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A typology for the interpersonal affective focus in dynamic interpersonal therapy based on a contemporary interpersonal approach. 基于当代人际关系方法的动态人际治疗中人际情感焦点的类型学。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000462
Tara McFarquhar, Patrick Luyten, Peter Fonagy

Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) is a brief, time-limited psychodynamic individual therapy in which depressive and anxious symptoms are understood as responses to interpersonal difficulties. Problematic interpersonal representations of the self and others are conceptualized in DIT as the interpersonal affective focus (IPAF), a predominant and recurring interpersonal pattern that is connected to the symptoms and becomes the foundation of treatment. This article reports the development of a typology for classifying IPAFs, which characterizes the predominant style based on contemporary interpersonal approaches. If such a typology can be shown to have validity in a clinical setting, it could have multiple uses that would improve understanding of how DIT works and for whom it might be effective, for example, assisting the therapist in formulating the IPAF, allowing investigations of treatment outcome and process research, and informing training. An IPAF typology was developed by means of a hybrid method of qualitative analysis of transcriptions of audio recordings of DIT sessions using data from a randomized control and feasibility trial. Results revealed four themes, that is, patterns of relating, which could be described as hostile-dominant, hostile-submissive, friendly-dominant, or friendly-submissive. Limitations include the sample size and diversity, the impact of the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the pilot feasibility trial, and the clinical need to titrate the IPAF. Future research should focus on the reliability and validity of the typology and whether it can be employed in outcome and process research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

动态人际治疗(DIT)是一种简短的,有时间限制的心理动力学个体治疗,其中抑郁和焦虑症状被理解为对人际关系困难的反应。在DIT中,自我和他人的有问题的人际表征被概念化为人际情感焦点(IPAF),这是一种与症状相关的主要和反复出现的人际模式,并成为治疗的基础。本文报告了一种分类IPAFs的类型学的发展,该类型学以当代人际关系方法为基础,表征了主要的风格。如果这种类型可以在临床环境中显示出有效性,那么它可以有多种用途,可以提高对DIT如何工作以及它可能对谁有效的理解,例如,帮助治疗师制定IPAF,允许对治疗结果和过程研究进行调查,并为培训提供信息。通过使用随机对照和可行性试验的数据,对DIT会话录音转录进行定性分析的混合方法,开发了IPAF类型。结果揭示了四个主题,即关系模式,可以描述为敌对-主导、敌对-服从、友好-主导和友好-服从。局限性包括样本量和多样性,试点可行性试验的纳入和排除标准的影响,以及临床需要滴定IPAF。未来的研究应关注类型学的信度和效度,以及它是否可以用于结果和过程研究。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 1
Decentering the use of police: An abolitionist approach to safety planning in psychotherapy. 分散警察的使用:在心理治疗中废除安全计划的方法。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000422
David Drustrup, D Martin Kivlighan, Saba Rasheed Ali

The dominant narrative in much of the world, but especially the West, is that public safety and security are provided by policing. Psychotherapy invests in this dominant narrative via its reliance on emergency services provided by the state, such as 911 and police, to pursue the safety of clients and the larger society. However, the long-documented history of oppressive systems of policing suggest that these dominant narratives operate to protect powerful groups while surveilling and policing marginalized people, but particularly Black and Brown communities. As such, critical and abolitionist movements have rejected the idea that policing provides safety and have sought out alternative methods for ensuring community wellness and safety. Although the field of psychology has broadly expressed interest in growing its critical lens and interrupting systems of power, very little has directly addressed how carceral logics influence psychotherapy practice, and how this influences the client's sense of safety in therapy. This manuscript argues for an abolitionist approach to informed consent and safety planning in psychotherapy to address the disparate ways that clients, and especially marginalized clients such as Black and Brown people, experience psychotherapy's traditional use of systems of policing and state authority. Clinical illustrations are provided and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

在世界大部分地区,尤其是西方,主流的说法是公共安全和治安是由警察提供的。心理治疗通过依赖国家提供的紧急服务,如911和警察,来追求客户和更大社会的安全,从而投资于这种主导叙事。然而,长期记录的压迫性警务系统的历史表明,这些主导叙事在保护强大群体的同时,也在监视和监管边缘化人群,尤其是黑人和棕色人种社区。因此,批评和废除主义运动拒绝了警察提供安全的想法,并寻求其他方法来确保社区健康和安全。尽管心理学领域广泛表达了对发展其关键透镜和打断权力系统的兴趣,但很少有人直接讨论心理逻辑如何影响心理治疗实践,以及这如何影响来访者在治疗中的安全感。这篇论文主张在心理治疗中废除知情同意和安全规划的方法,以解决不同的方式,特别是边缘化的客户,如黑人和棕色人种,体验心理治疗传统使用的警察和国家权威系统。提供了临床实例,并讨论了未来的发展方向。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
V-episodes in the alliance: A single-case application of multiple methods to identify rupture repair. 联盟中的 V 型发作:应用多种方法识别破裂修复的单一案例。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000469
Lauren M Lipner, Di Liu, Sophie Cassell, Elaine Hunter, Catherine F Eubanks, J Christopher Muran

