Causal explanations are a key component of human cognition. While we possess certain causal models of the world that offer satisfactory explanations for a range of phenomena, our cognitive capacities have their limits when dealing with the complexities of the world, leaving the causes of many events elusive. In this article, I integrate ethnographic and historical evidence to show that, despite our limited understanding of why certain events occur, people throughout human history and across diverse societies have seldom invoked "chance"-a concept that has gained significant importance in contemporary, modern societies-as an explanation. Instead, they frequently propose putative causal relationships or posit intermediary entities such as "luck" to account for why specific events unfold within their particular spatial-temporal contexts. I discuss the psychological, cognitive, and cultural evolutionary factors that hinder the development of chance-based explanations and argue that the conceptualization of chance as something measurable and its subsequent acceptance as a legitimate explanation emerged relatively late in human history, marking a pivotal intellectual shift with profound implications on how we perceive and manage uncertainty in our daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
因果解释是人类认知的一个重要组成部分。虽然我们拥有世界的某些因果模型，为一系列现象提供了令人满意的解释，但在处理世界的复杂性时，我们的认知能力有其局限性，使许多事件的原因难以捉摸。在这篇文章中，我综合了民族志和历史证据来表明，尽管我们对某些事件发生的原因理解有限，但纵观人类历史和不同社会，人们很少援引“机遇”——一个在当代和现代社会中变得非常重要的概念——作为解释。相反，他们经常提出假定的因果关系或假设的中介实体，如“运气”，来解释为什么特定事件在特定的时空背景下展开。我讨论了阻碍基于机会的解释发展的心理、认知和文化进化因素，并认为将机会概念化为可测量的东西，并随后将其作为一种合理的解释被接受，这在人类历史上出现得相对较晚，标志着一个关键的智力转变，对我们如何在日常生活中感知和管理不确定性有着深远的影响。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Chance as a (non)explanation: A cross-cultural examination of folk understanding of chance and coincidence.","authors":"Ze Hong","doi":"10.1037/rev0000568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000568","url":null,"abstract":"Causal explanations are a key component of human cognition. While we possess certain causal models of the world that offer satisfactory explanations for a range of phenomena, our cognitive capacities have their limits when dealing with the complexities of the world, leaving the causes of many events elusive. In this article, I integrate ethnographic and historical evidence to show that, despite our limited understanding of why certain events occur, people throughout human history and across diverse societies have seldom invoked \"chance\"-a concept that has gained significant importance in contemporary, modern societies-as an explanation. Instead, they frequently propose putative causal relationships or posit intermediary entities such as \"luck\" to account for why specific events unfold within their particular spatial-temporal contexts. I discuss the psychological, cognitive, and cultural evolutionary factors that hinder the development of chance-based explanations and argue that the conceptualization of chance as something measurable and its subsequent acceptance as a legitimate explanation emerged relatively late in human history, marking a pivotal intellectual shift with profound implications on how we perceive and manage uncertainty in our daily lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manipulation plays a critical role in working memory, wherein understanding how items are represented during manipulation is a fundamental question. Previous studies on manipulation have primarily assumed independent representations by default (independent hypothesis). Here, we propose the ensemble hypothesis to challenge this conventional notion, suggesting that items are represented as ensembles undergoing updating during manipulation. To test these hypotheses, we focused on working memory updating in accordance with new information by conducting three delayed-estimation tasks under addition, removal, and replacement scenarios (Study 1). A critical manipulation involved systematically manipulating the mean orientation of all memory stimuli, either increasing (clockwise) or decreasing (counterclockwise) after the updating process. Following the independent hypothesis, memory errors would be similar under both conditions. Conversely, considering the biasing effect of the ensemble on individual representations, the ensemble hypothesis predicts that memories of individual items would be updated, aligning with the ensemble's change direction. Namely, memory errors would be more positive in the increase-mean condition compared to the decrease-mean condition. Our results supported the ensemble hypothesis. Furthermore, to investigate the mechanisms underlying ensemble computations in updating scenarios, we conducted three ensemble tasks (Study 2) with similar designs to Study 1 and developed a computational model to quantify the contributions of each memory item. The results consistently demonstrated that addition involved complete updating, while removal led to incomplete updating. Across these three research parts, we propose that items are represented as dynamic ensembles during working memory updating processes. Furthermore, we elucidate the computational principles underlying ensembles throughout this process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
