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A systematic research review of collaborative assessment methods. 合作评估方法的系统研究综述。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000477
Filippo Aschieri, Arnold A P van Emmerik, Carlijn J M Wibbelink, Jan H Kamphuis

Collaborative assessment methods (CAMs) involve working with clients during all phases of the assessment process, from goal definition to interpretation of the testing results to the recommendations and conclusions. In this article, we define CAMs, provide clinical examples, and then meta-analyze the published literature to assess their effectiveness on distal treatment outcomes. Our meta-analytic results indicate that CAMs have positive effects on three outcome domains: a moderate effect on treatment processes, a small-to-moderate effect on personal growth, and a small effect on symptom reduction. There is little research evidence on the immediate, in-session effects of CAMs. We include diversity considerations, training implications. and therapeutic practices grounded in this research evidence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

协作评估方法(CAM)涉及在评估过程的所有阶段与客户合作,从目标定义到测试结果的解释,再到建议和结论。在本文中,我们对协作评估法进行了定义,提供了临床实例,然后对已发表的文献进行了元分析,以评估其对远端治疗结果的有效性。我们的元分析结果表明,心理治疗方法对三个结果领域有积极影响:对治疗过程有中等程度的影响,对个人成长有小到中等程度的影响,对症状减轻有小幅影响。关于 CAMs 在治疗过程中的即时效果的研究证据很少。我们在研究证据中加入了多样性考虑因素、培训影响和治疗实践。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 1
Retraction of Cuttler et al. (2019). 撤回 Cuttler 等人(2019 年)的文章。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000494

Reports the retraction of "Productive silence is golden: Predicting changes in client collaboration from process during silence and client attachment style in psychodynamic psychotherapy" by Ethan Cuttler, Clara E. Hill, Shakeena King and Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr. (Psychotherapy, 2019[Dec], Vol 56[4], 568-576) https://doi .org/10.1037/pst0000260. This retraction is at the request of coauthors Hill and Kivlighan after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from between one and four therapy clients of the Maryland Psychotherapy Clinic and Research Laboratory (MPCRL) who either had not been asked to provide consent or had withdrawn consent for their data to be included in the research. Coauthors Cuttler and King were not responsible for obtaining and verifying participant consent but agreed to the retraction of this article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2019-75736-005.) We investigated the process and outcome of the first silence event for each of 86 clients and 26 doctoral student therapists in individual psychodynamic psychotherapy. Antecedent client collaboration and client attachments styles did not predict type of client or therapist behavior during silence events. Client collaboration increased from before to after silence events if therapists were productive (mostly invitational) and if clients were productive (mostly emotional and expressive) during silence events. Furthermore, subsequent client collaboration was higher when productive therapist silence occurred with clients who were lower rather than higher in attachment anxiety. In contrast, subsequent client collaboration was higher when productive client silence occurred with clients who were higher rather than lower in attachment anxiety. These results suggest that type of silence and client attachment styles are important factors in the immediate outcomes of silence events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

报告撤回伊桑-卡特勒(Ethan Cuttler)、克拉拉-希尔(Clara E. Hill)、莎凯娜-金(Shakeena King)和丹尼斯-M-基夫利根(Dennis M. Kivlighan J:Ethan Cuttler、Clara E. Hill、Shakeena King和Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr.的 "Predicting changes in client collaboration from process during silence and client attachment style in psychodynamic psychotherapy"(《心理治疗》,2019[12],第56[4]卷,568-576页)https://doi .org/10.1037/pst0000260.马里兰大学机构审查委员会(IRB)得出调查结果后,应共同作者希尔和基夫利根的要求撤回了该研究。机构审查委员会发现,该研究包含了马里兰心理治疗诊所和研究实验室(MPCRL)的一至四名治疗客户的数据,而这些客户要么没有被要求提供同意书,要么撤回了将其数据纳入研究的同意书。共同作者卡特勒(Cuttler)和金(King)不负责获取和核实参与者的同意,但同意撤回这篇文章。(以下为原文摘要,载于 2019-75736-005 号记录)。我们调查了86名求助者和26名博士生治疗师在个体心理动力学心理治疗中第一次沉默事件的过程和结果。客户合作和客户依恋风格并不能预测客户或治疗师在沉默事件中的行为类型。如果治疗师在静默事件中富有成效(主要是邀请),如果求助者在静默事件中富有成效(主要是情感和表达),那么从静默事件之前到之后,求助者之间的合作就会增加。此外,当治疗师对依恋焦虑程度较低而非较高的客户进行有成效的沉默时,客户的后续合作会更高。与此相反,当治疗师对依恋焦虑程度较高而非较低的求助者进行有成效的沉默时,求助者随后的合作程度更高。这些结果表明,沉默的类型和客户的依恋风格是影响沉默事件直接结果的重要因素。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The use of questions in psychotherapy: A review of research on immediate outcomes. 在心理治疗中使用问题:即时结果研究综述。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000471
Elizabeth Nutt Williams

