet knowledge about their potential shared familial risk is lacking. We used family designs and T2DM polygenic risk score (T2DM-PRS) to investigate the genetic associations between psychiatric disorders and T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We linked 659 906 individuals born in Denmark 1990-2000 to their parents, grandparents, and aunts/uncles using population-based registers. We compared rates of T2DM in relatives of children with and without a diagnosis of any or one of 11 specific psychiatric disorders, including neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, using Cox regression. In a genotyped sample (iPSYCH2015) of individuals born 1981-2008 (<i>n</i> = 134 403), we used logistic regression to estimate associations between a T2DM-PRS and these psychiatric disorders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 5 235 300 relative pairs, relatives of individuals with a psychiatric disorder had an increased risk for T2DM with stronger associations for closer relatives (parents:hazard ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.35-1.42; grandparents: 1.14, 1.13-1.15; and aunts/uncles: 1.19, 1.16-1.22). In the genetic sample, one standard deviation increase in T2DM-PRS was associated with an increased risk for any psychiatric disorder (odds ratio = 1.11, 1.08-1.14). Both familial T2DM and T2DM-PRS were significantly associated with seven of 11 psychiatric disorders, most strongly with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, and inversely with anorexia nervosa.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings of familial co-aggregation and higher T2DM polygenic liability associated with psychiatric disorders point toward shared familial risk. This suggests that part of the comorbidity is explained by shared familial risks. The underlying mechanisms still remain largely unknown and the contributions of genetics and environment need further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001193
Florian Thomas-Odenthal, Frederike Stein, Christoph Vogelbacher, Nina Alexander, Andreas Bechdolf, Felix Bermpohl, Kyra Bröckel, Katharina Brosch, Christoph U Correll, Ulrika Evermann, Irina Falkenberg, Andreas Fallgatter, Kira Flinkenflügel, Dominik Grotegerd, Tim Hahn, Martin Hautzinger, Andreas Jansen, Georg Juckel, Axel Krug, Martin Lambert, Gregor Leicht, Karolina Leopold, Susanne Meinert, Pavol Mikolas, Christoph Mulert, Igor Nenadić, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Andreas Reif, Kai Ringwald, Philipp Ritter, Thomas Stamm, Benjamin Straube, Lea Teutenberg, Katharina Thiel, Paula Usemann, Alexandra Winter, Adrian Wroblewski, Udo Dannlowski, Michael Bauer, Andrea Pfennig, Tilo Kircher
Background: Individuals at risk for bipolar disorder (BD) have a wide range of genetic and non-genetic risk factors, like a positive family history of BD or (sub)threshold affective symptoms. Yet, it is unclear whether these individuals at risk and those diagnosed with BD share similar gray matter brain alterations.
Methods: In 410 male and female participants aged 17-35 years, we compared gray matter volume (3T MRI) between individuals at risk for BD (as assessed using the EPIbipolar scale; n = 208), patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of BD (n = 87), and healthy controls (n = 115) using voxel-based morphometry in SPM12/CAT12. We applied conjunction analyses to identify similarities in gray matter volume alterations in individuals at risk and BD patients, relative to healthy controls. We also performed exploratory whole-brain analyses to identify differences in gray matter volume among groups. ComBat was used to harmonize imaging data from seven sites.
Results: Both individuals at risk and BD patients showed larger volumes in the right putamen than healthy controls. Furthermore, individuals at risk had smaller volumes in the right inferior occipital gyrus, and BD patients had larger volumes in the left precuneus, compared to healthy controls. These findings were independent of course of illness (number of lifetime manic and depressive episodes, number of hospitalizations), comorbid diagnoses (major depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder), familial risk, current disease severity (global functioning, remission status), and current medication intake.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that alterations in the right putamen might constitute a vulnerability marker for BD.
