Cow’s milk proteins are encoded by highly polymorphic genes characterized by several mutations which result in different allelic variants. Each allelic variant has different possible effects on cheese-making properties and on human health. β-casein A1-A3-I-B, k-casein B and β-lactoglobulin B are supposed to influence milk cheese-making properties by increasing cheese or milk yield, by varying chemical parameters, by having small casein micelle size, and by influencing rennet coagulation time (RCT) and curd-firming rate (CFR). In addition, β-casein A1-B are also considered to be a risk factor for different health diseases such as ischemic heart disease (IHD), type 1 diabetes (T1D), decreased glutathione (GSH) concentration, and milk intolerance. An LC-MS method was applied to profile, for the first time, the main milk proteins genetic variants from Aosta Valley autochtonous cattle breeds. Analyses performed on milk collected from bovines of three cattle breeds (Red Pied – VRP, Black Pied – VNP and Chestnut – CAS), either from IAR experimental farm or from herds of dairy-producers in Aosta Valley region, showed quite high frequencies of β-casein A2 and A3/I, and low frequencies of β-casein A1. Moreover, low frequencies of β-casein B in VRP breed and high frequencies of the same variant in CAS, and VNP breeds have been found. As far as k-casein is concerned allelic variant B is the most diffused in VRP while allelic variant A in VNP and CAS breeds. Finally, β-lactoglobulin most diffused allelic variant for all breeds is B. Results suggest that Aosta Valley milk has good cheese-making properties and good frequencies of β-casein A2 which may be related to beneficial effects on human health. In light of these results, it is important to develop breeding programs which take into consideration milk proteins polymorphisms to further increase the milk suitability for cheese-making process and to decrease the presence of β-casein A1 and B in drinking milk which can be a risk factor for human health.
牛奶蛋白质是由高度多态的基因编码的，这些基因具有多种变异，从而产生不同的等位基因变体。每种等位基因变体对奶酪的制作特性和人体健康都有不同的影响。β-酪蛋白 A1-A3-I-B、k-酪蛋白 B 和 β-乳球蛋白 B 可通过增加奶酪或牛奶产量、改变化学参数、具有较小的酪蛋白胶束尺寸以及影响凝乳酶凝结时间（RCT）和凝乳固化率（CFR）来影响牛奶奶酪的制作特性。此外，β-酪蛋白 A1-B 还被认为是导致缺血性心脏病（IHD）、1 型糖尿病（T1D）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）浓度降低和牛奶不耐受等不同健康疾病的危险因素。我们首次采用 LC-MS 方法分析了奥斯塔河谷自交系牛种的主要牛奶蛋白质基因变异。对从 IAR 实验牧场或奥斯塔河谷地区奶牛生产者的牛群中采集的三个牛种（红皮牛 - VRP、黑皮牛 - VNP 和栗牛 - CAS）的牛奶进行的分析表明，β-酪蛋白 A2 和 A3/I 的频率相当高，而 β-酪蛋白 A1 的频率较低。此外，在 VRP 品种中，β-酪蛋白 B 的频率较低，而在 CAS 和 VNP 品种中，该变体的频率较高。就 k-酪蛋白而言，等位基因变异 B 在 VRP 中最常见，而等位基因变异 A 则在 VNP 和 CAS 品种中最常见。结果表明，奥斯塔河谷牛奶具有良好的奶酪制作特性和较高的β-酪蛋白 A2 频率，这可能与对人类健康的有益影响有关。鉴于这些结果，重要的是要制定考虑到牛奶蛋白质多态性的育种计划，以进一步提高牛奶对奶酪制作工艺的适用性，并减少饮用牛奶中可能成为人类健康风险因素的 β-酪蛋白 A1 和 B 的存在。
{"title":"Milk protein polymorphisms of Aosta Valley cattle breeds","authors":"Mathieu Merlet, Luca Vernetti-Prot, Sabina Valentini","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Cow’s milk proteins are encoded by highly polymorphic genes characterized by several mutations which result in different allelic variants. Each allelic variant has different possible effects on cheese-making properties and on human health. β-casein A1-A3-I-B, k-casein B and β-lactoglobulin B are supposed to influence milk cheese-making properties by increasing cheese or milk yield, by varying chemical parameters, by having small casein micelle size, and by influencing rennet coagulation time (RCT) and curd-firming rate (CFR). In addition, β-casein A1-B are also considered to be a risk factor for different health diseases such as ischemic heart disease (IHD), type 1 diabetes (T1D), decreased glutathione (GSH) concentration, and milk intolerance. An LC-MS method was applied to profile, for the first time, the main milk proteins genetic variants from Aosta Valley autochtonous cattle breeds. Analyses performed on milk collected from bovines of