Pub Date : 2021-02-15DOI: 10.18231/J.JPBS.2020.008
S. Chaudhry
Alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring, autoimmune hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. The AA occurs in people of all ages and affects 1–2%. Patients with the disease can face significant emotional and psychological stress as a result, there is no cure for the condition. Many therapeutic modalities have been used to treat alopecia areata, with variable efficacy and safety profiles. Unfortunately, none of these agents is curative or preventive. The treatment plan is designed according to the patient’s age and extent of disease. Global Alopecia Treatment Market is valued at USD 2.54 billion in 2018 and expected to reach USD3.98 billion by 2025 with the CAGR of 5.80% over the forecast period. Keywords: Alopecia areata, Corticosteroids, JAK inhibitors, Minoxidil.
{"title":"Drug Armamentarium for alopecia areata","authors":"S. Chaudhry","doi":"10.18231/J.JPBS.2020.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/J.JPBS.2020.008","url":null,"abstract":"Alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring, autoimmune hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. The AA occurs in people of all ages and affects 1–2%. Patients with the disease can face significant emotional and psychological stress as a result, there is no cure for the condition. Many therapeutic modalities have been used to treat alopecia areata, with variable efficacy and safety profiles. Unfortunately, none of these agents is curative or preventive. The treatment plan is designed according to the patient’s age and extent of disease. Global Alopecia Treatment Market is valued at USD 2.54 billion in 2018 and expected to reach USD3.98\u0000billion by 2025 with the CAGR of 5.80% over the forecast period.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Alopecia areata, Corticosteroids, JAK inhibitors, Minoxidil.","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84899855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-15DOI: 10.18231/J.JPBS.2020.015
B. H. T. Fokouong, Antoine Arfao Tamsa, M. Nougang, Guy Etame Epole, Joseph Patrick Kouna Atangana, Romeo Fodouop Tagne, Ahmadou Fadimatou, Diane Armelle Moussina Yaka, M. Nola
This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus microcorys on the bacterial cells of Salmonella typhi adhered to polythene fragment at different cell growth phases in aquatic microcosm. The cell growth phases that have been considered are the lag, exponential, stationary and decline phases. The analyzes were performed in static conditions. The duration of cell adhesion process (DCAP) used to allow cell adhesion to polythene were 3h, 6h, 9h, and 24h. Polythene fragments containing adhered bacteria of known amount were then introduced into the solution containing different extract concentrations of Eucalyptus microcorys (10,15 and 20 g.l????1). Fragments were removed after 1h, 2 h and 3h contact time with extract solution. The results revealed that the extract of Eucalyptus microcorys causes the detachment of several bacterial cells initially adhered to fragments of polythene. The degree of detachment is modulated by the phase of cell growth. The largest reduction of Salmonella typhi cells adhered to polythene was observed with cells coming from exponential and stationary growth phases and also after 3h exposure to fragments in the extract. Keywords: Salmonella typhi, Cell growth phase, Adhesion, Polythene, Eucalyptus microcorys, Aquatic microcosm.
