Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106297
Simin Huang , Yizhong Yuan , Huimei Yu , Jinyu Sun , Xiaohui Tian , Chunhua Cai , Yuxuan Han , Yao Zhang
The remediation of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals remains a serious challenge due to the continuing threats posed to ecosystems and human health. While conventional methods such as membrane filtration and flocculation exist, developing sustainable adsorbents with high capacity and reusability is imperative. Therefore, we propose a novel strategy to overcome the limitations of natural polymer-based hydrogels by integrating β-FeOOH nanoparticles into sodium alginate matrices. FTIR, XPS and TG reveal that the incorporation of β-FeOOH not only increases the adsorption active sites but also improves the thermal stability of the composite hydrogels. The composite hydrogel exhibits exceptional adsorption capacity (581.40 mg/g). Crucially, the material maintains over 85 % of its initial efficiency after five adsorption-desorption cycles, demonstrating strong structural integrity and practical applicability. This work provides a mechanistic framework for designing multifunctional hydrogels through nanomaterial hybridization, offering a sustainable pathway for water purification technologies.
{"title":"Recyclable core-shell hydrogel doped with nano-β-FeOOH for efficient adsorption of copper ions","authors":"Simin Huang , Yizhong Yuan , Huimei Yu , Jinyu Sun , Xiaohui Tian , Chunhua Cai , Yuxuan Han , Yao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The remediation of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals remains a serious challenge due to the continuing threats posed to ecosystems and human health. While conventional methods such as membrane filtration and flocculation exist, developing sustainable adsorbents with high capacity and reusability is imperative. Therefore, we propose a novel strategy to overcome the limitations of natural polymer-based hydrogels by integrating β-FeOOH nanoparticles into sodium alginate matrices. FTIR, XPS and TG reveal that the incorporation of β-FeOOH not only increases the adsorption active sites but also improves the thermal stability of the composite hydrogels. The composite hydrogel exhibits exceptional adsorption capacity (581.40 mg/g). Crucially, the material maintains over 85 % of its initial efficiency after five adsorption-desorption cycles, demonstrating strong structural integrity and practical applicability. This work provides a mechanistic framework for designing multifunctional hydrogels through nanomaterial hybridization, offering a sustainable pathway for water purification technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106297"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106303
Jacqueline Torres-Romero, Jorge Ramón Robledo-Ortíz, Yolanda González-García, Jessica Badillo-Camacho, José Antonio Gutiérrez-Ortega, Ricardo Manríquez-González
The contribution of the ionic and aromatic interactions between water-soluble dyes and functionalized bio-based materials was studied. For this purpose, commercial corn starch was successfully functionalized with aromatic tosyl groups (Starch-TS) and aspartate N-Cbz protected (Starch-Asp-N-Cbz) as was corroborated by elemental analysis, FTIR and 13C solid state NMR. The increase in specific surface area and Z potential defined the adsorption properties and anionic stability of Starch-Asp-N-Cbz. The adsorption performance of the functionalized starch materials was tested by kinetic experiments with 50 mg/L of cationic malachite green and methylene blue dye solutions and compared with unmodified starch. A 3.1-fold increase in adsorption of malachite green on Starch-Asp-N-Cbz and a 2.2-fold increase in methylene blue on Starch-TS was observed compared to the starting starch. In both cases, the pseudo-second order model best described adsorption kinetics. These results demonstrated that the ionic interaction on Starch-Asp-N-Cbz was the predominant adsorption mechanism for malachite green, whereas methylene blue was more suitable for the aromatic interaction on Starch-TS. In any case, the adsorption performance is addressed to the moieties composition of each functionalized starch that can take place in a concomitant interaction system as was observed by FTIR spectra of the samples before and after the adsorption of dyes.
