Nhuan N. Doan, Ha T. Nguyen, Luan T. Nguyen, Lam D. Tran, Tuan D. Phan, Tien A. Nguyen, Linh T. T. Nguyen
In this study, the plant biomass from the phytoremediation was recovered, prepared, and investigated catalytic ability for the α-pinene isomerization. The results show that the Fe_loaded AAL biochar can catalyze the isomerization of a-pinene, with the α-pinene conversion of 90.5 % and the selectivities for monocyclic terpenes (limonene, terpinolene and γ-terpinene) of 57.1 %, bicyclic terpene (camphene) of 24.6 %. Iron in the plant biomass from phytoremediation is considered a decisive factor that heightened the conversion of α-pinene and the yield of isomers. This research has initially opened up a new application for the plant biomass absorbing heavy metal from the phytoremediation stage to resolve contaminants efficiently.
{"title":"Biochar-based catalysts: a potential disposal of plant biomass from phytoremediation","authors":"Nhuan N. Doan, Ha T. Nguyen, Luan T. Nguyen, Lam D. Tran, Tuan D. Phan, Tien A. Nguyen, Linh T. T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0105","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the plant biomass from the phytoremediation was recovered, prepared, and investigated catalytic ability for the α-pinene isomerization. The results show that the Fe_loaded AAL biochar can catalyze the isomerization of a-pinene, with the α-pinene conversion of 90.5 % and the selectivities for monocyclic terpenes (limonene, terpinolene and γ-terpinene) of 57.1 %, bicyclic terpene (camphene) of 24.6 %. Iron in the plant biomass from phytoremediation is considered a decisive factor that heightened the conversion of α-pinene and the yield of isomers. This research has initially opened up a new application for the plant biomass absorbing heavy metal from the phytoremediation stage to resolve contaminants efficiently.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thi Nam Pham, Thi Thom Nguyen, Le Thanh Nguyen Huynh, Viet Hai Le, Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Raa Khimi Shuib, Dai Lam Tran, Tuan Anh Nguyen
The use of graphene (GE) as a conductive additive for activated carbon (AC) electrode in capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted much attention due to its high electrical conductivity. However, self-agglomeration by π–π interactions between individual GE sheets required the use of high content to ensure an efficient conductive network in the electrode, which limited its practical application. This work proposed an approach to reduce the GE content in the fabrication of biomass-based activated carbon electrode for CDI application. The stacking effect of GE sheets is inhibited when GE sheets functionalize with oxygen groups via acid treatment under ultrasonic condition. This helps to reduce GE content to less than 2 wt% in the fabrication of CDI electrodes. The electrode fabricated using 2 wt% treated GE (T-GE) achieved the superior capacitance of 54 F/g, twice that of the pristine AC. The desalination process using as-prepared electrodes was evaluated by batch-mode CDI system with the initial NaCl solution of 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm at various applied voltages. The AC/T-GE 2 % electrode showed excellent performance with a desalination capacity greater than 10 mg/g, and reached an adsorption rate of 1.93 mg/g.min in both solutions under an applied voltage 1.2 V.