{"title":"Effect of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus microcorys on Salmonella typhi strain adhered cells to polythene fragments in water microcosm","authors":"B. H. T. Fokouong, Antoine Arfao Tamsa, M. Nougang, Guy Etame Epole, Joseph Patrick Kouna Atangana, Romeo Fodouop Tagne, Ahmadou Fadimatou, Diane Armelle Moussina Yaka, M. Nola","doi":"10.18231/J.JPBS.2020.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/J.JPBS.2020.015","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus microcorys on the bacterial cells of Salmonella typhi adhered to polythene fragment at different cell growth phases in aquatic microcosm. The cell growth phases that have been considered are the lag, exponential, stationary and decline phases. The analyzes were performed in static conditions. The duration of cell adhesion process (DCAP) used to allow cell adhesion to polythene were 3h, 6h, 9h, and 24h. Polythene fragments containing adhered bacteria of known amount were then introduced into the solution containing different extract concentrations of Eucalyptus microcorys (10,15 and 20 g.l????1). Fragments were removed after 1h, 2 h and 3h contact time with extract solution. The results revealed that the extract of Eucalyptus microcorys causes the detachment of several bacterial cells initially adhered to fragments of polythene. The degree of detachment is modulated by the phase of cell growth. The largest reduction of Salmonella typhi cells adhered to polythene was observed with cells coming from exponential and stationary growth phases and also after 3h exposure to fragments in the extract.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Salmonella typhi, Cell growth phase, Adhesion, Polythene, Eucalyptus microcorys, Aquatic microcosm.","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85930611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0009
Ambili Nair, Shilpa Av, Biju Bahuleyan, K. Rajankutty
Introduction: Green tea has drawn much attention because of the increase in the number of studies describing its potential health benefits which are attributed to Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Recent studies have also shown that in addition to antioxidant effects, green tea catechins modulates cell cycle signaling, generates non amylodogenic APP, enhances activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex etc. Materials and Method: The study was done in 18 male albino Wistar rats and divided in three groups of six. The spatial learning ability of rats were assessed by their behavior in 8 arm radial maze. Results: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and data analyzed using Independence sample T test, Paired T test and ANOVA. The maze study showed an improvement in spatial learning ability of rats after green tea consumption in group1 and 2 as the time taken by the animal to complete the maze was found to be decreased. Conclusion: Administration of green tea catechins improves the spatial learning abilities of rats with an improved performance in radial maze tasks. The neuroprotective effect of green tea catechins may be due to their antioxidant property and hence can be used an effective tool in delaying cognitive impairment in elderly. Keywords: Green tea, EGCG, Radial maze, Cognition
{"title":"Effects of green tea catechins on spatial learning abilities of wistar rats","authors":"Ambili Nair, Shilpa Av, Biju Bahuleyan, K. Rajankutty","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Green tea has drawn much attention because of the increase in the number of studies describing its potential health benefits which are attributed to Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Recent studies have also shown that in addition to antioxidant effects, green tea catechins modulates cell cycle signaling, generates non amylodogenic APP, enhances activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex etc.\u0000Materials and Method: The study was done in 18 male albino Wistar rats and divided in three groups of six. The spatial learning ability of rats were assessed by their behavior in 8 arm radial maze. \u0000Results: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and data analyzed using Independence sample T test, Paired T test and ANOVA. The maze study showed an improvement in spatial learning ability of rats after green tea consumption in group1 and 2 as the time taken by the animal to complete the maze was found to be decreased. \u0000Conclusion: Administration of green tea catechins improves the spatial learning abilities of rats with an improved performance in radial maze tasks. The neuroprotective effect of green tea catechins may be due to their antioxidant property and hence can be used an effective tool in delaying cognitive impairment in elderly.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Green tea, EGCG, Radial maze, Cognition","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"38 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87674411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0019
Hira Rafi, Hamna Rafiq, I. Hanif, Rafia Rizwan, Muhammad Farhan
Aim: Stressful life events modifies brain neuronal structure that impairs normal brain functions and leads to behavioral deficiencies. Agmatine is a well-recognized neurotransmitter and has been reported to be released as a response to several stressful stimuli. Chronic mild stress model induces depressive like behaviors in rats which simulates human depression. Material and Method: 36 Albino Wistar rats were equally divided in controls and CMS exposed groups that further divided into three groups (n=6). Agmatine (100 mg/Kg/day) and mirtazapine (30 mg/Kg/day) were administered to respective animals while controls with 0.9% saline orally. Test rats were exposed to CMS after one hour of drugs administration and behaviors were observed in different paradigms post 24 hours of drugs monitoring for 28 days. Results: Agmatine significantly increased the time spent and entries of stressed rats in light/ dark transition box test and elevated plus maze test while struggling and mobility in forced swim test was also improved in rats treated with agmatine. Conclusion: All the data collected and results obtained clearly validated the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of agmatine in CMS induced depression in rats. Thus, drug development based on brain agmatine levels may leads to novel approach for stress related mood disorders therapeutics. Keywords: Chronic mild stress; Agmatine; Mirtazapine; Antidepressant; Behaviors