{"title":"Larger putamen in individuals at risk and with manifest bipolar disorder.","authors":"Florian Thomas-Odenthal, Frederike Stein, Christoph Vogelbacher, Nina Alexander, Andreas Bechdolf, Felix Bermpohl, Kyra Bröckel, Katharina Brosch, Christoph U Correll, Ulrika Evermann, Irina Falkenberg, Andreas Fallgatter, Kira Flinkenflügel, Dominik Grotegerd, Tim Hahn, Martin Hautzinger, Andreas Jansen, Georg Juckel, Axel Krug, Martin Lambert, Gregor Leicht, Karolina Leopold, Susanne Meinert, Pavol Mikolas, Christoph Mulert, Igor Nenadić, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Andreas Reif, Kai Ringwald, Philipp Ritter, Thomas Stamm, Benjamin Straube, Lea Teutenberg, Katharina Thiel, Paula Usemann, Alexandra Winter, Adrian Wroblewski, Udo Dannlowski, Michael Bauer, Andrea Pfennig, Tilo Kircher","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals at risk for bipolar disorder (BD) have a wide range of genetic and non-genetic risk factors, like a positive family history of BD or (sub)threshold affective symptoms. Yet, it is unclear whether these individuals at risk and those diagnosed with BD share similar gray matter brain alterations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 410 male and female participants aged 17-35 years, we compared gray matter volume (3T MRI) between individuals at risk for BD (as assessed using the EPI<i>bipolar</i> scale; <i>n</i> = 208), patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of BD (<i>n</i> = 87), and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 115) using voxel-based morphometry in SPM12/CAT12. We applied conjunction analyses to identify similarities in gray matter volume alterations in individuals at risk and BD patients, relative to healthy controls. We also performed exploratory whole-brain analyses to identify differences in gray matter volume among groups. ComBat was used to harmonize imaging data from seven sites.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both individuals at risk and BD patients showed larger volumes in the right putamen than healthy controls. Furthermore, individuals at risk had smaller volumes in the right inferior occipital gyrus, and BD patients had larger volumes in the left precuneus, compared to healthy controls. These findings were independent of course of illness (number of lifetime manic and depressive episodes, number of hospitalizations), comorbid diagnoses (major depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder), familial risk, current disease severity (global functioning, remission status), and current medication intake.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that alterations in the right putamen might constitute a vulnerability marker for BD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001107
Jiaxuan Liu, Andrea L Roberts, Rebecca B Lawn, Shaili C Jha, Laura Sampson, Jennifer A Sumner, Jae H Kang, Eric B Rimm, Francine Grodstein, Liming Liang, Sebastien Haneuse, Laura D Kubzansky, Karestan C Koenen, Lori B Chibnik
{"title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom remission and cognition in a large cohort of civilian women - CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"Jiaxuan Liu, Andrea L Roberts, Rebecca B Lawn, Shaili C Jha, Laura Sampson, Jennifer A Sumner, Jae H Kang, Eric B Rimm, Francine Grodstein, Liming Liang, Sebastien Haneuse, Laura D Kubzansky, Karestan C Koenen, Lori B Chibnik","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001119
R Maitra, I L J Lemmers-Jansen, M Vooren, Lucy Vanes, Timea Szentgyorgyi, Charlotte Crisp, Elias Mouchlianitis, S S Shergill
Background: Cognitive control (CC) involves a top-down mechanism to flexibly respond to complex stimuli and is impaired in schizophrenia.
Methods: This study investigated the impact of increasing complexity of CC processing in 140 subjects with psychosis and 39 healthy adults, with assessments of behavioral performance, neural regions of interest and symptom severity.
Results: The lowest level of CC (Stroop task) was impaired in all patients; the intermediate level of CC (Faces task) with explicit emotional information was most impaired in patients with first episode psychosis. Patients showed activation of distinct neural CC and reward networks, but iterative learning based on the higher-order of CC during the trust game, was most impaired in chronic schizophrenia. Subjects with first episode psychosis, and patients with lower symptom load, demonstrate flexibility of the CC network to facilitate learning, which appeared compromised in the more chronic stages of schizophrenia.
Conclusion: These data suggest optimal windows for opportunities to introduce therapeutic interventions to improve CC.