This article defines and illustrates therapist questions in individual psychotherapy and then reviews the naturalistic, empirical research on their effectiveness. The research on immediate impacts of questions in psychotherapy has been mixed. The available research indicates that positive impacts, particularly of open questions, include increased client emotional expressiveness and affective exploration. However, negative impacts have also been found, suggesting that questions may be related to negative client perspectives of the therapist's empathy and helpfulness and session smoothness. The article focuses on definitions and clinical examples as well as research findings and limitations. The article concludes with training implications and therapeutic practice recommendations based on the empirical research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

本文对个体心理治疗中的治疗师提问进行了定义和说明,然后回顾了有关其有效性的自然实证研究。关于心理治疗中提问的直接影响的研究结果不一。现有的研究表明,积极的影响,尤其是开放式提问的积极影响,包括提高客户的情感表达能力和情感探索能力。然而,也有研究发现了负面影响,这表明提问可能与客户对治疗师的共情和帮助以及治疗过程的顺利程度的负面看法有关。文章重点讨论了定义、临床实例、研究结果和局限性。文章最后根据实证研究提出了培训意义和治疗实践建议。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to Ryum et al. (2023). 对Ryum等人(2023)的更正。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000496

Reports an error in "Integrating between-session homework in psychotherapy: A systematic review of immediate in-session and intermediate outcomes" by Truls Ryum, Mia Bennion and Nikolaos Kazantzis (Psychotherapy, Advanced Online Publication, Apr 27, 2023, np). In the article (https://doi.org/10.1037/ pst0000488), the number of included studies in Figure 2 omitted two studies that were added to the literature synthesis. Therefore, the following has been added to the Reports excluded box in Figure 2: A further two studies were added to the research synthesis by author knowledge. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2023-66181-001.) This article reviews the evidence for between-session homework (BSH) in individual psychotherapy. Whereas previous reviews have demonstrated a positive association between-client compliance with BSH and distal treatment outcomes; here, we pay particular attention to therapist behaviors that may promote client engagement with BSH assessed as immediate (in-session) and intermediate (session-to-session) outcomes, and moderators of these effects. For our systematic review, we identified 25 studies with 1,304 clients and 118 therapists, mostly on cognitive behavioral therapy such as exposure-based treatments with depression and anxiety disorders. A box score approach was utilized to summarize findings. Results for immediate outcomes were mixed but neutral. Results for intermediate outcomes were positive. Presenting a convincing rationale, being flexible in collaboratively designing, planning, and reviewing homework tasks in accordance with the clients' goals, aligning BSH with the clients' takeaways from the session and providing a written summary of homework and rationale, are some therapist behaviors that can promote client engagement with BSH. We conclude with research limitations, training implications, and therapeutic practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Truls Ryum, Mia Bennion和Nikolaos Kazantzis在《心理治疗中整合治疗间作业:对治疗中即时和中期结果的系统回顾》(《心理治疗》,高级在线出版物,2023年4月27日)中报告了一个错误。在文章(https://doi.org/10.1037/ pst0000488)中,图2中纳入的研究数量省略了两项加入文献综合的研究。因此,在图2的报告排除框中增加了以下内容:根据作者的知识,在研究综合中又增加了两项研究。本文的所有版本都已更正。(以下是原文摘要,见记录2023-66181-001。)本文回顾了治疗间隙作业在个体心理治疗中的证据。鉴于先前的综述已经证明患者对BSH的依从性与远端治疗结果呈正相关;在这里,我们特别关注治疗师的行为,这些行为可能会促进客户参与BSH,评估为即时(治疗中)和中期(治疗间)结果,以及这些效果的调节因子。在我们的系统回顾中,我们确定了25项研究,涉及1304名客户和118名治疗师,主要是认知行为疗法,如抑郁症和焦虑症的暴露治疗。采用box score方法总结研究结果。直接结果的结果好坏参半,但中性。中期结果为阳性。提出一个令人信服的理由,灵活地根据来访者的目标设计、计划和审查家庭作业任务,使BSH与来访者从会议中得到的结论保持一致,并提供家庭作业和理由的书面总结,这些都是可以促进来访者参与BSH的治疗师行为。我们总结了研究的局限性、训练意义和治疗实践。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Working with dreams and nightmares: A review of the research evidence. 与梦和噩梦打交道:研究证据综述。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000484
Patricia T Spangler, Wonjin Sim