操作在工作记忆中起着至关重要的作用，其中理解在操作过程中项目是如何表征的是一个基本问题。以往对操纵的研究主要是默认假设独立表征（独立假设）。在这里，我们提出集成假设来挑战这一传统观念，表明项目被表示为在操作过程中进行更新的集成。为了验证这些假设，我们通过在添加、移除和替换场景下进行三种延迟估计任务来关注工作记忆与新信息的更新（研究1）。关键操作包括系统地操纵所有记忆刺激的平均方向，在更新过程后增加（顺时针）或减少（逆时针）。根据独立假设，两种情况下的记忆错误是相似的。相反，考虑到整体对个体表征的偏置效应，整体假说预测单个项目的记忆将被更新，与整体的变化方向一致。也就是说，记忆错误在增加-平均条件下比减少-平均条件下更积极。我们的结果支持集合假说。此外，为了研究更新场景中集成计算的机制，我们进行了三个集成任务（研究2），其设计与研究1相似，并开发了一个计算模型来量化每个记忆项目的贡献。结果一致表明，添加涉及完全更新，而删除导致不完全更新。在这三个研究部分中，我们提出在工作记忆更新过程中，项目被表征为动态集合。此外，我们阐明了在整个过程中集成的计算原理。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Ensemble-based working memory updating and its computational rules.","authors":"Wei Chen,Wenwen Li,Xiaowei Ding","doi":"10.1037/rev0000569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000569","url":null,"abstract":"Manipulation plays a critical role in working memory, wherein understanding how items are represented during manipulation is a fundamental question. Previous studies on manipulation have primarily assumed independent representations by default (independent hypothesis). Here, we propose the ensemble hypothesis to challenge this conventional notion, suggesting that items are represented as ensembles undergoing updating during manipulation. To test these hypotheses, we focused on working memory updating in accordance with new information by conducting three delayed-estimation tasks under addition, removal, and replacement scenarios (Study 1). A critical manipulation involved systematically manipulating the mean orientation of all memory stimuli, either increasing (clockwise) or decreasing (counterclockwise) after the updating process. Following the independent hypothesis, memory errors would be similar under both conditions. Conversely, considering the biasing effect of the ensemble on individual representations, the ensemble hypothesis predicts that memories of individual items would be updated, aligning with the ensemble's change direction. Namely, memory errors would be more positive in the increase-mean condition compared to the decrease-mean condition. Our results supported the ensemble hypothesis. Furthermore, to investigate the mechanisms underlying ensemble computations in updating scenarios, we conducted three ensemble tasks (Study 2) with similar designs to Study 1 and developed a computational model to quantify the contributions of each memory item. The results consistently demonstrated that addition involved complete updating, while removal led to incomplete updating. Across these three research parts, we propose that items are represented as dynamic ensembles during working memory updating processes. Furthermore, we elucidate the computational principles underlying ensembles throughout this process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Ensemble-Based Working Memory Updating and Its Computational Rules","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000569.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000569.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The self had a central role in early theories of psychopathology and has long been of interest to mental health practitioners. However, these early theories typically made what we consider to be two key errors: they conceptualized mental ill-health as constituting discrete categories of illness, and they conceptualized the self as inherently individualized and stable. There is a growing recognition in psychiatry and clinical psychology of the former error, with a change well underway to reconceptualize psychopathology in terms of transdiagnostic continua of symptoms rather than as discrete categories. At the same time, modern understandings of self-processes acknowledge their fluid, socially structured, and context-sensitive nature. Here, we argue that the integration of these two perspectives-into a self-categorization model of mental health with a healthy social self-system at its core-can provide new insights into both the nature of mental health and ill-health and the relevant focus for intervention. We illustrate this by exploring the implications of our analysis for three conditions (depression, schizophrenia, and autism) and report the findings of a verification study with experts in both social identity theorizing and clinical practice. We conclude by proposing key priorities for future research on self-categorization in mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
自我在早期的精神病理学理论中起着核心作用，长期以来一直是心理健康从业者的兴趣所在。然而，这些早期的理论通常犯了我们认为的两个关键错误：他们将精神疾病概念化为构成离散类别的疾病，他们将自我概念化为固有的个性化和稳定性。精神病学和临床心理学越来越多地认识到前一种错误，并且正在进行一种改变，即根据症状的跨诊断连续性而不是离散的类别来重新定义精神病理学。与此同时，对自我过程的现代理解承认其流动性、社会结构性和上下文敏感性。在此，我们认为将这两种观点整合到一个以健康的社会自我系统为核心的心理健康自我分类模型中，可以为心理健康和不健康的本质以及相关的干预重点提供新的见解。我们通过探索我们对三种情况（抑郁症、精神分裂症和自闭症）的分析的含义来说明这一点，并报告与社会认同理论和临床实践专家进行的验证研究的结果。最后，我们提出了未来心理健康自我分类研究的重点。