{"title":"Contribution of the aromatic and ionic systems in functionalized starch in the remotion performance of cationic dyes","authors":"Jacqueline Torres-Romero, Jorge Ramón Robledo-Ortíz, Yolanda González-García, Jessica Badillo-Camacho, José Antonio Gutiérrez-Ortega, Ricardo Manríquez-González","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The contribution of the ionic and aromatic interactions between water-soluble dyes and functionalized bio-based materials was studied. For this purpose, commercial corn starch was successfully functionalized with aromatic tosyl groups (Starch-TS) and aspartate N-Cbz protected (Starch-Asp-N-Cbz) as was corroborated by elemental analysis, FTIR and <sup>13</sup>C solid state NMR. The increase in specific surface area and Z potential defined the adsorption properties and anionic stability of Starch-Asp-N-Cbz. The adsorption performance of the functionalized starch materials was tested by kinetic experiments with 50 mg/L of cationic malachite green and methylene blue dye solutions and compared with unmodified starch. A 3.1-fold increase in adsorption of malachite green on Starch-Asp-N-Cbz and a 2.2-fold increase in methylene blue on Starch-TS was observed compared to the starting starch. In both cases, the pseudo-second order model best described adsorption kinetics. These results demonstrated that the ionic interaction on Starch-Asp-N-Cbz was the predominant adsorption mechanism for malachite green, whereas methylene blue was more suitable for the aromatic interaction on Starch-TS. In any case, the adsorption performance is addressed to the moieties composition of each functionalized starch that can take place in a concomitant interaction system as was observed by FTIR spectra of the samples before and after the adsorption of dyes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106304
Ke Shang , Qingjing Niu , Xiaohui Li , Kongying Zhu , Lixia Ren , Xiaoyan Yuan
Ice formation can cause a serious of cryoinjuries to cells, and development of biocompatible cryoprotectants for ice control is of great importance. Herein, ice-nucleating glycopolymers are synthesized from the alternating copolymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PMVEA), by modification with small saccharides via one-step esterification. The prepared water-soluble glycopolymers can trigger ice nucleation at −14 to −12 °C, significantly higher than deionized water, linear poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The structural differences in monosaccharide, disaccharide and trisaccharide-grafted glycopolymers have positive impacts on the chemically induced ice nucleation and the ice crystal morphology, but all of them have weak activity to inhibit ice recrystallization, similar like PEG. Analyses of differential scanning calorimetry and low field nuclear magnetic resonance suggest that the PMVEA-based glycopolymers, which can be self-associated in nanoscale by the alternating structure of hydrophobic methoxyl and hydrophilic saccharide/carboxyl groups, could have strong interactions with water molecules, thus initiating ice nucleation. Particularly, incorporation of trehalose-modified PMVEA in alginate hydrogel can enhance cryosurvival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus after cryopreservation at −20 °C in comparison with cryostorage at −80 °C. This work provides a feasible approach for preparation of ice-nucleating macromolecules for ice control during cryopreservation of cells.
{"title":"Preparation of ice-nucleating glycopolymers from poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) by modification with saccharides","authors":"Ke Shang , Qingjing Niu , Xiaohui Li , Kongying Zhu , Lixia Ren , Xiaoyan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice formation can cause a serious of cryoinjuries to cells, and development of biocompatible cryoprotectants for ice control is of great importance. Herein, ice-nucleating glycopolymers are synthesized from the alternating copolymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-<em>alt</em>-maleic anhydride) (PMVEA), by modification with small saccharides via one-step esterification. The prepared water-soluble glycopolymers can trigger ice nucleation at −14 to −12 °C, significantly higher than deionized water, linear poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The structural differences in monosaccharide, disaccharide and trisaccharide-grafted glycopolymers have positive impacts on the chemically induced ice nucleation and the ice crystal morphology, but all of them have weak activity to inhibit ice recrystallization, similar like PEG. Analyses of differential scanning calorimetry and low field nuclear magnetic resonance suggest that the PMVEA-based glycopolymers, which can be self-associated in nanoscale by the alternating structure of hydrophobic methoxyl and hydrophilic saccharide/carboxyl groups, could have strong interactions with water molecules, thus initiating ice nucleation. Particularly, incorporation of trehalose-modified PMVEA in alginate hydrogel can enhance cryosurvival of <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> after cryopreservation at −20 °C in comparison with cryostorage at −80 °C. This work provides a feasible approach for preparation of ice-nucleating macromolecules for ice control during cryopreservation of cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the development of Walikukun fiber (WF)-reinforced epoxy composites by systematically incorporating both fiber treatments and aluminum filler to address the dual challenges of improving mechanical properties and reducing water absorption. Specifically, WF was pre-treated with alkali (NaOH) and subsequently coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) prior to integration into an epoxy matrix, while aluminum filler was added to further enhance performance. Comprehensive mechanical characterization revealed that tensile strength increased from 94.73 MPa for untreated fibers to 124.37 MPa for NaOH- and PVA-coated composites, and bending strength improved from 131.73 to 164.37 MPa. The water absorption rate of the composites decreased from 4.77 % to 4.05 % when the fibers were PVA-coated. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis demonstrated a higher storage modulus of up to 2595.09 MPa for composites containing aluminum filler, indicating improved stiffness. By introducing WF as a novel reinforcement and employing an integrated fiber treatment and filler approach, this work offers a pathway to producing high-performance, sustainable composite materials suitable for various industrial applications.