The therapeutic alliance has been consistently found to be a robust predictor of therapeutic outcome across various modalities of psychotherapy. Alliance ruptures are thought to occur commonly within each therapeutic dyad and, if left unresolved, are associated with premature termination and worsened psychotherapy outcome. Research efforts have identified V-shaped shifts in the alliance, characterized by a high-low-high pattern of postsession alliance scores, as a meaningful method of operationalizing rupture-repair episodes, but these efforts rarely evaluate the within-session process of the identified sessions. As a result, it is often unclear whether these sessions identified by methods based on postsession alliance measures are reflective of clinically meaningful within-session rupture process. This article aims to further explore the V-episode operationalization of rupture-repair episodes by assessing for convergence between rupture process identified by between-session measures and the within-session observer-based Rupture Resolution Rating Scale (3RS) in a single patient-therapist dyad in a 30-session brief relational therapy. V-episodes were operationalized using various previously utilized methods to identify ruptures based on postsession measures of alliance. Results of this case study demonstrate that postsession patient-rated V-episodes in the therapeutic alliance can be indicative of within-session rupture process, demonstrating convergence between within- and between-session measures of alliance process. Implications of these results for methodological approaches for identifying alliance ruptures are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

在各种心理治疗模式中,治疗联盟一直被认为是治疗效果的有力预测因素。人们认为,联盟破裂通常发生在每个治疗二人组中,如果不加以解决,就会导致治疗过早终止和心理治疗效果恶化。研究发现,以治疗后联盟得分的高-低-高模式为特征的联盟中的 V 型转变,是操作破裂-修复事件的一种有意义的方法,但这些研究很少对已确定疗程的疗程内过程进行评估。因此,基于会后联盟测量的方法所识别出的会话是否反映了具有临床意义的会话内破裂过程往往并不清楚。本文旨在进一步探讨破裂修复事件的 V-episode 操作化,方法是在 30 个疗程的简短关系疗法中,在一个患者-治疗师二人组中评估由疗程间测量和基于观察者的疗程内破裂解决评分量表(3RS)所确定的破裂过程之间的趋同性。V-episodes 的操作使用了之前使用过的各种方法,根据会后的联盟测量来识别破裂。本案例研究的结果表明,治疗联盟中由患者在治疗后评定的 V-episodes 可以表明治疗过程中的破裂过程,证明了联盟过程的治疗内和治疗间测量之间的趋同性。本文讨论了这些结果对识别联盟破裂的方法论的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Oppression is not "culture": The need to center systemic and structural determinants to address anti-Black racism and racial trauma in psychotherapy. 压迫不是“文化”:需要集中系统和结构的决定因素,以解决心理治疗中的反黑人种族主义和种族创伤。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000446
Melanie M Wilcox

Psychology, and the United States more broadly, finds itself at yet another reckoning point with White supremacy and anti-Black racism. The American Psychological Association has even recently apologized for psychology's role in upholding systemic racism and White supremacy, and articulated expectations for psychology's role in dismantling systemic racism and White supremacy throughout psychology. Yet, the norms of White supremacy pervade our professional and individual consciousness, resulting in our radical movements toward a "culturally responsive psychotherapy" seeking to adapt to, and ultimately becoming quashed by, the very oppressive systems it seeks to upend. In this article, I argue first that to address anti-Black racism and racial trauma in psychotherapy, it is imperative to move beyond notions of "culture" and "identity" to a structural competency model of psychotherapy and psychotherapy training. Structural competency and examples of its integration are briefly discussed. I then offer and expand upon two additional recommendations: That we must learn about and incorporate the incredible work of Black, Indigenous, and people of color scholars who have offered robust guidance in how to engage in healing racial trauma in individual and family psychotherapy; and, that to ethically engage in and develop an antiracist psychotherapy equipped to heal racial trauma, we must individually and collectively engage in our own conscientization and radical racial healing. Throughout, I emphasize the importance of prioritizing the work of scholars of color, whose work I seek here to integrate and build upon, but do so as a low socioeconomic status-origin, White woman with disabilities scholar situated at complex axes of both privilege and oppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

