Psychotherapy最新文献

Group supervision is an extensively used format across many training agencies, yet it has been largely disregarded in theory and research within the supervision literature. In fact, the Guidelines for Clinical Supervision in Health Service Psychology (American Psychological Association, 2015a) mentions group supervision only one time, despite the fact that supervision within a group context includes competencies and considerations that are both unique and essential to the effective and ethical practice of group supervision. Because supervision conducted with multiple supervisees is multilayered and-as a result-more complex, group supervisors need to develop special skills that go beyond the supervision dyad. This article looks to the literature on supervision-both individual and group modalities-and on group psychotherapy to highlight the practices and processes that set group supervision apart. Building upon the seven supervision competencies outlined by the American Psychological Association (Supervisor Competence; Diversity; Supervisory Relationship; Professionalism; Assessment/Evaluation/Feedback; Professional Competence Problems; and Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Considerations), which currently concentrate exclusively on individual supervision, we extend each area to include distinct features of group supervision. We include recommendations for supervisor training and for the application of effective group supervision practices, as well as ideas on how best to approach the formal adoption of group supervision guidelines for psychotherapists. Our hope is that, either in a revision of the Guidelines for Clinical Supervision in Health Service Psychology or in a freestanding supplement to the Guidelines, guidance for group supervision will be more explicitly included. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The tripartite model of the therapy relationship, which includes the working alliance, real relationship, and transference-countertransference configuration, has been a useful way to conceptualize the complexity of the connection between a therapist and a client. However, little research has focused on the interrelationships between these three components over time. This study sought to replicate the findings of Bhatia and Gelso (2018) by examining the between-person relationships among each of the three elements averaged across all sessions. Additionally, we extended earlier work by examining the within-person relationship between the working alliance, the real relationship, and transference-countertransference with themselves as well as with each of the other elements across sessions. Using 5,931 sessions across 142 clients and 36 therapists, we examined time-ordered associations among the cocreated working alliance, cocreated real relationship, and the therapist-rated transference-countertransference configuration using latent variable dynamic structural equation modeling. Results replicated the findings of Bhatia and Gelso (2018), demonstrating that in one session, the working alliance and the real relationship were positively related, and both the working alliance and the real relationship were negatively related to the transference-countertransference configuration. Regarding the interrelations over time, the findings revealed that the working alliance in the previous session had a significant and positive relationship with real relationship in the current session, and the real relationship in the previous session was related to reduced transference-countertransference in the current session. These findings provide support for complex interrelations among the components over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