three cattle breeds (Red Pied – VRP, Black Pied – VNP and Chestnut – CAS), either from IAR experimental farm or from herds of dairy-producers in Aosta Valley region, showed quite high frequencies of β-casein A2 and A3/I, and low frequencies of β-casein A1. Moreover, low frequencies of β-casein B in VRP breed and high frequencies of the same variant in CAS, and VNP breeds have been found. As far as k-casein is concerned allelic variant B is the most diffused in VRP while allelic variant A in VNP and CAS breeds. Finally, β-lactoglobulin most diffused allelic variant for all breeds is B. Results suggest that Aosta Valley milk has good cheese-making properties and good frequencies of β-casein A2 which may be related to beneficial effects on human health. In light of these results, it is important to develop breeding programs which take into consideration milk proteins polymorphisms to further increase the milk suitability for cheese-making process and to decrease the presence of β-casein A1 and B in drinking milk which can be a risk factor for human health.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140197928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disproportionation and comproportionation reactions have become routinely proposed events in modern synthetic endevours that use nickel catalysts. This new found appreciation from practitioners in the field for these electron transfer reactions has largely stemmed from our improved understanding of catalytic reactions. These studies have shown evidence of the ability of nickel complexes to occupy odd and even oxidation states which are critical to dictating reactivity. Comproportionation and disproportionation reactions shuttle nickel complexes between these oxidation states and are essential to the formation of either on-cycle or off-cycle species. This review will cover these fundamental reactions, and provide information about their role in catalysis.
{"title":"Advances in understanding comproportionation and disproportionation in nickel catalysis","authors":"Craig S. Day","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0106","url":null,"abstract":"Disproportionation and comproportionation reactions have become routinely proposed events in modern synthetic endevours that use nickel catalysts. This new found appreciation from practitioners in the field for these electron transfer reactions has largely stemmed from our improved understanding of catalytic reactions. These studies have shown evidence of the ability of nickel complexes to occupy odd and even oxidation states which are critical to dictating reactivity. Comproportionation and disproportionation reactions shuttle nickel complexes between these oxidation states and are essential to the formation of either on-cycle or off-cycle species. This review will cover these fundamental reactions, and provide information about their role in catalysis.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"231 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140205674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The surface tension of ionic liquids with the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP) anion were measured using a home-built surface tensiometer. A high-vacuum line was used to pre-evacuate the ionic liquids prior to analyses, ensuring that the samples were free of dissolved gases, water, and volatile impurities. Using the pendant drop method, measurements were performed in a custom-built surface tension vacuum or gas cell, in the presence of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas. To calibrate the instrument, surface tension measurement of known liquids was also performed. Results show that the presence of saturated carbon dioxide led to the lowering of measured surface tension values, indicating the adsorption of CO2 on the ionic liquid surface.