心理学,以及更广泛的美国,发现自己又站在了白人至上主义和反黑人种族主义的一个清算点上。美国心理协会(American Psychological Association)最近甚至为心理学在维护系统性种族主义和白人至上主义方面所扮演的角色道歉,并明确表达了心理学在整个心理学领域消解系统性种族主义和白人至上主义方面所扮演的角色。然而,白人至上的规范渗透在我们的职业和个人意识中,导致我们朝着“文化反应性心理治疗”的激进运动,寻求适应,并最终被它试图颠覆的压迫性制度所压制。在这篇文章中,我首先提出,为了解决心理治疗中的反黑人种族主义和种族创伤问题,必须超越“文化”和“身份”的概念,采用心理治疗和心理治疗培训的结构能力模型。本文简要讨论了结构胜任力及其整合的实例。然后,我提出并扩展了两个额外的建议:我们必须学习和吸收黑人、土著和有色人种学者的不可思议的工作,他们在如何在个人和家庭心理治疗中治疗种族创伤方面提供了强有力的指导;而且,为了在道德上参与并发展一种反种族主义的心理疗法,以治愈种族创伤,我们必须个人和集体地参与到我们自己的责任心和激进的种族愈合中来。自始至终,我都强调优先考虑有色人种学者工作的重要性,我在这里试图整合和发展他们的工作,但作为一个社会经济地位低下的白人残疾女性学者,我处于特权和压迫的复杂轴线上。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 5
Measurement-based care professional practice guideline: Don't forget the therapists! 基于测量的护理专业实践指南:不要忘记治疗师!
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000464
Matteo Bugatti, Zachary Richardson, Wendy Rasmussen, Douglas Newton, Jesse Owen

Boswell et al. (2022) professional practice guideline builds an excellent, evidence-driven argument in favor of the routine implementation of measurement-based care (MBC). Nonetheless, as learned from the attempted implementation of evidence-based psychotherapies, presenting empirical evidence does not affect therapist behavior. As such, we argue for an actionable and practical professional practice guideline. We review some of the most hindering barriers to the implementation of MBC, and we offer guidance introducing some of the efforts needed to overcome them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Boswell等人(2022)的专业实践指南为支持常规实施基于测量的护理(MBC)建立了一个优秀的、循证驱动的论点。尽管如此,从基于证据的心理治疗的尝试实施中学到,提供经验证据并不影响治疗师的行为。因此,我们主张一个可操作和实用的专业实践指南。我们审查了实施MBC的一些最大障碍,并提供了指导,介绍了克服这些障碍所需的一些努力。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement-based care professional practice guideline: Fine, but guidelines do not make good therapy. 以测量为基础的护理专业实践指南:很好,但指南不能成为好的治疗方法。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000450
Bruce E Wampold, Scott D Miller

Boswell et al. (2022) persuasively make the case for and propose professional practice guidelines (PPG) for measurement-based care (MBC). Although the evidence for MBC is robust, implementing MBC effectively in practice requires skills and processes not discussed in the PPG. We discuss five problems with the PPG for MBC: The "what's in a name?" problem, lack of actionable actions problem, the stopwatch problem, the stock market problem, and looking for the keys under the light problem. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Boswell等人(2022)有说服力地提出了基于测量的护理(MBC)的专业实践指南(PPG)。尽管支持MBC的证据很充分,但在实践中有效实施MBC需要的技能和过程在PPG中没有讨论。我们与MBC的PPG讨论了五个问题:“名字有什么用”问题、缺乏可执行的行动问题、秒表问题、股票市场问题、灯光下找钥匙问题。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Intersections of gendered racial trauma and childbirth trauma: Clinical interventions for Black women. 性别、种族创伤和分娩创伤的交叉点:黑人妇女的临床干预。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000403
Rayna D Markin, M Nicole Coleman

Studies suggest that racism affects the type and quality of health care that patients who are Black receive, perhaps in part because poorer patient-provider communication and less provider encouragement of patient involvement have been consistently reported for patients of color. In particular, Black women are 3-4 times more likely to experience dangerous and even life-threatening complications, and more likely to report mistreatment and neglect from medical providers and staff, during childbirth. Experiences with gendered racism during childbirth, which in itself is a vulnerable, intense, and potentially traumatic experience when proper support is absent, may lead to posttraumatic stress reactions. Psychotherapy can help affected clients to process gendered racial and childbirth traumas through: (a) the establishment of a safe, trusting, and collaborative therapeutic relationship, in which careful attention is paid to repairing alliance ruptures caused by cultural misunderstandings or gendered racial microaggressions, and (b) framing experiences and "symptoms" as understandable reactions to gendered race-based traumatic stress during childbirth. In addition to direct therapeutic intervention, therapists should collaborate with doulas and/or medical providers on patient care, and, separately, advocate for systemic-level change, supporting clients' lived experiences outside of the therapy room. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