{"title":"Understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive control in psychosis.","authors":"R Maitra, I L J Lemmers-Jansen, M Vooren, Lucy Vanes, Timea Szentgyorgyi, Charlotte Crisp, Elias Mouchlianitis, S S Shergill","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive control (CC) involves a top-down mechanism to flexibly respond to complex stimuli and is impaired in schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigated the impact of increasing complexity of CC processing in 140 subjects with psychosis and 39 healthy adults, with assessments of behavioral performance, neural regions of interest and symptom severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lowest level of CC (Stroop task) was impaired in all patients; the intermediate level of CC (Faces task) with explicit emotional information was most impaired in patients with first episode psychosis. Patients showed activation of distinct neural CC and reward networks, but iterative learning based on the higher-order of CC during the trust game, was most impaired in chronic schizophrenia. Subjects with first episode psychosis, and patients with lower symptom load, demonstrate flexibility of the CC network to facilitate learning, which appeared compromised in the more chronic stages of schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data suggest optimal windows for opportunities to introduce therapeutic interventions to improve CC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by deficient reward functions in the brain. However, existing findings on functional alterations during reward anticipation, reward processing, and learning among MDD patients are inconsistent, and it was unclear whether a common reward system implicated in multiple reward functions is altered in MDD. Here we meta-analyzed 18 past studies that compared brain reward functions between adult MDD patients (N = 477, mean age = 26.50 years, female = 59.40%) and healthy controls (N = 506, mean age = 28.11 years, females = 55.58%), and particularly examined group differences across multiple reward functions. Jack-knife sensitivity and subgroup meta-analyses were conducted to test robustness of findings across patient comorbidity, task paradigm, and reward nature. Meta-regression analyses assessed the moderating effect of patient symptom severity and anhedonia scores. We found during reward anticipation, MDD patients showed lower activities in the lateral prefrontal-thalamus circuitry. During reward processing, patients displayed reduced activities in the right striatum and prefrontal cortex, but increased activities in the left temporal cortex. During reward learning, patients showed reduced activity in the lateral prefrontal-thalamic-striatal circuitry and the right parahippocampal-occipital circuitry but higher activities in bilateral cerebellum and the left visual cortex. MDD patients showed decreased activity in the right thalamus during both reward anticipation and learning, and in the right caudate during both reward processing and learning. Larger functional changes in MDD were observed among patients with more severe symptoms and higher anhedonia levels. The thalamic-striatal circuitry functional alterations could be the key neural mechanism underlying MDD patients overarching reward function deficiencies.
{"title":"Common neural deficits across reward functions in major depression: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies.","authors":"Xuanhao Zhao, Shiyun Wu, Xian Li, Zhongwan Liu, Weicong Lu, Kangguang Lin, Robin Shao","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by deficient reward functions in the brain. However, existing findings on functional alterations during reward anticipation, reward processing, and learning among MDD patients are inconsistent, and it was unclear whether a common reward system implicated in multiple reward functions is altered in MDD. Here we meta-analyzed 18 past studies that compared brain reward functions between adult MDD patients (<i>N</i> = 477, mean age = 26.50 years, female = 59.40%) and healthy controls (<i>N</i> = 506, mean age = 28.11 years, females = 55.58%), and particularly examined group differences across multiple reward functions. Jack-knife sensitivity and subgroup meta-analyses were conducted to test robustness of findings across patient comorbidity, task paradigm, and reward nature. Meta-regression analyses assessed the moderating effect of patient symptom severity and anhedonia scores. We found during reward anticipation, MDD patients showed lower activities in the lateral prefrontal-thalamus circuitry. During reward processing, patients displayed reduced activities in the right striatum and prefrontal cortex, but increased activities in the left temporal cortex. During reward learning, patients showed reduced activity in the lateral prefrontal-thalamic-striatal circuitry and the right parahippocampal-occipital circuitry but higher activities in bilateral cerebellum and the left visual cortex. MDD patients showed decreased activity in the right thalamus during both reward anticipation and learning, and in the right caudate during both reward processing and learning. Larger functional changes in MDD were observed among patients with more severe symptoms and higher anhedonia levels. The thalamic-striatal circuitry functional alterations could be the key neural mechanism underlying MDD patients overarching reward function deficiencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1017/S003329172400117X
Kelly K Anderson, Jahin Ali Khan, Jordan Edwards, Britney Le, Giuseppe Longobardi, Ivan Witt, María Francisca Alonso-Sánchez, Lena Palaniyappan
Background: Migration is a well-established risk factor for psychotic disorders, and migrant language has been proposed as a novel factor that may improve our understanding of this relationship. Our objective was to explore the association between indicators of linguistic distance and the risk of psychotic disorders among first-generation migrant groups.