{"title":"Surface tension measurement of FAP-based ionic liquid pendant drops in a high vacuum/gas cell","authors":"Julius Kim Tiongson, Imee Su Martinez","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1113","url":null,"abstract":"The surface tension of ionic liquids with the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP) anion were measured using a home-built surface tensiometer. A high-vacuum line was used to pre-evacuate the ionic liquids prior to analyses, ensuring that the samples were free of dissolved gases, water, and volatile impurities. Using the pendant drop method, measurements were performed in a custom-built surface tension vacuum or gas cell, in the presence of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas. To calibrate the instrument, surface tension measurement of known liquids was also performed. Results show that the presence of saturated carbon dioxide led to the lowering of measured surface tension values, indicating the adsorption of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> on the ionic liquid surface.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oanh H. Nguyen, Huy T. A. Nguyen, Luon Tan Nguyen, Nga H. N. Do, Lam Dai Tran, Viet T. Tran, Phung K. Le, Kien A. Le
Biomass-based aerogels are of interest due to their abundant precursors, ease of functionalization, eco-friendliness, low cost, and effectiveness in dye-contaminated water treatment. Coconut pith (CP) known as a by-product after coconut processing is a sponge-like and lightweight material discarded in large volumes. For the first time, carbon micro-particles resulting from two-step treatment and pyrolysis of CP have been successfully incorporated with chitosan to produce aerogel composites by high-speed homogenization and freeze-drying. After pretreatment, holocellulose content and crystallinity index of the recovered CP pulp are respectively 75.4 and 58.6 % along with a solid recovery rate of 27.5 %. Characteristic properties of the aerogel composites are featured by their density as low as 15.23–28.17 mg/cm3, remarkably high porosity of 98.17–99.05 %, and Young’s modulus of 1.64–12.23 kPa. Synergistic effects of the porous network, electrostatic interactions between both amine groups in chitosan and carbon surface with methyl orange (MO) cause the as-fabricated aerogel composites to achieve an extremely high adsorption capacity of 454.13 mg/g and removal efficiency of 92.32 % at initial MO concentration of 500 mg/L. Therefore, the CP-derived carbon/chitosan aerogel composites synthesized from a feasible procedure exhibit their great potential in enhancing the value of coconut waste and dealing with dye-contaminated water pollution by simple and economical adsorption.
{"title":"Bio-based aerogel composites of coconut pith-derived carbon and chitosan for efficient anionic dye-polluted water treatment","authors":"Oanh H. Nguyen, Huy T. A. Nguyen, Luon Tan Nguyen, Nga H. N. Do, Lam Dai Tran, Viet T. Tran, Phung K. Le, Kien A. Le","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0102","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass-based aerogels are of interest due to their abundant precursors, ease of functionalization, eco-friendliness, low cost, and effectiveness in dye-contaminated water treatment. Coconut pith (CP) known as a by-product after coconut processing is a sponge-like and lightweight material discarded in large volumes. For the first time, carbon micro-particles resulting from two-step treatment and pyrolysis of CP have been successfully incorporated with chitosan to produce aerogel composites by high-speed homogenization and freeze-drying. After pretreatment, holocellulose content and crystallinity index of the recovered CP pulp are respectively 75.4 and 58.6 % along with a solid recovery rate of 27.5 %. Characteristic properties of the aerogel composites are featured by their density as low as 15.23–28.17 mg/cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>, remarkably high porosity of 98.17–99.05 %, and Young’s modulus of 1.64–12.23 kPa. Synergistic effects of the porous network, electrostatic interactions between both amine groups in chitosan and carbon surface with methyl orange (MO) cause the as-fabricated aerogel composites to achieve an extremely high adsorption capacity of 454.13 mg/g and removal efficiency of 92.32 % at initial MO concentration of 500 mg/L. Therefore, the CP-derived carbon/chitosan aerogel composites synthesized from a feasible procedure exhibit their great potential in enhancing the value of coconut waste and dealing with dye-contaminated water pollution by simple and economical adsorption.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nhuan N. Doan, Ha T. Nguyen, Luan T. Nguyen, Lam D. Tran, Tuan D. Phan, Tien A. Nguyen, Linh T. T. Nguyen
In this study, the plant biomass from the phytoremediation was recovered, prepared, and investigated catalytic ability for the α-pinene isomerization. The results show that the Fe_loaded AAL biochar can catalyze the isomerization of a-pinene, with the α-pinene conversion of 90.5 % and the selectivities for monocyclic terpenes (limonene, terpinolene and γ-terpinene) of 57.1 %, bicyclic terpene (camphene) of 24.6 %. Iron in the plant biomass from phytoremediation is considered a decisive factor that heightened the conversion of α-pinene and the yield of isomers. This research has initially opened up a new application for the plant biomass absorbing heavy metal from the phytoremediation stage to resolve contaminants efficiently.