石墨烯（GE）具有高导电性，因此在电容式去离子（CDI）中用作活性炭（AC）电极的导电添加剂备受关注。然而，单个 GE 薄片之间通过 π-π 相互作用而产生的自团聚要求使用高含量以确保电极中有效的导电网络，这限制了其实际应用。本研究提出了一种在制造用于 CDI 的生物质基活性炭电极时降低 GE 含量的方法。在超声波条件下，通过酸处理使 GE 片层具有氧官能团，从而抑制 GE 片层的堆积效应。这有助于在制造 CDI 电极时将 GE 的含量降至 2 wt% 以下。使用 2 wt% 处理过的 GE（T-GE）制造的电极电容高达 54 F/g，是原始 AC 的两倍。通过批量模式 CDI 系统，在初始 NaCl 溶液浓度为 2000 ppm 和 3000 ppm 时，在不同的应用电压下，对使用制备的电极进行的海水淡化过程进行了评估。AC/T-GE 2 % 电极表现出优异的性能，脱盐能力大于 10 mg/g，在 1.2 V 的应用电压下，两种溶液的吸附率均达到 1.93 mg/g.min。
{"title":"Selection of graphene as a conductive additive for biomass-based activated carbon electrode in capacitive deionization: acid-treated as a practical approach to reduce graphene content","authors":"Thi Nam Pham, Thi Thom Nguyen, Le Thanh Nguyen Huynh, Viet Hai Le, Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Raa Khimi Shuib, Dai Lam Tran, Tuan Anh Nguyen","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0109","url":null,"abstract":"The use of graphene (GE) as a conductive additive for activated carbon (AC) electrode in capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted much attention due to its high electrical conductivity. However, self-agglomeration by π–π interactions between individual GE sheets required the use of high content to ensure an efficient conductive network in the electrode, which limited its practical application. This work proposed an approach to reduce the GE content in the fabrication of biomass-based activated carbon electrode for CDI application. The stacking effect of GE sheets is inhibited when GE sheets functionalize with oxygen groups via acid treatment under ultrasonic condition. This helps to reduce GE content to less than 2 wt% in the fabrication of CDI electrodes. The electrode fabricated using 2 wt% treated GE (T-GE) achieved the superior capacitance of 54 F/g, twice that of the pristine AC. The desalination process using as-prepared electrodes was evaluated by batch-mode CDI system with the initial NaCl solution of 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm at various applied voltages. The AC/T-GE 2 % electrode showed excellent performance with a desalination capacity greater than 10 mg/g, and reached an adsorption rate of 1.93 mg/g.min in both solutions under an applied voltage 1.2 V.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this research is to improve the stability of α-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus by chemical modification with citraconic anhydride. The α-amylase was isolated using a centrifugation technique, followed by purification using precipitation and dialysis of ammonium sulfate salt. The experimental results demonstrate that the stability of purified α-amylase is 13.41 times higher than that of the crude extract. A significant increase in the optimum temperature was also achieved, in which the optimum temperature of 50 °C was found for native α-amylase, while for modified α-amylase, the optimum temperature of 60 °C was found. Similarly, an increase in half-life was also evident, which is 38.72 min found for the native enzyme to 256.67–330.00 min for modified α-amylase, depending on the volume of citraconic anhydride used. Modification also resulted in increased free energy values (ΔGi) from 104.348 for the native enzyme to 109.585–110.281 kJ mol−1 for modified α-amylase, indicating that modified α-amylase is stiffer than native α-amylase. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that citric anhydride is a very promising modifying agent to improve the stability and performance of α-amylase enzyme isolated from A. fumigatus. The findings of this study also offer an opportunity for the application of citric anhydride for other enzymes.
{"title":"The effect of chemical modification using citraconic anhydride on the stability of α-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus","authors":"Yandri Yandri, Lupia Widya Astuti, Hendri Ropingi, Tati Suhartati, Bambang Irawan, Sutopo Hadi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1138","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to improve the stability of α-amylase from <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</jats:italic> by chemical modification with citraconic anhydride. The α-amylase was isolated using a centrifugation technique, followed by purification using precipitation and dialysis of ammonium sulfate salt. The experimental results demonstrate that the stability of purified α-amylase is 13.41 times higher than that of the crude extract. A significant increase in the optimum temperature was also achieved, in which the optimum temperature of 50 °C was found for native α-amylase, while for modified α-amylase, the optimum temperature of 60 °C was found. Similarly, an increase in half-life was also evident, which is 38.72 min found for the native enzyme to 256.67–330.00 min for modified α-amylase, depending on the volume of citraconic anhydride used. Modification also resulted in increased free energy values (<jats:italic>ΔG</jats:italic> <jats:sub>i</jats:sub>) from 104.348 for the native enzyme to 109.585–110.281 kJ mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for modified α-amylase, indicating that modified α-amylase is stiffer than native α-amylase. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that citric anhydride is a very promising modifying agent to improve the stability and performance of α-amylase enzyme isolated from <jats:italic>A. fumigatus</jats:italic>. The findings of this study also offer an opportunity for the application of citric anhydride for other enzymes.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daisuke Tsumune, Takaki Tsubono, Kazuhiro Misumi, Kazuyuki Sakuma, Yuichi Onda
After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (F1NPS) accident, 137Cs activity concentrations have not yet decreased to pre-accident levels because of direct release from the site and fluvial discharges of 137Cs deposited on land. It is necessary to consider dispersion processes in the coastal area to understand the impact of multiple river discharges and direct release. To achieve this goal, we carried out oceanic dispersion simulations that considered direct release and fluvial discharges and compared the results with the annual averages of observed data. We assumed that particulate 137Cs discharged from rivers to the ocean quickly resuspended and re-leached after coagulation and precipitation, and that all of the 137Cs was dispersed. The reproducibility of results was improved by considering fluvial discharges of particulate 137Cs at all sites between 2013 and 2016, except near the F1NPS. In other words, particulate 137Cs discharged from rivers was found to influence the results of ocean surface activity concentrations within a relatively short period of time. The impact of direct release was dominant for the observed 137Cs activity concentrations adjacent to the F1NPS, which was used to estimate direct releases.