{"title":"Enhancing the performance of natural fiber composites: Integrating Walikukun fiber and aluminum filler in epoxy matrices","authors":"Suteja , Syarif Hidayatullah , Femiana Gapsari , Anindito Purnowidodo , Lilya Susanti , Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa , Suchart Siengchin","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the development of Walikukun fiber (WF)-reinforced epoxy composites by systematically incorporating both fiber treatments and aluminum filler to address the dual challenges of improving mechanical properties and reducing water absorption. Specifically, WF was pre-treated with alkali (NaOH) and subsequently coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) prior to integration into an epoxy matrix, while aluminum filler was added to further enhance performance. Comprehensive mechanical characterization revealed that tensile strength increased from 94.73 MPa for untreated fibers to 124.37 MPa for NaOH- and PVA-coated composites, and bending strength improved from 131.73 to 164.37 MPa. The water absorption rate of the composites decreased from 4.77 % to 4.05 % when the fibers were PVA-coated. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis demonstrated a higher storage modulus of up to 2595.09 MPa for composites containing aluminum filler, indicating improved stiffness. By introducing WF as a novel reinforcement and employing an integrated fiber treatment and filler approach, this work offers a pathway to producing high-performance, sustainable composite materials suitable for various industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106302"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-13DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106298
Yirui Lv , Ping Yin , Ting Lei
Copper‑iron layered double hydroxides (CuFe-LDHs) with varying Cu/Fe atomic ratios and intercalated CO32−/HCO3− anions were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method. The as-prepared CuFe-LDHs exhibited a sheet-like morpHology, with particle size increasing as the Cu/Fe ratio increased. Their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was highly dependent on the Cu/Fe ratio. Among them, CuFe-LDH-3 (Cu/Fe = 3:1) demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy, achieving 100 % inhibition at 0.05 mg/mL for S. aureus and 0.5 mg/mL for E. coli. This was attributed to the synergistic action of the released Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions and peroxidase-mimicking ROS generation. Moreover, CuFe-LDH-3 was incorporated into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ((HPMC)/hyaluronic acid(HA)/glycerol(Gl) hydrogel matrix to develop a thermo-sensitive composite hydrogel (CuFe-LDH/HHG). The resulting composite hydrogel exhibited thermo-sensitive sol-gel transition between 34 and 36 °C. In addition, the 0.1 % (W/V) CuFe-LDH/HHG hydrogel displayed excellent antibacterial activity, good biocompatibility, and endothelial cell proliferation promotion. This study presents a novel thermo-sensitive antibacterial composite hydrogel system with remarkable antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for wound healing and biomedical applications.