{"title":"Biochar-based catalysts: a potential disposal of plant biomass from phytoremediation","authors":"Nhuan N. Doan, Ha T. Nguyen, Luan T. Nguyen, Lam D. Tran, Tuan D. Phan, Tien A. Nguyen, Linh T. T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0105","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the plant biomass from the phytoremediation was recovered, prepared, and investigated catalytic ability for the α-pinene isomerization. The results show that the Fe_loaded AAL biochar can catalyze the isomerization of a-pinene, with the α-pinene conversion of 90.5 % and the selectivities for monocyclic terpenes (limonene, terpinolene and γ-terpinene) of 57.1 %, bicyclic terpene (camphene) of 24.6 %. Iron in the plant biomass from phytoremediation is considered a decisive factor that heightened the conversion of α-pinene and the yield of isomers. This research has initially opened up a new application for the plant biomass absorbing heavy metal from the phytoremediation stage to resolve contaminants efficiently.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thi Nam Pham, Thi Thom Nguyen, Le Thanh Nguyen Huynh, Viet Hai Le, Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Raa Khimi Shuib, Dai Lam Tran, Tuan Anh Nguyen
The use of graphene (GE) as a conductive additive for activated carbon (AC) electrode in capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted much attention due to its high electrical conductivity. However, self-agglomeration by π–π interactions between individual GE sheets required the use of high content to ensure an efficient conductive network in the electrode, which limited its practical application. This work proposed an approach to reduce the GE content in the fabrication of biomass-based activated carbon electrode for CDI application. The stacking effect of GE sheets is inhibited when GE sheets functionalize with oxygen groups via acid treatment under ultrasonic condition. This helps to reduce GE content to less than 2 wt% in the fabrication of CDI electrodes. The electrode fabricated using 2 wt% treated GE (T-GE) achieved the superior capacitance of 54 F/g, twice that of the pristine AC. The desalination process using as-prepared electrodes was evaluated by batch-mode CDI system with the initial NaCl solution of 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm at various applied voltages. The AC/T-GE 2 % electrode showed excellent performance with a desalination capacity greater than 10 mg/g, and reached an adsorption rate of 1.93 mg/g.min in both solutions under an applied voltage 1.2 V.
石墨烯（GE）具有高导电性，因此在电容式去离子（CDI）中用作活性炭（AC）电极的导电添加剂备受关注。然而，单个 GE 薄片之间通过 π-π 相互作用而产生的自团聚要求使用高含量以确保电极中有效的导电网络，这限制了其实际应用。本研究提出了一种在制造用于 CDI 的生物质基活性炭电极时降低 GE 含量的方法。在超声波条件下，通过酸处理使 GE 片层具有氧官能团，从而抑制 GE 片层的堆积效应。这有助于在制造 CDI 电极时将 GE 的含量降至 2 wt% 以下。使用 2 wt% 处理过的 GE（T-GE）制造的电极电容高达 54 F/g，是原始 AC 的两倍。通过批量模式 CDI 系统，在初始 NaCl 溶液浓度为 2000 ppm 和 3000 ppm 时，在不同的应用电压下，对使用制备的电极进行的海水淡化过程进行了评估。AC/T-GE 2 % 电极表现出优异的性能，脱盐能力大于 10 mg/g，在 1.2 V 的应用电压下，两种溶液的吸附率均达到 1.93 mg/g.min。
{"title":"Selection of graphene as a conductive additive for biomass-based activated carbon electrode in capacitive deionization: acid-treated as a practical approach to reduce graphene content","authors":"Thi Nam Pham, Thi Thom Nguyen, Le Thanh Nguyen Huynh, Viet Hai Le, Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Raa Khimi Shuib, Dai Lam Tran, Tuan Anh Nguyen","doi":"10.1515/pac-2024-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0109","url":null,"abstract":"The use of graphene (GE) as a conductive additive for activated carbon (AC) electrode in capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted much attention due to its high electrical conductivity. However, self-agglomeration by π–π interactions between individual GE sheets required the use of high content to ensure an efficient conductive network in the electrode, which limited its practical application. This work proposed an approach to reduce the GE content in the fabrication of biomass-based activated carbon electrode for CDI application. The stacking effect of GE sheets is inhibited when GE sheets functionalize with oxygen groups via acid treatment under ultrasonic condition. This helps to reduce GE content to less than 2 wt% in the fabrication of CDI electrodes. The electrode fabricated using 2 wt% treated GE (T-GE) achieved the superior capacitance of 54 F/g, twice that of the pristine AC. The desalination process using as-prepared electrodes was evaluated by batch-mode CDI system with the initial NaCl solution of 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm at various applied voltages. The AC/T-GE 2 % electrode showed excellent performance with a desalination capacity greater than 10 mg/g, and reached an adsorption rate of 1.93 mg/g.min in both solutions under an applied voltage 1.2 V.