{"title":"Impact of fluvial discharge on 137Cs in the ocean following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident","authors":"Daisuke Tsumune, Takaki Tsubono, Kazuhiro Misumi, Kazuyuki Sakuma, Yuichi Onda","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-0902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-0902","url":null,"abstract":"After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (F1NPS) accident, <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs activity concentrations have not yet decreased to pre-accident levels because of direct release from the site and fluvial discharges of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs deposited on land. It is necessary to consider dispersion processes in the coastal area to understand the impact of multiple river discharges and direct release. To achieve this goal, we carried out oceanic dispersion simulations that considered direct release and fluvial discharges and compared the results with the annual averages of observed data. We assumed that particulate <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs discharged from rivers to the ocean quickly resuspended and re-leached after coagulation and precipitation, and that all of the <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs was dispersed. The reproducibility of results was improved by considering fluvial discharges of particulate <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs at all sites between 2013 and 2016, except near the F1NPS. In other words, particulate <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs discharged from rivers was found to influence the results of ocean surface activity concentrations within a relatively short period of time. The impact of direct release was dominant for the observed <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs activity concentrations adjacent to the F1NPS, which was used to estimate direct releases.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"210 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For a long time, fossil fuel has been a part of our everyday lives and has constantly led to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment. The release of methane (CH4) into our surroundings can be caused by the decomposition of organic wastes produced by our daily activities; CH4 produced by human activity is responsible for at least 25 % of global warming. CH4 is a known potent greenhouse gas that can trap about 35 times more heat than CO2. These greenhouse gases play a role in climate change and global warming. It, therefore, becomes important to explore measures for decarbonizing our environment. Biomethane production using our generated waste is a promising decarbonization approach with significant potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper overviews potential biomass methanation feedstocks and investigates several technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, combined pyrolysis and methanation, and combined gasification and methanation. SWOT analysis of waste conversion to biomethane was conducted, and important points related to the scaling-up of biomethane production processes were outlined. Also, insights into prospects for promoting biomass methanation deployment were provided. In conclusion, biomass methanation has great potential for producing sustainable energy. Hence, collaboration between industrialists, researchers, government agencies, and stakeholders including an understanding of the financial investments, return on investments, or potential subsidies and incentives could enhance the practicality of the proposed solution. Research and development should be continuously carried out as they are necessary to scale up and promote the technology. Also, there should be technical training for stakeholders as it is essential for the smooth development of the sector.