In this article, we describe methods for working with dreams and nightmares in individual psychotherapy, provide clinical examples, and review research evidence of immediate and distal outcomes of each method. An original meta-analysis of eight studies using the cognitive-experiential dream model with 514 clients showed moderate effect sizes for session depth and insight gains. In the nightmare treatment literature, a previous meta-analysis of 13 studies with 511 clients showed moderate to large effects in reducing nightmare frequency and small to moderate effects in decreasing sleep disturbance for imagery rehearsal therapy and exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy. Limitations of the current meta-analysis of cognitive-experiential dreamwork and of the reviewed research on nightmare methods are described. Training implications and therapeutic practice recommendations are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

在本文中,我们介绍了在个体心理治疗中处理梦境和噩梦的方法,提供了临床实例,并回顾了每种方法的直接和间接结果的研究证据。最初的一项荟萃分析对 8 项研究进行了分析,这些研究采用认知-体验梦模型,对 514 名求助者进行了治疗,结果显示,治疗深度和洞察力提高的效果适中。在梦魇治疗文献中,先前的一项荟萃分析对 511 名客户进行了 13 项研究,结果显示意象排练疗法和暴露、放松和重写疗法在减少梦魇频率方面有中等到较大的效果,在减少睡眠障碍方面有小幅到中等的效果。本文介绍了目前对认知-体验式梦工学进行的荟萃分析以及对梦魇方法进行的综述研究的局限性。还提供了培训意义和治疗实践建议。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis. 矛盾干预:荟萃分析。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000481
Paul R Peluso, Robert Freund

This article outlines the evidence base for the use of paradoxical interventions (PIs) in individual psychotherapy. Often misunderstood, PIs have shown long-term (distal) impacts on clinical outcomes, yet a review of the existing literature on these interventions illustrates a trending decline in consideration and use within both research and applied settings. Definitions of PIs and their constituent elements are presented along with clinical examples. We conducted one meta-analysis comparing PIs with a placebo or control and another comparing PIs to other therapeutic methods. PIs demonstrated a large effect (d = 1.1, k = 17 studies) compared to controls and a medium effect size (d = .49, k = 17 studies) compared to other therapeutic methods. We included a review of several case studies using PIs as well. Among the salient findings, there is a lack of assessment measure to track the implementation of PIs in session or a method to track their in-session effects. Further, there is a dearth of contemporary quantitative experimental research and development of PIs. We further advocate for the development and integration of PI training and supervision into clinical education and posteducation programs, given the current data demonstrating clinical utility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

本文概述了在个体心理治疗中使用矛盾干预(PIs)的证据基础。悖论性干预常常被误解,但它对临床结果产生了长期(远期)的影响,然而,对有关这些干预的现有文献的回顾表明,在研究和应用环境中,对悖论性干预的考虑和使用呈下降趋势。本文介绍了 PI 的定义及其构成要素,并列举了一些临床实例。我们进行了一项荟萃分析,将 PIs 与安慰剂或对照组进行了比较,还进行了另一项荟萃分析,将 PIs 与其他治疗方法进行了比较。与对照组相比,PIs 显现出较大效应(d = 1.1,k = 17 项研究),与其他治疗方法相比,PIs 显现出中等效应(d = 0.49,k = 17 项研究)。我们还对几项使用 PIs 的病例研究进行了回顾。在突出的研究结果中,我们发现缺乏一种评估措施来跟踪会话中引导式治疗的实施情况,也缺乏一种方法来跟踪会话中引导式治疗的效果。此外,当代定量实验研究和 PI 的开发也十分匮乏。鉴于目前的数据显示了临床效用,我们进一步主张开发 PI 培训和督导,并将其纳入临床教育和岗位教育计划。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Retraction of Morales et al. (2018). 撤回莫拉莱斯等人(2018)的文章。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000478