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this research is to improve the stability of α-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus by chemical modification with citraconic anhydride. The α-amylase was isolated using a centrifugation technique, followed by purification using precipitation and dialysis of ammonium sulfate salt. The experimental results demonstrate that the stability of purified α-amylase is 13.41 times higher than that of the crude extract. A significant increase in the optimum temperature was also achieved, in which the optimum temperature of 50 °C was found for native α-amylase, while for modified α-amylase, the optimum temperature of 60 °C was found. Similarly, an increase in half-life was also evident, which is 38.72 min found for the native enzyme to 256.67–330.00 min for modified α-amylase, depending on the volume of citraconic anhydride used. Modification also resulted in increased free energy values (ΔGi) from 104.348 for the native enzyme to 109.585–110.281 kJ mol−1 for modified α-amylase, indicating that modified α-amylase is stiffer than native α-amylase. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that citric anhydride is a very promising modifying agent to improve the stability and performance of α-amylase enzyme isolated from A. fumigatus. The findings of this study also offer an opportunity for the application of citric anhydride for other enzymes.
{"title":"The effect of chemical modification using citraconic anhydride on the stability of α-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus","authors":"Yandri Yandri, Lupia Widya Astuti, Hendri Ropingi, Tati Suhartati, Bambang Irawan, Sutopo Hadi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1138","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to improve the stability of α-amylase from <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</jats:italic> by chemical modification with citraconic anhydride. The α-amylase was isolated using a centrifugation technique, followed by purification using precipitation and dialysis of ammonium sulfate salt. The experimental results demonstrate that the stability of purified α-amylase is 13.41 times higher than that of the crude extract. A significant increase in the optimum temperature was also achieved, in which the optimum temperature of 50 °C was found for native α-amylase, while for modified α-amylase, the optimum temperature of 60 °C was found. Similarly, an increase in half-life was also evident, which is 38.72 min found for the native enzyme to 256.67–330.00 min for modified α-amylase, depending on the volume of citraconic anhydride used. Modification also resulted in increased free energy values (<jats:italic>ΔG</jats:italic> <jats:sub>i</jats:sub>) from 104.348 for the native enzyme to 109.585–110.281 kJ mol<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for modified α-amylase, indicating that modified α-amylase is stiffer than native α-amylase. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that citric anhydride is a very promising modifying agent to improve the stability and performance of α-amylase enzyme isolated from <jats:italic>A. fumigatus</jats:italic>. The findings of this study also offer an opportunity for the application of citric anhydride for other enzymes.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daisuke Tsumune, Takaki Tsubono, Kazuhiro Misumi, Kazuyuki Sakuma, Yuichi Onda
After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (F1NPS) accident, 137Cs activity concentrations have not yet decreased to pre-accident levels because of direct release from the site and fluvial discharges of 137Cs deposited on land. It is necessary to consider dispersion processes in the coastal area to understand the impact of multiple river discharges and direct release. To achieve this goal, we carried out oceanic dispersion simulations that considered direct release and fluvial discharges and compared the results with the annual averages of observed data. We assumed that particulate 137Cs discharged from rivers to the ocean quickly resuspended and re-leached after coagulation and precipitation, and that all of the 137Cs was dispersed. The reproducibility of results was improved by considering fluvial discharges of particulate 137Cs at all sites between 2013 and 2016, except near the F1NPS. In other words, particulate 137Cs discharged from rivers was found to influence the results of ocean surface activity concentrations within a relatively short period of time. The impact of direct release was dominant for the observed 137Cs activity concentrations adjacent to the F1NPS, which was used to estimate direct releases.