{"title":"Chronic agmatine treatment modulates behavioral deficits induced by chronic unpredictable stress in wistar rats","authors":"Hira Rafi, Hamna Rafiq, I. Hanif, Rafia Rizwan, Muhammad Farhan","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Stressful life events modifies brain neuronal structure that impairs normal brain functions and leads to behavioral deficiencies. Agmatine is a well-recognized neurotransmitter and has been reported to be released as a response to several stressful stimuli. Chronic mild stress model induces depressive like behaviors in rats which simulates human depression.\u0000Material and Method: 36 Albino Wistar rats were equally divided in controls and CMS exposed groups that further divided into three groups (n=6). Agmatine (100 mg/Kg/day) and mirtazapine (30 mg/Kg/day) were administered to respective animals while controls with 0.9% saline orally. Test rats were exposed to CMS after one hour of drugs administration and behaviors were observed in different paradigms post 24 hours of drugs monitoring for 28 days.\u0000Results: Agmatine significantly increased the time spent and entries of stressed rats in light/ dark transition box test and elevated plus maze test while struggling and mobility in forced swim test was also improved in rats treated with agmatine.\u0000Conclusion: All the data collected and results obtained clearly validated the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of agmatine in CMS induced depression in rats. Thus, drug development based on brain agmatine levels may leads to novel approach for stress related mood disorders therapeutics.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Chronic mild stress; Agmatine; Mirtazapine; Antidepressant; Behaviors","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78901769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0011
Ranbir Singh, Shamsher Singh, A. Sharma, R. Arya
Purpose: To investigate the impact of anxiety related stuttering and severity of stuttering related to neurobehavioral changes including demographics of the people who stutter. Materials and Method: A case-control observational study was conducted and data were collected from the subjects by data collection form for stuttering and an anxiety scale by taking an interview regarding his/her stutter and was analyzed in SPSS Ver. 20. Result: A total of 180 subjects were included in the study and were divided into three groups that is stuttering with anxiety, stuttering alone and control group. The results of the present study revealed a significant difference between people who stuttered and people who did not stutter on measures of anxiety. Anxiety had a direct impact on stuttering subjects when the stuttering parameters were taken into consideration. The severity of stuttering was associated with the degree of anxiety. The results of the present study also revealed that there is a significant relationship between anxiety and the neurobehavioral changes in stuttering subjects. Conclusion: A wide variability of scores on the Hamilton scale of Anxiety and the data collection form for stuttering suggests that the levels of anxiety were individualized and there was a sub-group of stuttering subjects who had little or no impact of anxiety on their stutter. The hypotheses were supported by statistical analysis. Keywords: Stuttering, anxiety, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Neurobehavioral changes
{"title":"Impact of anxiety on stuttering: Neurobehavioral aspects","authors":"Ranbir Singh, Shamsher Singh, A. Sharma, R. Arya","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To investigate the impact of anxiety related stuttering and severity of stuttering related to neurobehavioral changes including demographics of the people who stutter. \u0000Materials and Method: A case-control observational study was conducted and data were collected from the subjects by data collection form for stuttering and an anxiety scale by taking an interview regarding his/her stutter and was analyzed in SPSS Ver. 20. \u0000Result: A total of 180 subjects were included in the study and were divided into three groups that is stuttering with anxiety, stuttering alone and control group. The results of the present study revealed a significant difference between people who stuttered and people who did not stutter on measures of anxiety. Anxiety had a direct impact on stuttering subjects when the stuttering parameters were taken into consideration. The severity of stuttering was associated with the degree of anxiety. The results of the present study also revealed that there is a significant relationship between anxiety and the neurobehavioral changes in stuttering subjects. \u0000Conclusion: A wide variability of scores on the Hamilton scale of Anxiety and the data collection form for stuttering suggests that the levels of anxiety were individualized and there was a sub-group of stuttering subjects who had little or no impact of anxiety on their stutter. The hypotheses were supported by statistical analysis. \u0000\u0000Keywords: Stuttering, anxiety, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Neurobehavioral changes","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74421181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0002
J. Al-Maliky, A. Al-Adhub, N. A. Hussain
The study was conducted during 2015 to evaluate removing effciency of feacal coliform form wastewater by three type of constructed wetland systems. These systems nemaly Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF), Horizontal subsarface flow (HSSF) and surface flow (SF). The total mean removal efficiency of fecal coliform after five days of treatment reached 68.43% and for each system was 70.26%, 68.19% and 66.69% for HSSF, VSSF and SF respectively.Also, the rsults recorded remving effciency of 55.93% when the loding rate was 25 % and it reached about 63.65% when the loading rate was 50%. The total mean of removal efficiency of fecal coliform achieved in April was 56.22% while the total mean removal efficiency was 62.01% in May for the same systems. The statical analysis showed a siginficant deffriences of fecal coliform removing among resident time and system type, while, there was no significant deffriences among loading rate percenatge.