研究表明,种族主义会影响黑人患者接受的医疗服务的类型和质量,部分原因可能是有色人种患者与医疗服务提供者之间的沟通更差,医疗服务提供者对患者参与的鼓励更少。特别是,黑人妇女在分娩期间经历危险甚至危及生命的并发症的可能性是其他妇女的3-4倍,报告医疗提供者和工作人员虐待和忽视的可能性也更大。在分娩过程中遭受性别歧视的经历,在缺乏适当支持的情况下,本身就是一种脆弱、强烈和潜在的创伤性经历,可能导致创伤后应激反应。心理治疗可以通过以下方式帮助受影响的客户处理性别种族和分娩创伤:(a)建立一种安全、信任和合作的治疗关系,在这种关系中,仔细注意修复由文化误解或性别种族微侵犯造成的联盟破裂,以及(b)将经历和"症状"作为分娩期间性别种族创伤压力的可理解反应。除了直接的治疗干预外,治疗师应该与导乐和/或医疗服务提供者合作进行患者护理,并且,单独地,倡导系统层面的改变,支持客户在治疗室之外的生活体验。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 8
Radical healing in psychotherapy: Addressing the wounds of racism-related stress and trauma. 心理治疗中的激进治疗:解决与种族主义有关的压力和创伤的伤口。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000435
Hector Y Adames, Nayeli Y Chavez-Dueñas, Jioni A Lewis, Helen A Neville, Bryana H French, Grace A Chen, Della V Mosley

There is a large body of research on the importance of addressing culture in psychotherapy. However, less is known about providing critically conscious and racially affirmative therapy for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) clients in the context of ongoing systemic racism and racism-related stress and trauma, especially in the sociopolitical context of the United States. This article introduces and illustrates the Keeping Radical Healing in Mind Therapeutic Approach using a sample therapy session. To contextualize the therapeutic approach, we outline the need for antiracist and liberatory approaches to psychotherapy and describe in detail the Psychology of Radical Healing theoretical framework. The clinical stance that underpins the Keeping Radical Healing in Mind Therapeutic Approach includes helping clients develop, internalize, and nurture (a) Critical Consciousness, (b) Cultural Authenticity and Self-Knowledge, (c) Radical Hope and Envisioning Possibilities, (d) Collectivism, and (e) Strength and Resistance. To better meet the needs of BIPOC clients, the stance requires clinicians to develop their critical consciousness of systemic racism and interlocking forms of oppression. The clinical case of "Brenda," a Black woman experiencing the effects of racism-related stress while raising a young Black boy, is presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

有大量的研究表明在心理治疗中处理文化的重要性。然而,在持续的系统性种族主义和与种族主义相关的压力和创伤的背景下,特别是在美国的社会政治背景下,为黑人,土著和有色人种(BIPOC)客户提供批判性意识和种族肯定治疗的人不知道。这篇文章介绍并说明了保持激进的治疗方法在心理治疗的一个例子。为了将治疗方法置于背景中,我们概述了反种族主义和解放心理治疗方法的必要性,并详细描述了激进治疗心理学的理论框架。在心理治疗方法中,支持激进治疗的临床立场包括帮助来访者发展、内化和培养(a)批判意识,(b)文化真实性和自我认识,(c)激进希望和设想可能性,(d)集体主义,(e)力量和抵抗。为了更好地满足BIPOC客户的需求,这种立场要求临床医生培养他们对系统性种族主义和连锁压迫形式的批判意识。临床案例“布伦达”,一个黑人妇女在抚养一个年轻的黑人男孩的同时,经历了与种族主义有关的压力的影响。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 16
A multimodal case study utilizing physiological synchrony as indicator of context in which motion synchrony is associated with the working alliance. 一个多模式的案例研究,利用生理同步作为上下文的指标,其中运动同步与工作联盟有关。
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000465
Shachaf Tal, Eran Bar-Kalifa, Johann Roland Kleinbub, Liat Leibovich, Keren Deres-Cohen, Sigal Zilcha-Mano