{"title":"Impact of fluvial discharge on 137Cs in the ocean following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident","authors":"Daisuke Tsumune, Takaki Tsubono, Kazuhiro Misumi, Kazuyuki Sakuma, Yuichi Onda","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-0902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-0902","url":null,"abstract":"After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (F1NPS) accident, <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs activity concentrations have not yet decreased to pre-accident levels because of direct release from the site and fluvial discharges of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs deposited on land. It is necessary to consider dispersion processes in the coastal area to understand the impact of multiple river discharges and direct release. To achieve this goal, we carried out oceanic dispersion simulations that considered direct release and fluvial discharges and compared the results with the annual averages of observed data. We assumed that particulate <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs discharged from rivers to the ocean quickly resuspended and re-leached after coagulation and precipitation, and that all of the <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs was dispersed. The reproducibility of results was improved by considering fluvial discharges of particulate <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs at all sites between 2013 and 2016, except near the F1NPS. In other words, particulate <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs discharged from rivers was found to influence the results of ocean surface activity concentrations within a relatively short period of time. The impact of direct release was dominant for the observed <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs activity concentrations adjacent to the F1NPS, which was used to estimate direct releases.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"210 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For a long time, fossil fuel has been a part of our everyday lives and has constantly led to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment. The release of methane (CH4) into our surroundings can be caused by the decomposition of organic wastes produced by our daily activities; CH4 produced by human activity is responsible for at least 25 % of global warming. CH4 is a known potent greenhouse gas that can trap about 35 times more heat than CO2. These greenhouse gases play a role in climate change and global warming. It, therefore, becomes important to explore measures for decarbonizing our environment. Biomethane production using our generated waste is a promising decarbonization approach with significant potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper overviews potential biomass methanation feedstocks and investigates several technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, combined pyrolysis and methanation, and combined gasification and methanation. SWOT analysis of waste conversion to biomethane was conducted, and important points related to the scaling-up of biomethane production processes were outlined. Also, insights into prospects for promoting biomass methanation deployment were provided. In conclusion, biomass methanation has great potential for producing sustainable energy. Hence, collaboration between industrialists, researchers, government agencies, and stakeholders including an understanding of the financial investments, return on investments, or potential subsidies and incentives could enhance the practicality of the proposed solution. Research and development should be continuously carried out as they are necessary to scale up and promote the technology. Also, there should be technical training for stakeholders as it is essential for the smooth development of the sector.
{"title":"Decarbonizing our environment via the promotion of biomass methanation in developing nations: a waste management tool","authors":"Chidiebere Millicent Igwebuike, Toyese Oyegoke","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1109","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time, fossil fuel has been a part of our everyday lives and has constantly led to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) into the environment. The release of methane (CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) into our surroundings can be caused by the decomposition of organic wastes produced by our daily activities; CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> produced by human activity is responsible for at least 25 % of global warming. CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> is a known potent greenhouse gas that can trap about 35 times more heat than CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>. These greenhouse gases play a role in climate change and global warming. It, therefore, becomes important to explore measures for decarbonizing our environment. Biomethane production using our generated waste is a promising decarbonization approach with significant potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper overviews potential biomass methanation feedstocks and investigates several technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, combined pyrolysis and methanation, and combined gasification and methanation. SWOT analysis of waste conversion to biomethane was conducted, and important points related to the scaling-up of biomethane production processes were outlined. Also, insights into prospects for promoting biomass methanation deployment were provided. In conclusion, biomass methanation has great potential for producing sustainable energy. Hence, collaboration between industrialists, researchers, government agencies, and stakeholders including an understanding of the financial investments, return on investments, or potential subsidies and incentives could enhance the practicality of the proposed solution. Research and development should be continuously carried out as they are necessary to scale up and promote the technology. Also, there should be technical training for stakeholders as it is essential for the smooth development of the sector.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140105728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enrico Berretti, Andrea Giaccherini, Vincenzo Dell’Aquila, Francesco Di Benedetto, Giordano Montegrossi, Giovanni Orazio Lepore, Massimo Innocenti, Francesco D’Acapito, Francesco Vizza, Alessandro Lavacchi
In this article, we present an in-situ and operando time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) technique which exploits a combination of Grazing Incidence XAS (GIXAS) and Fixed Energy X-ray Absorption Voltammetry (FEXRAV), the Grazing Incidence FEXRAV (GI-FEXRAV). A case-study is also outlined. Palladium ultra-low loadings were deposited above Au polycrystalline iso-oriented substrates adopting three different deposition methods: surface-controlled electrochemical methods, direct electrodeposition, and physical vapour deposition (PVD). These catalytical surfaces were prepared for the investigation by GI-FEXRAV of the Pd oxidation/dissolution phenomenon that could occur when the metal is used in the anodic compartment of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) or in electrochemical reformers. Moreover, we report a robust, low cost and versatile procedure to obtain wide and flat iso-oriented gold substrates that can mimic monocrystalline gold (1 1 1) in the electrochemical response. The use of GI-FEXRAV for the operando characterization of the catalysts, in conjunction with the designed experimental cell and our flexible Au-based electrochemical substrates show an invaluable potential in the operando study of fundamental phenomena in heterogeneous electrocatalysis model systems and, due to its versatility, paves the way to further studies on a wide selection of electrochemical systems.