Methods: Using linked health administrative data, we constructed a retrospective cohort of first-generation migrants to Ontario over a 20-year period (1992-2011). Linguistic distance of the first language was categorized using several approaches, including language family classifications, estimated acquisition time, syntax-based distance scores, and lexical-based distance scores. Incident cases of non-affective psychotic disorder were identified over a 5- to 25-year period. We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each language variable, after adjustment for knowledge of English at arrival and other factors.
Results: Our cohort included 1 863 803 first-generation migrants. Migrants whose first language was in a different language family than English had higher rates of psychotic disorders (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16), relative to those whose first language was English. Similarly, migrants in the highest quintile of linguistic distance based on lexical similarity had an elevated risk of psychotic disorder (IRR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24). Adjustment for knowledge of English at arrival had minimal effect on observed estimates.
Conclusion: We found some evidence that linguistic factors that impair comprehension may play a role in the excess risk of psychosis among migrant groups; however, the magnitude of effect is small and unlikely to fully explain the elevated rates of psychotic disorder across migrant groups.
背景:移民是导致精神障碍的一个公认的风险因素,而移民语言则被认为是一个新的因素,可以增进我们对这一关系的了解。我们的目的是探讨第一代移民群体中语言距离指标与精神病性障碍风险之间的关系:我们利用关联的健康管理数据,建立了一个安大略省第一代移民的回顾性队列,时间跨度长达 20 年(1992-2011 年)。我们采用多种方法对第一语言的语言距离进行分类,包括语系分类、估计习得时间、基于句法的语言距离评分和基于词法的语言距离评分。在 5 至 25 年的时间里,我们发现了非情感性精神障碍的发病病例。在对抵达时的英语知识和其他因素进行调整后,我们使用泊松回归法估算了每种语言变量的发病率比(IRR):我们的队列包括 1 863 803 名第一代移民。与母语为英语的移民相比,母语语系不同于英语的移民患精神病的比例更高(IRR = 1.08,95% CI 1.01-1.16)。同样,根据词法相似性计算的语言距离最高的五分之一移民患精神病性障碍的风险也较高(IRR = 1.15,95% CI 1.06-1.24)。调整抵达时的英语知识对观察到的估计值影响甚微:我们发现了一些证据,表明影响理解能力的语言因素可能是导致移民群体罹患精神病风险过高的原因之一;但是,这种影响的程度很小,而且不太可能完全解释移民群体精神病发病率升高的原因。
{"title":"Lost in translation? Deciphering the role of language differences in the excess risk of psychosis among migrant groups.","authors":"Kelly K Anderson, Jahin Ali Khan, Jordan Edwards, Britney Le, Giuseppe Longobardi, Ivan Witt, María Francisca Alonso-Sánchez, Lena Palaniyappan","doi":"10.1017/S003329172400117X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172400117X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Migration is a well-established risk factor for psychotic disorders, and migrant language has been proposed as a novel factor that may improve our understanding of this relationship. Our objective was to explore the association between indicators of linguistic distance and the risk of psychotic disorders among first-generation migrant groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using linked health administrative data, we constructed a retrospective cohort of first-generation migrants to Ontario over a 20-year period (1992-2011). Linguistic distance of the first language was categorized using several approaches, including language family classifications, estimated acquisition time, syntax-based distance scores, and lexical-based distance scores. Incident cases of non-affective psychotic disorder were identified over a 5- to 25-year period. We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each language variable, after adjustment for knowledge of English at arrival and other factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our cohort included 1 863 803 first-generation migrants. Migrants whose first language was in a different language family than English had higher rates of psychotic disorders (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16), relative to those whose first language was English. Similarly, migrants in the highest quintile of linguistic distance based on lexical similarity had an elevated risk of psychotic disorder (IRR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24). Adjustment for knowledge of English at arrival had minimal effect on observed estimates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found some evidence that linguistic factors that impair comprehension may play a role in the excess risk of psychosis among migrant groups; however, the magnitude of effect is small and unlikely to fully explain the elevated rates of psychotic disorder across migrant groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724000862
N Leenaerts, P Soyster, J Ceccarini, S Sunaert, A Fisher, E Vrieze
Background: Machine learning could predict binge behavior and help develop treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, this study evaluates person-specific and pooled prediction models for binge eating (BE), alcohol use, and binge drinking (BD) in daily life, and identifies the most important predictors.