{"title":"In vitro antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of Thermo-sensitive composite hydrogels with encapsulated CuFe-LDH","authors":"Yirui Lv , Ping Yin , Ting Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper‑iron layered double hydroxides (CuFe-LDHs) with varying Cu/Fe atomic ratios and intercalated CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> anions were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method. The as-prepared CuFe-LDHs exhibited a sheet-like morpHology, with particle size increasing as the Cu/Fe ratio increased. Their antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) and <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) was highly dependent on the Cu/Fe ratio. Among them, CuFe-LDH-3 (Cu/Fe = 3:1) demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy, achieving 100 % inhibition at 0.05 mg/mL for <em>S. aureus</em> and 0.5 mg/mL for <em>E. coli</em>. This was attributed to the synergistic action of the released Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions and peroxidase-mimicking ROS generation. Moreover, CuFe-LDH-3 was incorporated into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ((HPMC)/hyaluronic acid(HA)/glycerol(Gl) hydrogel matrix to develop a thermo-sensitive composite hydrogel (CuFe-LDH/HHG). The resulting composite hydrogel exhibited thermo-sensitive sol-gel transition between 34 and 36 °C. In addition, the 0.1 % (<em>W</em>/<em>V</em>) CuFe-LDH/HHG hydrogel displayed excellent antibacterial activity, good biocompatibility, and endothelial cell proliferation promotion. This study presents a novel thermo-sensitive antibacterial composite hydrogel system with remarkable antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for wound healing and biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-13DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106296
Chang-Yuan Cheng , Yong Xiang , Jing-Ping Sun , Wen-Cai Bai , Zhou-Xuan Zang , Ou-Yang Liu , Li Xu
In this study, we crafted nitrogen-laden microspheres known as PEI-GA, employing a straightforward, single-step synthesis at ambient temperature. We further validated their capacity as autonomous adsorbents, capable of achieving efficient, targeted, and swift extraction of gold ions (Au(III)) from aqueous media. The high nitrogen content of PEI, combined with its electrochemical adsorption ability, enables effective adsorption and reduction of Au(III) ions into gold nanoparticles, significantly enhancing the adsorption capacity and selectivity. PEI-GA exhibits an ultra-fast adsorption rate, achieving over 99 % Au(III) recovery in just 1 min at a concentration of 100 mg/L (m/V = 0.5 g/L). Moreover, even at higher concentrations (300 mg/L), the process only takes 5 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of PEI-GA reaches 2078 mg/g, following the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. PEI-GA also demonstrates excellent selectivity and recyclability, recovering over 95 % of gold ions from simulated e-waste solutions and maintaining 90 % recovery efficiency after five cycles. DFT calculations suggest that AuCl₄− tends to form multicentric coordination with N atoms in PEI-GA. This study highlights the cost-effectiveness of PEI-GA for Au(III) recovery, which can be further optimized through calcination or regeneration.
{"title":"Ultra-fast extraction of gold using spherical N-rich polymers","authors":"Chang-Yuan Cheng , Yong Xiang , Jing-Ping Sun , Wen-Cai Bai , Zhou-Xuan Zang , Ou-Yang Liu , Li Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we crafted nitrogen-laden microspheres known as PEI-GA, employing a straightforward, single-step synthesis at ambient temperature. We further validated their capacity as autonomous adsorbents, capable of achieving efficient, targeted, and swift extraction of gold ions (Au(III)) from aqueous media. The high nitrogen content of PEI, combined with its electrochemical adsorption ability, enables effective adsorption and reduction of Au(III) ions into gold nanoparticles, significantly enhancing the adsorption capacity and selectivity. PEI-GA exhibits an ultra-fast adsorption rate, achieving over 99 % Au(III) recovery in just 1 min at a concentration of 100 mg/L (m/V = 0.5 g/L). Moreover, even at higher concentrations (300 mg/L), the process only takes 5 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of PEI-GA reaches 2078 mg/g, following the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. PEI-GA also demonstrates excellent selectivity and recyclability, recovering over 95 % of gold ions from simulated e-waste solutions and maintaining 90 % recovery efficiency after five cycles. DFT calculations suggest that AuCl₄<sup>−</sup> tends to form multicentric coordination with N atoms in PEI-GA. This study highlights the cost-effectiveness of PEI-GA for Au(III) recovery, which can be further optimized through calcination or regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are many concerns associated with high-valued applications of bisphenol A, especially for health and safety issues. Since its widespread use in epoxy resins, related functionalization upgrading has garnered a lot of attention. In particular, its high flammability poses a major risk to property and human safety. To reduce flammability, epoxy monomers, such as 2,2′-(((propane-2,2-diylbis(2-allyl-4,1-phenylene))bis (oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAQ) and 2,2′-(((propane-2, 2-diylbis(2, 6-diallyl-4, 1- phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAW) containing multiple allyls and epoxides have been fabricated and then cured using aromatic amines via a solvent-free process. Therein, structural modification was achieved via a concurrent ring-opening polymerization/olefin polymerization. All these networks displayed good mechanical properties and outstanding thermal stability. Most importantly, all thermosets exhibited excellent flame retardancy displaying a UL-94-V0 rating for combustion. Thus, a green protocol has been established for the generation of halogen- and phosphorus-free functional epoxy resins. It is believed that this approach may provide strong potential for sustainability in practical applications.