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Disorders of self-categorization: How and why a healthy social self-system is the cornerstone of mental health.","authors":"Tegan Cruwys,S Alexander Haslam,Daniel P Skorich","doi":"10.1037/rev0000566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000566","url":null,"abstract":"The self had a central role in early theories of psychopathology and has long been of interest to mental health practitioners. However, these early theories typically made what we consider to be two key errors: they conceptualized mental ill-health as constituting discrete categories of illness, and they conceptualized the self as inherently individualized and stable. There is a growing recognition in psychiatry and clinical psychology of the former error, with a change well underway to reconceptualize psychopathology in terms of transdiagnostic continua of symptoms rather than as discrete categories. At the same time, modern understandings of self-processes acknowledge their fluid, socially structured, and context-sensitive nature. Here, we argue that the integration of these two perspectives-into a self-categorization model of mental health with a healthy social self-system at its core-can provide new insights into both the nature of mental health and ill-health and the relevant focus for intervention. We illustrate this by exploring the implications of our analysis for three conditions (depression, schizophrenia, and autism) and report the findings of a verification study with experts in both social identity theorizing and clinical practice. We conclude by proposing key priorities for future research on self-categorization in mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Adapting to Loss: A Computational Model of Grief","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000567.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000567.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A fundamental question in the psychological sciences is the degree to which culture shapes core cognitive processes-perhaps none more foundational than how we perceive the world around us. A dramatic and oft-cited "case study" of culture's power in this regard is the Müller-Lyer illusion, which depicts two lines of equal length but with arrowheads pointing either inward or outward, creating the illusion that one line is longer than the other. According to a line of research stretching back over a century, depending on the society you were raised in (and how much carpentry you were exposed to), you may not see the illusion at all-an ambitious and influential research program motivating claims that seemingly basic aspects of visual processing may actually be "culturally evolved byproducts." This cultural byproduct hypothesis bears on foundational issues in the science, philosophy, and sociology of psychology, and remains popular today. Yet, here we argue that it is almost certainly false. We synthesize evidence from diverse fields which demonstrate that (a) the illusion is not limited to humans, appearing in nonhuman animals from diverse ecologies; (b) the statistics of natural scenes are sufficient to capture the illusion; (c) the illusion does not require straight lines typical of carpentry (nor even any lines at all); (d) the illusion arises in sense modalities other than vision; and (e) the illusion arises even in congenitally blind subjects. Moreover, by reexamining historical data and ethnographic descriptions from the original case studies, we show that the evidence for cultural variation and its correlation with key cultural variables is in fact highly inconsistent, beset by questionable research practices, and misreported by later discussions. Together, these considerations undermine the most popular and dramatic example of cultural influence on perception. We further extend our case beyond this phenomenon, showing that many of these considerations apply to other visual illusions as well, including similarly implicated visual phenomena such as the Ebbinghaus, Ponzo, Poggendorf, and horizontal-vertical illusions. We conclude by outlining future approaches to cross-cultural research on perception, and we also point to other potential sources of cultural variation in visual processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
心理科学的一个基本问题是文化在多大程度上塑造了核心认知过程——也许没有比我们如何感知周围世界更基础的了。关于文化在这方面的力量，一个引人注目且经常被引用的“案例研究”是勒-莱尔错觉，它描绘了两条长度相等的线，但箭头指向内或指向外，造成一种错觉，即一条线比另一条线长。根据一个多世纪以来的一系列研究，根据你成长的社会（以及你接触过多少木工），你可能根本看不到这种错觉——一个雄心勃勃且有影响力的研究项目，推动了这样一种说法，即视觉处理的看似基本的方面实际上可能是“文化进化的副产品”。这种文化副产品假说涉及科学、哲学和心理学社会学的基础问题，至今仍很流行。然而，在这里，我们认为这几乎肯定是错误的。我们综合了来自不同领域的证据，这些证据表明：(a)错觉并不局限于人类，出现在来自不同生态系统的非人类动物中；(b)自然场景的统计数据足以捕捉这种错觉；(c)这种错觉不需要典型的木工线条（甚至不需要任何线条）；(d)错觉产生于感官形态而非视觉；(e)这种错觉甚至出现在先天失明的受试者身上。此外，通过重新审视历史数据和原始案例研究中的民族志描述，我们发现，文化变异及其与关键文化变量的相关性的证据实际上是高度不一致的，受到可疑研究实践的困扰，并被后来的讨论错误报道。总之，这些考虑削弱了文化对感知影响的最流行和最戏剧性的例子。我们进一步将我们的案例扩展到这种现象之外，表明许多这些考虑也适用于其他视错觉，包括类似的视觉现象，如艾宾浩斯幻觉、庞佐幻觉、波根多夫幻觉和水平-垂直幻觉。最后，我们概述了未来感知跨文化研究的方法，并指出了视觉处理中文化差异的其他潜在来源。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Is visual perception WEIRD? The Müller-Lyer illusion and the cultural byproduct hypothesis.","authors":"Dorsa Amir,Chaz Firestone","doi":"10.1037/rev0000549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000549","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental question in the psychological sciences is the degree to which culture shapes core cognitive processes-perhaps none more foundational than how we perceive the world around us. A dramatic and oft-cited \"case study\" of culture's power in this regard is the Müller-Lyer illusion, which depicts two lines of equal length but with arrowheads pointing either inward or outward, creating the illusion that one line is longer than the other. According to a line of research stretching back over a century, depending on the society you were raised in (and how much carpentry you were exposed to), you may not see the illusion at all-an ambitious and influential research program motivating claims that seemingly basic aspects of visual processing may actually be \"culturally evolved byproducts.