Reports the retraction of "Therapist effects due to client racial/ethnic status when examining linear growth for client- and therapist-rated working alliance and real relationship" by Katherine Morales, Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr., Clara E. Hill and Charles J. Gelso (Psychotherapy, 2018[Mar], Vol 55[1], 9-19) https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000135. This retraction is at the request of coauthors Kivlighan, Hill, and Gelso after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from between one and four therapy clients of the Maryland Psychotherapy Clinic and Research Laboratory (MPCRL) who either had not been asked to provide consent or had withdrawn consent for their data to be included in the research. Coauthors Morales and Keum were not responsible for obtaining and verifying participant consent but agreed to the retraction of this article (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2018-11631-003.) Using data from 3,263 sessions nested within 144 clients, nested within 19 therapists, we examined client- and therapist-rated working alliance (WA) and real relationship (RR) at Session 3 and growth in WA and RR across the course of open-ended psychodynamic psychotherapy for clients who identified as racial/ethnic minority (REM) or as White. To be included in the analyses, therapists had to work with at least 2 REM and 2 White clients. There were no significant therapist effects for the interaction between client- or therapist-rated WA and client REM status at Session 3, or for client- or therapist-rated RR and client REM status at Session 3. There were, however, significant therapist effects due to client REM status on the interaction between client-rated linear growth in WA and RR, showing that some therapists had stronger WA and RR growth with REM than that with White clients, whereas other therapists had stronger alliance growth with White than that with REM clients. There were significant therapist effects on therapist-rated linear growth in both WA and RR, which indicated that some therapists reported stronger WA and RR growth with all of their clients, whereas other therapists reported weaker WA and RR growth for all of their clients, although this differential WA and RR growth was not related to clients' REM status. Implications for practice and research are discussed in this paper. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

报道了Katherine Morales, Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr., Clara E. Hill and Charles J. Gelso撤回 "Therapist effects due to client racial/ethnic status when examining linear growth for client- and therapist-rated working alliance and real relationship"(《心理治疗》,2018年3月,第55卷[1],9-19页)https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000135。马里兰大学机构审查委员会(IRB)得出调查结果后,应共同作者Kivlighan、Hill和Gelso的要求撤回了这篇论文。机构审查委员会发现,该研究包含了马里兰心理治疗诊所和研究实验室(MPCRL)一至四名治疗客户的数据,而这些客户要么没有被要求提供同意书,要么撤回了将其数据纳入研究的同意书。共同作者莫拉莱斯和Keum并不负责获取和核实参与者的同意,但同意撤回这篇文章(以下为2018-11631-003号记录中的原文摘要)。利用嵌套于19名治疗师的144名客户的3263次治疗数据,我们研究了第3次治疗时客户和治疗师评定的工作联盟(WA)和真实关系(RR),以及在开放式心理动力学心理治疗过程中,自称为少数种族/族裔(REM)或白人的客户的WA和RR的增长情况。要纳入分析,治疗师必须与至少 2 名少数种族/民族(REM)和 2 名白人客户合作。在疗程 3 中,客户或治疗师评定的 WA 与客户的 REM 状态之间的交互作用,或客户或治疗师评定的 RR 与客户的 REM 状态之间的交互作用,都没有明显的治疗师效应。然而,治疗师对客户REM状态的影响对客户评定的WA和RR线性增长之间的交互作用有显著影响,这表明一些治疗师对REM客户的WA和RR增长强于对白人客户的增长,而其他治疗师对白人客户的联盟增长强于对REM客户的增长。治疗师对治疗师评定的WA和RR线性增长有明显的影响,这表明一些治疗师对其所有客户的WA和RR增长较强,而其他治疗师对其所有客户的WA和RR增长较弱,尽管这种WA和RR增长的差异与客户的REM状态无关。本文讨论了对实践和研究的启示。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Research review of psychotherapists' use of metaphors. 心理治疗师隐喻使用研究综述。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000473
Linda M McMullen, Dennis Tay

Therapists' use of metaphor in psychotherapy is ubiquitous. However, compared to theoretical and clinical claims about the potential effectiveness of using metaphor, research investigations pose challenges and remain relatively sparse. We provide examples of metaphors in sessions and then systematically review the empirical literature. This research suggests that collaborative coelaboration of metaphors with clients is related to positive in-session client outcomes, particularly cognitive engagement. Future research might benefit from a more in-depth focus on the process and impacts of using metaphors. We draw out implications from the research for clinical training and psychotherapy practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