Interest in the association between patient and therapist's motion synchrony and the working alliance has been growing in recent years. This interest is part of a larger effort in psychotherapy research to study how the working alliance, being central to the therapeutic process, develops over the course of therapy. However, while previous studies suggest that such an association between motion synchrony and the working alliance exists, there are mixed results regarding the direction of it. The present single-case study seeks to shed light on these mixed results with a multimodal perspective of nonverbal synchrony. That is, through an exploration of a single case, the present study explores physiological synchrony as an indicator of context in which motion synchrony is associated with the working alliance. For this aim, a single case was chosen from a randomized control trial investigating short-term psychodynamic treatment for major depressive disorder. Statistical analysis identified an interaction between physiological synchrony and motion synchrony in predicting working alliance levels. Findings show that in the context of an antiphase pattern of physiological synchrony (negative association between physiological measures of the two participants), there was a positive association between motion synchrony and the working alliance. This study emphasizes the potential of a multimodal approach, while suggesting a possible explanation for mixed results in current literature that focuses on the association between motion synchrony and the working alliance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

近年来,人们对患者和治疗师的运动同步与工作联盟之间的关系越来越感兴趣。这种兴趣是心理治疗研究中更大努力的一部分,该研究旨在研究作为治疗过程中心的工作联盟如何在治疗过程中发展。然而,尽管先前的研究表明运动同步和工作联盟之间存在这种联系,但关于其方向的结果却喜忧参半。目前的单一案例研究试图用非语言同步的多模态视角来阐明这些混合结果。也就是说,通过对单个案例的探索,本研究探讨了生理同步性作为运动同步性与工作联盟相关的背景指标。为此,我们从一项研究重度抑郁症短期心理动力学治疗的随机对照试验中选择了一个病例。统计分析表明,在预测工作联盟水平时,生理同步和运动同步之间存在相互作用。研究结果表明,在生理同步性的反相位模式下,运动同步性与工作联盟之间存在正相关。本研究强调了多模态方法的潜力,同时提出了当前文献中关注运动同步与工作联盟之间关联的混合结果的可能解释。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The alliance with young people: Where have we been, where are we going? 与年轻人的联盟:我们去过哪里,我们要去哪里?
IF 2.5 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1037/pst0000461
Antonella Cirasola, Nick Midgley

The therapeutic alliance is considered an important mechanism of change in youth psychotherapy. Accordingly, it has become one of the most investigated psychotherapy variables. Yet, the theoretical and empirical literature on the alliance with young people is complex and has received criticism. This article aims to (a) critically review the existing knowledge on the alliance in youth psychotherapy from its definition to the existing research and (b) discuss some of the implications of this knowledge for clinical practice ad future research. This review highlights that the alliance in youth psychotherapy, as commonly measured, has a significant, although small, impact on outcomes; and that the alliance-outcome association may be influenced by the young person and the therapist's characteristics, as well as therapy types. This points to the importance of finding tailored ways of fostering a strong alliance when working with young people and questions the assumption of the alliance as a generic aspect of all types of youth psychological treatments. Attention to repairing alliance ruptures also emerged as key, especially to preventing early dropout in adolescent therapy. It is argued that despite its limitations, alliance research in youth psychotherapy can have important clinical implications to improve youth psychotherapy. A resumption of a conversation between the clinical and research field on the alliance is needed to better understand the nature and role of this important variable when working with young people and to use this knowledge to inform and improve clinical practice and therapeutic training. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

治疗联盟被认为是青少年心理治疗改变的重要机制。因此,它已成为研究最多的心理治疗变量之一。然而,关于与年轻人结盟的理论和实证文献是复杂的,并且受到了批评。本文旨在(a)批判性地回顾现有的关于青年心理治疗联盟的知识,从它的定义到现有的研究,(b)讨论这些知识对临床实践和未来研究的一些影响。这篇综述强调,通常测量的青少年心理治疗的联盟对结果有显著的影响,尽管很小;联盟-结果的关联可能受到年轻人和治疗师的特点以及治疗类型的影响。这表明,在与年轻人一起工作时,找到培养强大联盟的量身定制方法的重要性,并质疑将联盟视为所有类型的青少年心理治疗的通用方面的假设。注意修复联盟破裂也成为关键,特别是在青少年治疗中防止早期辍学。尽管有其局限性,但青年心理治疗联盟研究对改善青少年心理治疗具有重要的临床意义。需要恢复临床和研究领域之间关于联盟的对话,以便在与年轻人一起工作时更好地了解这一重要变量的性质和作用,并利用这一知识来告知和改进临床实践和治疗培训。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 4
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Psychotherapy
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