{"title":"Decarbonizing our environment via the promotion of biomass methanation in developing nations: a waste management tool","authors":"Chidiebere Millicent Igwebuike, Toyese Oyegoke","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1109","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time, fossil fuel has been a part of our everyday lives and has constantly led to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) into the environment. The release of methane (CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) into our surroundings can be caused by the decomposition of organic wastes produced by our daily activities; CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> produced by human activity is responsible for at least 25 % of global warming. CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> is a known potent greenhouse gas that can trap about 35 times more heat than CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>. These greenhouse gases play a role in climate change and global warming. It, therefore, becomes important to explore measures for decarbonizing our environment. Biomethane production using our generated waste is a promising decarbonization approach with significant potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper overviews potential biomass methanation feedstocks and investigates several technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, combined pyrolysis and methanation, and combined gasification and methanation. SWOT analysis of waste conversion to biomethane was conducted, and important points related to the scaling-up of biomethane production processes were outlined. Also, insights into prospects for promoting biomass methanation deployment were provided. In conclusion, biomass methanation has great potential for producing sustainable energy. Hence, collaboration between industrialists, researchers, government agencies, and stakeholders including an understanding of the financial investments, return on investments, or potential subsidies and incentives could enhance the practicality of the proposed solution. Research and development should be continuously carried out as they are necessary to scale up and promote the technology. Also, there should be technical training for stakeholders as it is essential for the smooth development of the sector.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140105728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enrico Berretti, Andrea Giaccherini, Vincenzo Dell’Aquila, Francesco Di Benedetto, Giordano Montegrossi, Giovanni Orazio Lepore, Massimo Innocenti, Francesco D’Acapito, Francesco Vizza, Alessandro Lavacchi
In this article, we present an in-situ and operando time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) technique which exploits a combination of Grazing Incidence XAS (GIXAS) and Fixed Energy X-ray Absorption Voltammetry (FEXRAV), the Grazing Incidence FEXRAV (GI-FEXRAV). A case-study is also outlined. Palladium ultra-low loadings were deposited above Au polycrystalline iso-oriented substrates adopting three different deposition methods: surface-controlled electrochemical methods, direct electrodeposition, and physical vapour deposition (PVD). These catalytical surfaces were prepared for the investigation by GI-FEXRAV of the Pd oxidation/dissolution phenomenon that could occur when the metal is used in the anodic compartment of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) or in electrochemical reformers. Moreover, we report a robust, low cost and versatile procedure to obtain wide and flat iso-oriented gold substrates that can mimic monocrystalline gold (1 1 1) in the electrochemical response. The use of GI-FEXRAV for the operando characterization of the catalysts, in conjunction with the designed experimental cell and our flexible Au-based electrochemical substrates show an invaluable potential in the operando study of fundamental phenomena in heterogeneous electrocatalysis model systems and, due to its versatility, paves the way to further studies on a wide selection of electrochemical systems.
在这篇文章中，我们介绍了一种原位和操作时间分辨 X 射线吸收光谱（XAS）技术，该技术结合了掠入射 XAS（GIXAS）和固定能量 X 射线吸收伏安法（FEXRAV），即掠入射 FEXRAV（GI-FEXRAV）。此外，还概述了一个案例研究。采用三种不同的沉积方法：表面控制电化学方法、直接电沉积和物理气相沉积（PVD），在金多晶等取向基底上沉积了超低负载的钯。制备这些催化表面是为了通过 GI-FEXRAV 对 Pd 氧化/溶解现象进行研究，这种现象可能发生在直接酒精燃料电池（DAFC）阳极室或电化学转化炉中使用金属时。此外，我们还报告了一种坚固耐用、成本低廉且用途广泛的方法，用于获得宽而平整的等取向金基板，该基板可在电化学反应中模拟单晶金 (1,1,1)。使用 GI-FEXRAV 对催化剂进行操作表征，结合设计的实验单元和我们灵活的金基电化学基底，显示了在异相电催化模型系统中对基本现象进行操作研究的宝贵潜力，而且由于其多功能性，为进一步研究多种电化学系统铺平了道路。
{"title":"In-situ and operando Grazing Incidence XAS: a novel set-up and its application to model Pd electrodes for alcohols oxidation","authors":"Enrico Berretti, Andrea Giaccherini, Vincenzo Dell’Aquila, Francesco Di Benedetto, Giordano Montegrossi, Giovanni Orazio Lepore, Massimo Innocenti, Francesco D’Acapito, Francesco Vizza, Alessandro Lavacchi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1013","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present an <jats:italic>in-situ</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>operando</jats:italic> time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) technique which exploits a combination of Grazing Incidence XAS (GIXAS) and Fixed Energy X-ray Absorption Voltammetry (FEXRAV), the Grazing Incidence FEXRAV (GI-FEXRAV). A case-study is also outlined. Palladium ultra-low loadings were deposited above Au polycrystalline iso-oriented substrates adopting three different deposition methods: surface-controlled electrochemical methods, direct electrodeposition, and physical vapour deposition (PVD). These catalytical surfaces were prepared for the investigation by GI-FEXRAV of the Pd oxidation/dissolution phenomenon that could occur when the metal is used in the anodic compartment of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) or in electrochemical reformers. Moreover, we report a robust, low cost and versatile procedure to obtain wide and flat iso-oriented gold substrates that can mimic monocrystalline gold (1 1 1) in the electrochemical response. The use of GI-FEXRAV for the <jats:italic>operando</jats:italic> characterization of the catalysts, in conjunction with the designed experimental cell and our flexible Au-based electrochemical substrates show an invaluable potential in the <jats:italic>operando</jats:italic> study of fundamental phenomena in heterogeneous electrocatalysis model systems and, due to its versatility, paves the way to further studies on a wide selection of electrochemical systems.