Methods: A total of 120 patients (BN: 50; AUD: 51; BN/AUD: 19) participated in an experience sampling study, where over a period of 12 months they reported on their eating and drinking behaviors as well as on several other emotional, behavioral, and contextual factors in daily life. The study had a burst-measurement design, where assessments occurred eight times a day on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays in seven bursts of three weeks. Afterwards, person-specific and pooled models were fit with elastic net regularized regression and evaluated with cross-validation. From these models, the variables with the 10% highest estimates were identified.
Results: The person-specific models had a median AUC of 0.61, 0.80, and 0.85 for BE, alcohol use, and BD respectively, while the pooled models had a median AUC of 0.70, 0.90, and 0.93. The most important predictors across the behaviors were craving and time of day. However, predictors concerning social context and affect differed among BE, alcohol use, and BD.
Conclusions: Pooled models outperformed person-specific models and the models for alcohol use and BD outperformed those for BE. Future studies should explore how the performance of these models can be improved and how they can be used to deliver interventions in daily life.
{"title":"Person-specific and pooled prediction models for binge eating, alcohol use and binge drinking in bulimia nervosa and alcohol use disorder.","authors":"N Leenaerts, P Soyster, J Ceccarini, S Sunaert, A Fisher, E Vrieze","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724000862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724000862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Machine learning could predict binge behavior and help develop treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, this study evaluates person-specific and pooled prediction models for binge eating (BE), alcohol use, and binge drinking (BD) in daily life, and identifies the most important predictors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 120 patients (BN: 50; AUD: 51; BN/AUD: 19) participated in an experience sampling study, where over a period of 12 months they reported on their eating and drinking behaviors as well as on several other emotional, behavioral, and contextual factors in daily life. The study had a burst-measurement design, where assessments occurred eight times a day on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays in seven bursts of three weeks. Afterwards, person-specific and pooled models were fit with elastic net regularized regression and evaluated with cross-validation. From these models, the variables with the 10% highest estimates were identified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The person-specific models had a median AUC of 0.61, 0.80, and 0.85 for BE, alcohol use, and BD respectively, while the pooled models had a median AUC of 0.70, 0.90, and 0.93. The most important predictors across the behaviors were craving and time of day. However, predictors concerning social context and affect differed among BE, alcohol use, and BD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pooled models outperformed person-specific models and the models for alcohol use and BD outperformed those for BE. Future studies should explore how the performance of these models can be improved and how they can be used to deliver interventions in daily life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1017/S0033291724001120
Cope Feurer, Jagan Jimmy, Melissa Uribe, Stewart A Shankman, Scott A Langenecker, Michelle G Craske, Olusola Ajilore, K Luan Phan, Heide Klumpp
Background: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) or major depressive disorder (MDD), yet there is variability in clinical improvement. Though prior research suggests pre-treatment engagement of brain regions supporting cognitive reappraisal (e.g. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC]) foretells CBT response in SAD, it remains unknown if this extends to MDD or is specific to CBT. The current study examined associations between pre-treatment neural activity during reappraisal and clinical improvement in patients with SAD or MDD following a trial of CBT or supportive therapy (ST), a common-factors comparator arm.
Methods: Participants were 75 treatment-seeking patients with SAD (n = 34) or MDD (n = 41) randomized to CBT (n = 40) or ST (n = 35). Before randomization, patients completed a cognitive reappraisal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, patients completed clinician-administered symptom measures and a self-report cognitive reappraisal measure before treatment and every 2 weeks throughout treatment.