治疗师在心理治疗中对隐喻的使用是普遍存在的。然而,与关于使用隐喻的潜在有效性的理论和临床主张相比,研究调查带来了挑战,而且相对较少。我们在会话中提供隐喻的例子,然后系统地回顾经验文献。这项研究表明,隐喻与客户的合作与会话中的积极客户结果有关,尤其是认知参与。未来的研究可能会受益于对隐喻使用过程和影响的更深入关注。我们从研究中得出对临床训练和心理治疗实践的启示。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 3
Cognitive restructuring and psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analytic review. 认知重组与心理治疗效果:荟萃分析综述。
IF 2.6 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000474
Iony D Ezawa, Steven D Hollon

Cognitive restructuring (CR) is one method that is hypothesized to play a role in the process of change across many psychotherapies and for a variety of clinical presentations. In this article, we define and illustrate CR. We then present a meta-analysis of four studies (including a total of 353 clients) examining the effect of CR measured within session on psychotherapy outcomes. The overall CR-outcome association was r = .35 (95% CI [.24, .44]; equivalent of d = 0.85). While more research on CR and immediate psychotherapy outcomes is needed, there is accumulating encouraging evidence regarding the therapeutic effect of CR. We conclude by advancing implications for clinical training and therapeutic practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

认知重组(CR)是一种方法,据推测它在许多心理疗法和各种临床表现的改变过程中都能发挥作用。在本文中,我们将对 CR 进行定义和说明。然后,我们对四项研究(共包括 353 名客户)进行了荟萃分析,研究了在疗程内测量 CR 对心理治疗结果的影响。总体 CR 与治疗结果的相关性为 r = .35 (95% CI [.24, .44]; equivalent of d = 0.85)。虽然还需要对 CR 和直接心理治疗结果进行更多的研究,但有关 CR 治疗效果的令人鼓舞的证据正在不断积累。最后,我们提出了对临床培训和治疗实践的启示。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review of the association between interpretations and immediate, intermediate, and distal outcomes. 对解释与即时、中期和远端结果之间关系的系统综述。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000479
Sigal Zilcha-Mano, Hadar Fisher, Tohar Dolev-Amit, John R Keefe, Jacques P Barber

Interpretations are a hallmark of psychodynamic treatment and a method used in other theoretical orientations as well. Therapists use interpretations to increase patients' insight concerning unconscious and preconscious elements in their lives, with the ultimate aim to reduce mental pain and suffering and improve mental health. This systematic review focuses on the association between the therapists' use and accuracy of interpretation and immediate (within-session), intermediate (between-session), and distal (end-of-treatment) outcomes. This synthesis of the research literature is based on 18 independent samples of 1,011 total patients in individual psychotherapy. The results suggest that the use and accuracy of interpretations were associated, in half the studies, with patient disclosure of emotions and increased insight at the immediate, moment-to-moment enfolding of the session. At the intermediate postsession outcome, the use of interpretations was associated with a stronger alliance and greater depth, in half the studies. At the end of treatment, however, while there is some evidence for a positive effect of the use of interpretations on treatment success, there are also neutral effects and even evidence that interpretations have the potential to be harmful in some particular situations. The article concludes with training implications and therapeutic practices based on the integration of clinical experience and research evidence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

解释是心理动力治疗的标志,也是其他理论方向使用的方法。治疗师使用解释来提高患者对生活中无意识和前意识因素的认识,最终目的是减少精神痛苦和折磨,改善心理健康。这项系统综述的重点是治疗师的解释使用和准确性与即时(疗程内)、中间(疗程间)和远端(治疗结束)结果之间的关系。这篇研究文献的综合基于1011名个体心理治疗患者的18个独立样本。研究结果表明,在一半的研究中,解释的使用和准确性与患者对情绪的披露以及在会议的即时、即时展开时洞察力的增强有关。在一半的研究中,在中间的后期结果中,解释的使用与更强的联盟和更大的深度有关。然而,在治疗结束时,尽管有一些证据表明使用解释对治疗成功有积极影响,但也有中性影响,甚至有证据表明,解释在某些特定情况下可能有害。文章在总结临床经验和研究证据的基础上,提出了培训启示和治疗实践。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
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Psychotherapy
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