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reasoning in terms of molecules has since long become fully embedded in any chemistry discourse. On the other hand, students’ familiarization with the molecular level in pre-university instruction is not always satisfactory, and their ability to view chemical phenomena in terms of what molecules do may not reach the extent and quality that would be needed to ensure effective conceptual understanding. Students may remain uncertain about the interpretation of the molecular features of a number of phenomena even through undergraduate instruction. Removing uncertainties and promoting comfortable familiarization is increasingly becoming an imperative for chemistry education, in view of the novel central role that the molecular level is acquiring not only for the customary interpretation of phenomena, but for the high variety of applications that have been blooming in recent years. Consequently, learners’ familiarization with the world of molecules needs to become more informative and complete. It is equally important that the information that they acquire about molecules be consistent with the modern descriptions, which are based on quantum mechanics. This requires accurate search for optimal balances between the need to simplify the terms of the descriptions in order to make them accessible to leaners according to the different levels of chemistry learning, and the simultaneous need to maintain adequate conceptual rigour. The present work outlines approaches which have proved viable and effective, and which rely on accurate use of language and visualization as the major explanation resources.
{"title":"Maximising the consistency of the presentation of the molecular level with its quantum mechanical description: challenges and opportunities","authors":"Liliana Mammino","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1121","url":null,"abstract":"Reasoning in terms of molecules has since long become fully embedded in any chemistry discourse. On the other hand, students’ familiarization with the molecular level in pre-university instruction is not always satisfactory, and their ability to view chemical phenomena in terms of what molecules do may not reach the extent and quality that would be needed to ensure effective conceptual understanding. Students may remain uncertain about the interpretation of the molecular features of a number of phenomena even through undergraduate instruction. Removing uncertainties and promoting comfortable familiarization is increasingly becoming an imperative for chemistry education, in view of the novel central role that the molecular level is acquiring not only for the customary interpretation of phenomena, but for the high variety of applications that have been blooming in recent years. Consequently, learners’ familiarization with the world of molecules needs to become more informative and complete. It is equally important that the information that they acquire about molecules be consistent with the modern descriptions, which are based on quantum mechanics. This requires accurate search for optimal balances between the need to simplify the terms of the descriptions in order to make them accessible to leaners according to the different levels of chemistry learning, and the simultaneous need to maintain adequate conceptual rigour. The present work outlines approaches which have proved viable and effective, and which rely on accurate use of language and visualization as the major explanation resources.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margot Hurlbert, Tanushree Das, Hemda Garelick, Nicholas Priest
People’s perceptions concerning radiation inform decision making in relation to nuclear power production. There have been extensive studies of people’s perceptions of radiation including in relation to the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear events. This paper reports on a social science literature review study and is concerned with public responses to low dose radiation (LDR) and nuclear facilities, particularly in the marine environment. This review confirms that people with little knowledge about radiation have the highest risk perceptions in relation to nuclear power; conversely people with a broader knowledge have lower risk perceptions and are more favourable to nuclear power. Education can increase positive perceptions, but the influence of underlying experience of feeling, emotion, attachment, or mood may dampen this effect. This paper reports studies which document anxiety within the Japanese community in relation to the Fukushima nuclear accident. Literature concerning specific radionuclides released is described. While there are uncertainties about the presence of health impacts following LDR exposures, public attitudes are not in line. There is a need for better dialogue between nuclear professionals and scientists to achieve better nuclear education and public communication outcomes; more specific communication surrounding multi-isotopes, and multi-elements of nuclear power plant disaster releases is warranted. Trusted communicators should include nuclear and social scientists as well as regulators. Given the importance of decarbonization in the context of climate change, this is increasingly important.