{"title":"Halogen- and phosphorus-free allyl bisphenol A epoxy resins with low flammability","authors":"Xinyi Gao, Zhiyong Li, Xinru Bai, Yuting Dong, Jingjing Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are many concerns associated with high-valued applications of bisphenol A, especially for health and safety issues. Since its widespread use in epoxy resins, related functionalization upgrading has garnered a lot of attention. In particular, its high flammability poses a major risk to property and human safety. To reduce flammability, epoxy monomers, such as 2,2′-(((propane-2,2-diylbis(2-allyl-4,1-phenylene))bis (oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAQ) and 2,2′-(((propane-2, 2-diylbis(2, 6-diallyl-4, 1- phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAW) containing multiple allyls and epoxides have been fabricated and then cured using aromatic amines via a solvent-free process. Therein, structural modification was achieved via a concurrent ring-opening polymerization/olefin polymerization. All these networks displayed good mechanical properties and outstanding thermal stability. Most importantly, all thermosets exhibited excellent flame retardancy displaying a UL-94-V0 rating for combustion. Thus, a green protocol has been established for the generation of halogen- and phosphorus-free functional epoxy resins. It is believed that this approach may provide strong potential for sustainability in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106299
Kunyu Wang , Tengfei Han , Shufen Zhang, Benzhi Ju
Water reducing agent is a kind of the concrete admixture that has a dispersing effect on cement particles and can reduce the mixing water consumption. In this paper, starch sulfate water reducing agent (SAS) was prepared in one step by mechanical force method using starch as raw material. The mechanical force method has the advantages of no solvent, efficient reaction and simple operation. The mechanism of the reaction conditions on the substitution degree, molecular weight, surface morphology and elemental composition of the SAS was investigated by using FT-IR, XRD, UV–vis, GPC, SEM and EDS. SAS was found to have excellent water reduction properties through cement net flow experiments, and the water reduction mechanism of SAS was analyzed in depth. As a new biomass-based high-efficiency water reducing agent, SAS has great potential to replace commercially available water reducing agents and support the high quality development of the construction industry.
{"title":"Mechanical force method for the preparation of starch-based water reducer for concrete","authors":"Kunyu Wang , Tengfei Han , Shufen Zhang, Benzhi Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water reducing agent is a kind of the concrete admixture that has a dispersing effect on cement particles and can reduce the mixing water consumption. In this paper, starch sulfate water reducing agent (SAS) was prepared in one step by mechanical force method using starch as raw material. The mechanical force method has the advantages of no solvent, efficient reaction and simple operation. The mechanism of the reaction conditions on the substitution degree, molecular weight, surface morphology and elemental composition of the SAS was investigated by using FT-IR, XRD, UV–vis, GPC, SEM and EDS. SAS was found to have excellent water reduction properties through cement net flow experiments, and the water reduction mechanism of SAS was analyzed in depth. As a new biomass-based high-efficiency water reducing agent, SAS has great potential to replace commercially available water reducing agents and support the high quality development of the construction industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106300
Haochen Wang, Xin Liu, Chenyang Ling, Zhenlu Shen, Meichao Li
A novel TEMPO-modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-T-TEMPO) electrode was prepared through click reaction between 4-(propargyloxy)-TEMPO and azide-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Successful modification of TEMPO on azide-functionalized PEDOT was verified by FTIR, SEM and cyclic voltammetry. PEDOT-T-TEMPO electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity for selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), achieving HMF conversion of 92 % and selectivity towards DFF more than 99 %. In addition, PEDOT-T-TEMPO electrode showed excellent cyclic stability in CH3CN solution. A plausible reaction mechanism for the conversion of HMF to DFF on PEDOT-T-TEMPO electrode with N-methylimidazole (NMI) as the base has been proposed.