{"title":"Removal efficiency of fecal coliform at different type of constructed wetland systems namely VSSF, HSSF and SF","authors":"J. Al-Maliky, A. Al-Adhub, N. A. Hussain","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted during 2015 to evaluate removing effciency of feacal coliform form wastewater by three type of constructed wetland systems. These systems nemaly Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF), Horizontal subsarface flow (HSSF) and surface flow (SF). The total mean removal efficiency of fecal coliform after five days of treatment reached 68.43% and for each system was 70.26%, 68.19% and 66.69% for HSSF, VSSF and SF respectively.Also, the rsults recorded remving effciency of 55.93% when the loding rate was 25 % and it reached about 63.65% when the loading rate was 50%. The total mean of removal efficiency of fecal coliform achieved in April was 56.22% while the total mean removal efficiency was 62.01% in May for the same systems. The statical analysis showed a siginficant deffriences of fecal coliform removing among resident time and system type, while, there was no significant deffriences among loading rate percenatge.","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88565864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0005
Boudiaf Nassima, D. Messadi, P. Bourson, Mizi Abdelkader, Baccouche Mostefa
The objective of this study is the determination of the analytical parameters and the fatty acid composition of the film from pistacia lentiscus, the extraction was carried out by soxhlet using an apolar solvent which is hexane, the chemical composition of fatty acids was performed by chromatography alone and coupled to mass spectroscopy (CGC, GC/MS) this study identified 7 constituents representing 86.81% the compounds the major compounds are palmitic acid 28.15%, oleic 26.56% and linoleic 24.57%.
{"title":"Oil and fatty profile on the film from the Pistacia Region of Collo","authors":"Boudiaf Nassima, D. Messadi, P. Bourson, Mizi Abdelkader, Baccouche Mostefa","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is the determination of the analytical parameters and the fatty acid composition of the film from pistacia lentiscus, the extraction was carried out by soxhlet using an apolar solvent which is hexane, the chemical composition of fatty acids was performed by chromatography alone and coupled to mass spectroscopy (CGC, GC/MS) this study identified 7 constituents representing 86.81% the compounds the major compounds are palmitic acid 28.15%, oleic 26.56% and linoleic 24.57%.","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84627867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0001
J. Al-Maliky, A. Al-Adhub, N. A. Hussain
A pilot constructed wetland systems project was constructed during 2015 at the University of Basrah, Iraq. These systems are a vertical subsurface flow system (VSSF), a horizontal subsurface flow system (HSSF) and a surface flow system (SF). These systems were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha domingensis and Certophyllum demersum respectively. It had been operated during 2016 as separated systems. The results recorded a total mean of 78.98% of NH 4 -N removal efficiency with 78.68% by VSSF, 76.04% by HSSF and 82.20 % by SF. This figure reached 90.58% removal of PO 4 , with 90.29 by VSSF, 90.18% by HSSF and 92.02 by SF. Also high level of total mean removal efficiency of 95.96% of BOD 5 , the results were 97.65% for VSSF, 97.99% for HSSF and 92.25% for SF. The results indicated that the system was highly effective at removing the target pollutants.