在这篇文章中，我们介绍了一种原位和操作时间分辨 X 射线吸收光谱（XAS）技术，该技术结合了掠入射 XAS（GIXAS）和固定能量 X 射线吸收伏安法（FEXRAV），即掠入射 FEXRAV（GI-FEXRAV）。此外，还概述了一个案例研究。采用三种不同的沉积方法：表面控制电化学方法、直接电沉积和物理气相沉积（PVD），在金多晶等取向基底上沉积了超低负载的钯。制备这些催化表面是为了通过 GI-FEXRAV 对 Pd 氧化/溶解现象进行研究，这种现象可能发生在直接酒精燃料电池（DAFC）阳极室或电化学转化炉中使用金属时。此外，我们还报告了一种坚固耐用、成本低廉且用途广泛的方法，用于获得宽而平整的等取向金基板，该基板可在电化学反应中模拟单晶金 (1,1,1)。使用 GI-FEXRAV 对催化剂进行操作表征，结合设计的实验单元和我们灵活的金基电化学基底，显示了在异相电催化模型系统中对基本现象进行操作研究的宝贵潜力，而且由于其多功能性，为进一步研究多种电化学系统铺平了道路。
{"title":"In-situ and operando Grazing Incidence XAS: a novel set-up and its application to model Pd electrodes for alcohols oxidation","authors":"Enrico Berretti, Andrea Giaccherini, Vincenzo Dell’Aquila, Francesco Di Benedetto, Giordano Montegrossi, Giovanni Orazio Lepore, Massimo Innocenti, Francesco D’Acapito, Francesco Vizza, Alessandro Lavacchi","doi":"10.1515/pac-2023-1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2023-1013","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present an <jats:italic>in-situ</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>operando</jats:italic> time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) technique which exploits a combination of Grazing Incidence XAS (GIXAS) and Fixed Energy X-ray Absorption Voltammetry (FEXRAV), the Grazing Incidence FEXRAV (GI-FEXRAV). A case-study is also outlined. Palladium ultra-low loadings were deposited above Au polycrystalline iso-oriented substrates adopting three different deposition methods: surface-controlled electrochemical methods, direct electrodeposition, and physical vapour deposition (PVD). These catalytical surfaces were prepared for the investigation by GI-FEXRAV of the Pd oxidation/dissolution phenomenon that could occur when the metal is used in the anodic compartment of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) or in electrochemical reformers. Moreover, we report a robust, low cost and versatile procedure to obtain wide and flat iso-oriented gold substrates that can mimic monocrystalline gold (1 1 1) in the electrochemical response. The use of GI-FEXRAV for the <jats:italic>operando</jats:italic> characterization of the catalysts, in conjunction with the designed experimental cell and our flexible Au-based electrochemical substrates show an invaluable potential in the <jats:italic>operando</jats:italic> study of fundamental phenomena in heterogeneous electrocatalysis model systems and, due to its versatility, paves the way to further studies on a wide selection of electrochemical systems.","PeriodicalId":20911,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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