This study aimed to explore how Chinese counseling trainees' trait and state mindfulness predicted their clients' symptom level over the course of therapy. A data set consisting of 6,888 sessions from 1,216 clients and their 211 master's level beginning therapist trainees in China was used, which included a measure of trainees' trait mindfulness at the beginning of their practicum and their state mindfulness and client-rated symptom distress level at the beginning of each of their therapy sessions. Multilevel modeling and random-intercept cross-lagged panel model results suggested that (a) at the trainee level, a trainee's trait mindfulness did not predict their average client symptom improvement over practicum; (b) at the session-to-session level, higher trainee state mindfulness before one session significantly predicted lower client distress before the next session, and higher client distress before one session did not predict trainee state mindfulness before the subsequent session. Findings suggested that it was the trainees' session-to-session state mindfulness, instead of their general trait mindfulness, that temporally led to greater client symptom reduction. Implications for clinical training were discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS) is a 20-item scale which aims to capture technical features distinguishing cognitive behavioral (CBT) from psychodynamic (PD) psychotherapy (and vice versa) in two corresponding subscales (CBT and PD Subscale). Our objective was to validate a German self-report version of the CPPS regarding a previous psychotherapy session in a psychotherapist- and in a patient-version. Fifty-three psychotherapists and their 53 patients answered to the according German CPPS Scale as well as to specific subscales of the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions self-report-instrument (MULTI-30 subscales) assessing CBT- and PD-specific intervention characteristics. We analyzed (a) the correlation of the CPPS with the MULTI-30 subscales, (b) the ability of the CPPS to distinguish whether therapy sessions were either CBT or PD using logistic regression, and (c) the correlation between psychotherapists' and patients' self-report regarding the preceding session (correlation). Both the psychotherapist- and the patient-version showed acceptable to good values of internal consistencies (α = .78-.84). The CBT and PD Subscales of the MULTI-30 correlated with the CPPS subscales in both versions (CBT: r_s = .85 [psychotherapist-version] and .80 [patient-version], PD: r_s = .79 [both versions]). Subscales correctly discriminated whether the previous session was a CBT or a PD session (correct predictions in 88.7% in the psychotherapist-version, 73.6% in the patient-version; χ² ≥ 14.03, p < .001). The German version of the CPPS is a promising instrument to facilitate research on CBT- and PD-specific psychotherapy processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The association between emotional experience and expression, known as emotional coherence, is considered important for individual functioning. Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) make it possible to automatically recognize verbally expressed emotions in psychotherapy dialogues and to explore emotional coherence with larger samples and finer granularity than previously. The present study used state-of-the-art emotion recognition models to automatically label clients' emotions at the utterance level, employed these labeled data to examine the coherence between verbally expressed emotions and self-reported emotions, and examined the associations between emotional coherence and clients' improvement in functioning throughout treatment. The data comprised 872 transcribed sessions from 68 clients. Clients self-reported their functioning before each session and their emotions after each. A subsample of 196 sessions were manually coded. A transformer-based approach was used to automatically label the remaining data for a total of 139,061 utterances. Multilevel modeling was used to assess emotional coherence and determine whether it was associated with changes in clients' functioning throughout treatment. The emotion recognition model demonstrated moderate performance. The findings indicated a significant association between verbally expressed emotions and self-reported emotions. Coherence in clients' negative emotions was associated with improvement in functioning. The results suggest an association between clients' subjective experience and their verbal expression of emotions and underscore the importance of this coherence to functioning. NLP may uncover crucial emotional processes in psychotherapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Alexithymia is the inability to identify and recognize emotions. The present study examined the impact of alexithymia on prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. Participants (n = 68) with PTSD underwent 10 PE sessions. Alexithymia was assessed via the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the emotional clarity and awareness subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Treatment outcomes were assessed via the PTSD checklist and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up. Those with high alexithymia were more likely to endorse experiencing a full PTSD diagnosis immediately posttreatment, χ²(1) = 12.53, p = .002, and at 6-month follow-up, χ²(1) = 11.21, p = .004. Alexithymia was associated with delayed treatment effects on avoidance, with a significant reduction in symptomology observed from pre- to follow-up, t(51) = 4.52, p < .001, and not from pre- to posttreatment. Although both the low and high alexithymia groups showed significant changes in negative changes in thinking and mood, F(2, 14) = 9.18, p = .001, d = 1.57 and F(2, 50) = 13.86, p = .001, d = 1.49, respectively, the high alexithymia group exhibited a marginally lesser magnitude of treatment effect. Although those with significantly greater difficulties with emotional clarity were more likely to drop out of PE treatment, emotional clarity and awareness did not moderate treatment response. Our results confirm the efficacy of PE but also highlight that those with alexithymia show a delayed treatment response and may be at greater risk of pathology after treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) experience higher rates of psychological distress and seek psychotherapy at higher rates compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. However, few therapists are trained on how to provide effective psychotherapy with SGM clients. The multicultural orientation (MCO) framework, which has been linked to improved therapeutic processes and outcomes, may be a valuable tool for working with SGM clients. The primary aim of this systematic review was to link the MCO framework to existing empirical psychotherapy research with SGM clients. A secondary aim was to examine how MCO constructs that we identified within the SGM literature have been associated with therapeutic processes and outcomes with SGM clients. A systematic search of five databases yielded 61 studies that were included in the review. Framework analysis was used to extract data and identify themes and subthemes related to MCO constructs from included studies. Results of the review demonstrate how the MCO framework can be used to conceptualize psychotherapy with SGM clients and-using the MCO framework-highlight potential beneficial and harmful therapist qualities and actions when working with SGM clients. Implications for future research and psychotherapy practice with SGM clients are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Alliance ruptures in youth psychotherapy can have a significant impact on treatment outcomes. However, there is currently limited guidance on how to effectively repair these ruptures with young people. This study aims to address this gap specifically in the context of psychodynamic psychotherapy with adolescents. The objectives of the study are (a) to understand the therapeutic interventions and attitudes that either facilitate or hinder the resolution of alliance ruptures and (b) to develop a model for repairing these ruptures within this particular treatment approach. To accomplish this, a task analysis of a previously developed rational model of resolving alliance ruptures was conducted using 16 sessions from short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with depressed adolescents. The analysis supported some stages of the hypothesized rational model while revealing the need for revisions. As a result, the study developed a rational-empirical model that includes flexible strategies that therapists can use to repair alliance ruptures. This model emphasizes the significance of a collaborative, open, and empathetic approach to resolving ruptures. In contrast, rigid, defensive, or invalidating therapist attitudes can hinder the resolution process. The evidence-based model developed from the study can provide valuable guidance to psychodynamic psychotherapists working with young people, offering insights on how to approach ruptures and employ effective strategies to promote their resolution. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

This study aimed to develop and test algorithms to determine the individual relevance of two psychotherapeutic change processes (i.e., mastery and clarification) for outcome prediction. We measured process and outcome variables in a naturalistic outpatient sample treated with an integrative treatment for a variety of diagnoses (n = 608) during the first 10 sessions. We estimated individual within-patient effects of each therapist-evaluated process of change on patient-evaluated subsequent outcomes on a session-by-session basis. Using patients' baseline characteristics, we trained machine learning algorithms on a randomly selected subsample (n = 407) to predict the effects of patients' process variables on outcome. We subsequently tested the predictive capacity of the best algorithm for each process on a holdout subsample (n = 201). We found significant within-patient effects of therapist perceived mastery and clarification on subsequent outcome. In the holdout subsample, the best-performing algorithms resulted in significant but small-to-medium correlations between the predicted and observed relevance of therapist perceived mastery (r = .18) and clarification (r = .16). Using the algorithms to create criteria for individual recommendations, in the holdout sample, we identified patients for whom mastery (14%) or clarification (18%) were indicated. In the mastery-indicated group, a greater focus on mastery was moderately associated with better outcome (r = .33, d = .70), while in the clarification-indicated group, the focus was not related to outcome (r = -.05, d = .10). Results support the feasibility of performing individual predictions regarding mastery process relevance that can be useful for therapist feedback and treatment recommendations. However, results will need to be replicated with prospective experimental designs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).