{"title":"Performance of three type of constructed wetland systems for treating municipal waste water","authors":"J. Al-Maliky, A. Al-Adhub, N. A. Hussain","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0001","url":null,"abstract":"A pilot constructed wetland systems project was constructed during 2015 at the University of Basrah, Iraq. These systems are a vertical subsurface flow system (VSSF), a horizontal subsurface flow system (HSSF) and a surface flow system (SF). These systems were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha domingensis and Certophyllum demersum respectively. It had been operated during 2016 as separated systems. The results recorded a total mean of 78.98% of NH 4 -N removal efficiency with 78.68% by VSSF, 76.04% by HSSF and 82.20 % by SF. This figure reached 90.58% removal of PO 4 , with 90.29 by VSSF, 90.18% by HSSF and 92.02 by SF. Also high level of total mean removal efficiency of 95.96% of BOD 5 , the results were 97.65% for VSSF, 97.99% for HSSF and 92.25% for SF. The results indicated that the system was highly effective at removing the target pollutants.","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75339517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0010
R. Tripathi, Shamsher Singh
The Indian pharmaceutical industry produces drugs on a large scale and standing on 3rd rank bases on the scale of production. Due to this huge scale of production they produce all of the drugs and there are many brands of the same drugs. These brands are having competition between them so cost variation could be seen. Aim:The aim of our study is to find out the cost variation among the antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) that are the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Materials and Method:The anti-depressant drugs that are manufactured by various Indian pharmaceutical industries are analyzed in that study. The data was collected by the authors from “Current Index of Medical Specialties” (CIMS) online edition, www.drugs.com and Mobile Application of National Pharma Pricing. Results:There are 15 anti-depressant drugs with 63 formulations are available in the marked of India with 1173 brands. Among all the antidepressant drugs, the highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation was found for the fluvoxamine 100 mg followed by amitriptyline 50 mg Nortriptyline 20 mg and clomipramine 75 mg. The highest numbers of brands are for escitalopram 10 mg followed by Sertraline 50 mg and Paroxetine 37.5 mg. Conclusion:It is concluded that there is very high cost variation among the marked preparations of antidepressant drugs used to treat Major depressive disorder (MDD). Keywords: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), The serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Cost ratio, Percentage cost variation
{"title":"Cost variation analysis among different antidepressant drugs used to treat major depressive disorder","authors":"R. Tripathi, Shamsher Singh","doi":"10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian pharmaceutical industry produces drugs on a large scale and standing on 3rd rank bases on the scale of production. Due to this huge scale of production they produce all of the drugs and there are many brands of the same drugs. These brands are having competition between them so cost variation could be seen.\u0000Aim:The aim of our study is to find out the cost variation among the antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) that are the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).\u0000Materials and Method:The anti-depressant drugs that are manufactured by various Indian pharmaceutical industries are analyzed in that study. The data was collected by the authors from “Current Index of Medical Specialties” (CIMS) online edition, www.drugs.com and Mobile Application of National Pharma Pricing.\u0000Results:There are 15 anti-depressant drugs with 63 formulations are available in the marked of India with 1173 brands. Among all the antidepressant drugs, the highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation was found for the fluvoxamine 100 mg followed by amitriptyline 50 mg Nortriptyline 20 mg and clomipramine 75 mg. The highest numbers of brands are for escitalopram 10 mg followed by Sertraline 50 mg and Paroxetine 37.5 mg.\u0000Conclusion:It is concluded that there is very high cost variation among the marked preparations of antidepressant drugs used to treat Major depressive disorder (MDD).\u0000\u0000Keywords: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), The serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Cost ratio, Percentage cost variation","PeriodicalId":21014,"journal":{"name":"Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88755025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18231/2320-1924.2018.0008
P. Muthukumaran
Nanotechnology plays a vital role in the development of biosensors. The sensitivity and performance of biosensors are better-quality by using nanomaterials through new signal transduction technologies. The food products which are spoiled exhibit odours, colours or other sensory characteristics which can be easily discerned by consumers. But when the foods are packed, the packaging material prevent sensory exposure from the foods and hence consumers must trust on expiry dates provided by producers based on a set of idealized assumptions about the way that the food is stored or transported. Nanosensors offer solutions to this problem through their unique chemical and electrooptical properties. Nanosensors can be used to determine microbes, pollutants contaminants etc. and ultimately the freshness of the food. This paper review the status of the various types nanobiosensors and their applications in food. Keywords: Biosensor, E. coli, Staphylococcal enterotoxin, Salmonella, Mycotoxins, GMO
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