Results: Results indicated that pre-treatment neural activity during reappraisal differentially predicted CBT and ST response. Specifically, greater trajectories of symptom improvement throughout treatment were associated with less ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activity for CBT patients, but more vlPFC activity for ST patients. Also, less baseline dlPFC activity corresponded with greater trajectories of self-reported reappraisal improvement, regardless of treatment arm.
Conclusions: If replicated, findings suggest individual differences in brain response during reappraisal may be transdiagnostically associated with treatment-dependent improvement in symptom severity, but improvement in subjective reappraisal following psychotherapy, more broadly.
背景:认知行为疗法(CBT)是治疗社交焦虑症(SAD)或重度抑郁障碍(MDD)患者的有效方法,但临床改善效果却不尽相同。尽管先前的研究表明,治疗前支持认知再评价的脑区(如背外侧前额叶皮层 [dlPFC])的参与预示着 SAD 患者对 CBT 的反应,但这种参与是否会延伸到 MDD 或特定于 CBT 仍是未知数。本研究考察了SAD或MDD患者在接受CBT或支持疗法(ST)试验后,在重新评估期间的治疗前神经活动与临床改善之间的关联:参与者为 75 名寻求治疗的 SAD(34 人)或 MDD(41 人)患者,他们被随机分配到 CBT(40 人)或 ST(35 人)治疗组。在随机化之前,患者在功能磁共振成像中完成了一项认知再评价任务。此外,患者在治疗前和整个治疗期间每两周完成一次临床医生管理的症状测量和自我报告的认知再评价测量:结果:结果表明,治疗前再评价过程中的神经活动对 CBT 和 ST 反应有不同的预测作用。具体来说,CBT 患者在整个治疗过程中症状改善的轨迹与较少的腹外侧前额叶皮层(vlPFC)活动有关,而 ST 患者则与较多的 vlPFC 活动有关。此外,无论采用哪种治疗方法,较少的基线前额叶皮层活动都与较大的自我评估改善轨迹相对应:如果研究结果得到证实,那么研究结果表明,重评过程中大脑反应的个体差异可能与症状严重程度的治疗依赖性改善以及心理治疗后主观重评的改善有关。
{"title":"Brain activity during reappraisal and associations with psychotherapy response in social anxiety and major depression: a randomized trial.","authors":"Cope Feurer, Jagan Jimmy, Melissa Uribe, Stewart A Shankman, Scott A Langenecker, Michelle G Craske, Olusola Ajilore, K Luan Phan, Heide Klumpp","doi":"10.1017/S0033291724001120","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0033291724001120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) or major depressive disorder (MDD), yet there is variability in clinical improvement. Though prior research suggests pre-treatment engagement of brain regions supporting cognitive reappraisal (e.g. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC]) foretells CBT response in SAD, it remains unknown if this extends to MDD or is specific to CBT. The current study examined associations between pre-treatment neural activity during reappraisal and clinical improvement in patients with SAD or MDD following a trial of CBT or supportive therapy (ST), a common-factors comparator arm.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 75 treatment-seeking patients with SAD (<i>n</i> = 34) or MDD (<i>n</i> = 41) randomized to CBT (<i>n</i> = 40) or ST (<i>n</i> = 35). Before randomization, patients completed a cognitive reappraisal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, patients completed clinician-administered symptom measures and a self-report cognitive reappraisal measure before treatment and every 2 weeks throughout treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that pre-treatment neural activity during reappraisal differentially predicted CBT and ST response. Specifically, greater trajectories of symptom improvement throughout treatment were associated with less ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activity for CBT patients, but more vlPFC activity for ST patients. Also, less baseline dlPFC activity corresponded with greater trajectories of self-reported reappraisal improvement, regardless of treatment arm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>If replicated, findings suggest individual differences in brain response during reappraisal may be transdiagnostically associated with treatment-dependent improvement in symptom severity, but improvement in subjective reappraisal following psychotherapy, more broadly.</p>","PeriodicalId":20891,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}