{"title":"Public knowledge, sentiments, and perceptions of low dose radiation (LDR) and power production, with special reference to reactor accidents","authors":"Margot Hurlbert, Tanushree Das, Hemda Garelick, Nicholas Priest","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1207","url":null,"abstract":"People’s perceptions concerning radiation inform decision making in relation to nuclear power production. There have been extensive studies of people’s perceptions of radiation including in relation to the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear events. This paper reports on a social science literature review study and is concerned with public responses to low dose radiation (LDR) and nuclear facilities, particularly in the marine environment. This review confirms that people with little knowledge about radiation have the highest risk perceptions in relation to nuclear power; conversely people with a broader knowledge have lower risk perceptions and are more favourable to nuclear power. Education can increase positive perceptions, but the influence of underlying experience of feeling, emotion, attachment, or mood may dampen this effect. This paper reports studies which document anxiety within the Japanese community in relation to the Fukushima nuclear accident. Literature concerning specific radionuclides released is described. While there are uncertainties about the presence of health impacts following LDR exposures, public attitudes are not in line. There is a need for better dialogue between nuclear professionals and scientists to achieve better nuclear education and public communication outcomes; more specific communication surrounding multi-isotopes, and multi-elements of nuclear power plant disaster releases is warranted. Trusted communicators should include nuclear and social scientists as well as regulators. Given the importance of decarbonization in the context of climate change, this is increasingly important.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sea-to-land transfer of irradiated uranium in soil samples was measured along a transect from the Cumbrian coast south of the Windscale Sellafield nuclear site in a NE direction across the Cumbrian coastal plain. Soluble uranium components were extracted by ion exchange chromatography and ratios 236U:238U and 235U:238U were measured using multi-collector ICP-MS. The method employed demonstrated the utility of 236U ratio measurements for the determination of irradiated uranium in environmental samples. The results produced for uranium were like those that have been reported for other fission product and nuclear fuel components that have been shown to be marine in origin. Measured 236U levels were highest close to the seashore and decreased rapidly as an exponential function of distance. The results indicated the absence of depleted uranium, such as might result from the deposition of aerosols generated by the testing of DU munitions at the nearby Eskmeals firing range in all but one sample.
{"title":"The transfer of irradiated uranium from the Irish Sea coast to the terrestrial environment in Cumbria, UK","authors":"Nicholas Priest, Maurice Moore, Matthew Thirlwall","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1017","url":null,"abstract":"Sea-to-land transfer of irradiated uranium in soil samples was measured along a transect from the Cumbrian coast south of the Windscale Sellafield nuclear site in a NE direction across the Cumbrian coastal plain. Soluble uranium components were extracted by ion exchange chromatography and ratios <jats:sup>236</jats:sup>U:<jats:sup>238</jats:sup>U and <jats:sup>235</jats:sup>U:<jats:sup>238</jats:sup>U were measured using multi-collector ICP-MS. The method employed demonstrated the utility of <jats:sup>236</jats:sup>U ratio measurements for the determination of irradiated uranium in environmental samples. The results produced for uranium were like those that have been reported for other fission product and nuclear fuel components that have been shown to be marine in origin. Measured <jats:sup>236</jats:sup>U levels were highest close to the seashore and decreased rapidly as an exponential function of distance. The results indicated the absence of depleted uranium, such as might result from the deposition of aerosols generated by the testing of DU munitions at the nearby Eskmeals firing range in all but one sample.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Agudo-Álvarez, Sandra S. Díaz-Mínguez, Raúl Benito-Arenas
The amide bond is one of the most important structural units in nature, as it is part of the backbone of peptides and natural proteins, as well as some essential amino acids, DNA, RNA, hormones, or vitamins found in the body. Furthermore, this bond is significant in the pharmaceutical industry due to its presence in the structure of numerous APIs contained in drugs. This paper reviews the most important methods collected in the bibliography for the preparation of this moiety.
{"title":"The amide group and its preparation methods by acid-amine coupling reactions: an overview","authors":"Sandra Agudo-Álvarez, Sandra S. Díaz-Mínguez, Raúl Benito-Arenas","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1104","url":null,"abstract":"The amide bond is one of the most important structural units in nature, as it is part of the backbone of peptides and natural proteins, as well as some essential amino acids, DNA, RNA, hormones, or vitamins found in the body. Furthermore, this bond is significant in the pharmaceutical industry due to its presence in the structure of numerous APIs contained in drugs. This paper reviews the most important methods collected in the bibliography for the preparation of this moiety.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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