{"title":"Preparation of TEMPO-modified PEDOT electrode via click reaction and its electrocatalytic properties for HMF oxidation","authors":"Haochen Wang, Xin Liu, Chenyang Ling, Zhenlu Shen, Meichao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel TEMPO-modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-T-TEMPO) electrode was prepared through click reaction between 4-(propargyloxy)-TEMPO and azide-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Successful modification of TEMPO on azide-functionalized PEDOT was verified by FTIR, SEM and cyclic voltammetry. PEDOT-T-TEMPO electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity for selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), achieving HMF conversion of 92 % and selectivity towards DFF more than 99 %. In addition, PEDOT-T-TEMPO electrode showed excellent cyclic stability in CH<sub>3</sub>CN solution. A plausible reaction mechanism for the conversion of HMF to DFF on PEDOT-T-TEMPO electrode with <em>N</em>-methylimidazole (NMI) as the base has been proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106265
Lingyu Chen , Yunhong Liu , Xinyan Peng , Yuelan Wei , Ke Shao
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) play a crucial role in the progression of uremic complications. Due to the extremely high binding affinity to human serum albumin, PBUTs are poorly removed by traditional hemodialysis methods. As an advanced blood purification technology, hemoperfusion has been proven effective in removing PBUTs, and hyper-crosslinked polystyrene adsorbents have been widely commercialized as hemoperfusion adsorption materials. However, challenges still remain, including the need to enhance the adsorption efficiency of PBUTs and the simplification of the preparation and modification processes of the adsorbents. In this work, we report a one-step external crosslinking modification technique to prepare a functionalized hyper-crosslinked polystyrene adsorbent named HCP-DFDA, in which N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DFDA) with tertiary amine functional groups was used as a small-molecule external crosslinker to simultaneously carry out Friedel–Crafts alkylation crosslinking and functional group grafting modification. Experimental results showed that the prepared hypercrosslinked resin HCP-DFDA had abundant mesoporous/microporous structures and an extremely high specific surface area of up to 1030 m2/g. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that HCP-DFDA exhibited excellent adsorption performance for both uremic PBUTs like indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) and medium- to large-molecular-weight toxins such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, similar to the commercial HA130 resin, HCP-DFDA exhibited low protein adsorption and hemolysis rates, demonstrating good blood compatibility. In summary, the facile preparation method of the modified hypercrosslinked adsorbent proposed in this study provides a new idea and solution for the efficient removal of PBUTs through whole-blood hemoperfusion in clinical applications.
{"title":"Simultaneous hypercrosslinking and functionalization of porous polystyrene adsorbent for protein-bound uraemic toxins removal","authors":"Lingyu Chen , Yunhong Liu , Xinyan Peng , Yuelan Wei , Ke Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) play a crucial role in the progression of uremic complications. Due to the extremely high binding affinity to human serum albumin, PBUTs are poorly removed by traditional hemodialysis methods. As an advanced blood purification technology, hemoperfusion has been proven effective in removing PBUTs, and hyper-crosslinked polystyrene adsorbents have been widely commercialized as hemoperfusion adsorption materials. However, challenges still remain, including the need to enhance the adsorption efficiency of PBUTs and the simplification of the preparation and modification processes of the adsorbents. In this work, we report a one-step external crosslinking modification technique to prepare a functionalized hyper-crosslinked polystyrene adsorbent named HCP-DFDA, in which <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DFDA) with tertiary amine functional groups was used as a small-molecule external crosslinker to simultaneously carry out Friedel–Crafts alkylation crosslinking and functional group grafting modification. Experimental results showed that the prepared hypercrosslinked resin HCP-DFDA had abundant mesoporous/microporous structures and an extremely high specific surface area of up to 1030 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that HCP-DFDA exhibited excellent adsorption performance for both uremic PBUTs like indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) and medium- to large-molecular-weight toxins such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, similar to the commercial HA130 resin, HCP-DFDA exhibited low protein adsorption and hemolysis rates, demonstrating good blood compatibility. In summary, the facile preparation method of the modified hypercrosslinked adsorbent proposed in this study provides a new idea and solution for the efficient removal of PBUTs through whole-blood hemoperfusion in clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号