\" This cultural byproduct hypothesis bears on foundational issues in the science, philosophy, and sociology of psychology, and remains popular today. Yet, here we argue that it is almost certainly false. We synthesize evidence from diverse fields which demonstrate that (a) the illusion is not limited to humans, appearing in nonhuman animals from diverse ecologies; (b) the statistics of natural scenes are sufficient to capture the illusion; (c) the illusion does not require straight lines typical of carpentry (nor even any lines at all); (d) the illusion arises in sense modalities other than vision; and (e) the illusion arises even in congenitally blind subjects. Moreover, by reexamining historical data and ethnographic descriptions from the original case studies, we show that the evidence for cultural variation and its correlation with key cultural variables is in fact highly inconsistent, beset by questionable research practices, and misreported by later discussions. Together, these considerations undermine the most popular and dramatic example of cultural influence on perception. We further extend our case beyond this phenomenon, showing that many of these considerations apply to other visual illusions as well, including similarly implicated visual phenomena such as the Ebbinghaus, Ponzo, Poggendorf, and horizontal-vertical illusions. We conclude by outlining future approaches to cross-cultural research on perception, and we also point to other potential sources of cultural variation in visual processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human concept learning is known to be impaired by conceptual complexity: Simpler concepts are easier to learn, and more complex ones are more difficult. However, the simplicity bias has been studied almost exclusively in the context of deterministic concepts defined over Boolean features and is comparatively unexplored in the more general case of probabilistic concepts defined over continuous features. This article reports a series of experiments in which subjects were asked to learn probabilistic concepts defined over a novel 2D continuous feature space. Each concept was a mixture of several distinct Gaussian components, and the complexity of the concepts was varied by manipulating the positions of the mixture components relative to each other while holding the number of components constant. The results confirm that the positioning of mixture components strongly impacts learning, independent of the intrinsic statistical separability of the concepts, which was manipulated independently. Moreover, the results point to an information-theoretic basis framework for quantifying the complexity of probabilistic concepts, centered on the notion of compressive complexity: Simple concepts are those that can be approximately recovered from a projection of the concept onto a lower dimensional feature space, while more complex concepts are those that can only be represented by combining features. The framework provides a consistent, coherent, and broadly applicable measure of the complexity of probabilistic concepts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
众所周知，人类的概念学习受到概念复杂性的影响：简单的概念更容易学习，而更复杂的概念则更难学习。然而，简单性偏差的研究几乎完全是在布尔特征上定义的确定性概念的背景下进行的，而在连续特征上定义的概率概念的更一般情况下则相对较少。本文报道了一系列实验，在这些实验中，受试者被要求学习在一个新的二维连续特征空间上定义的概率概念。每个概念都是几个不同高斯分量的混合，在保持分量数量不变的情况下，通过操纵混合分量相对于彼此的位置，可以改变概念的复杂性。结果证实，混合成分的定位强烈影响学习，独立于概念的内在统计可分性，这是独立操作。此外，结果指出了量化概率概念复杂性的信息论基础框架，以压缩复杂性的概念为中心：简单的概念是那些可以从概念的投影到较低维特征空间中近似恢复的概念，而更复杂的概念是那些只能通过组合特征来表示的概念。该框架为概率概念的复杂性提供了一致的、连贯的和广泛适用的度量。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Simplicity and complexity of probabilistically defined concepts.","authors":"Jacob Feldman","doi":"10.1037/rev0000563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000563","url":null,"abstract":"Human concept learning is known to be impaired by conceptual complexity: Simpler concepts are easier to learn, and more complex ones are more difficult. However, the simplicity bias has been studied almost exclusively in the context of deterministic concepts defined over Boolean features and is comparatively unexplored in the more general case of probabilistic concepts defined over continuous features. This article reports a series of experiments in which subjects were asked to learn probabilistic concepts defined over a novel 2D continuous feature space. Each concept was a mixture of several distinct Gaussian components, and the complexity of the concepts was varied by manipulating the positions of the mixture components relative to each other while holding the number of components constant. The results confirm that the positioning of mixture components strongly impacts learning, independent of the intrinsic statistical separability of the concepts, which was manipulated independently. Moreover, the results point to an information-theoretic basis framework for quantifying the complexity of probabilistic concepts, centered on the notion of compressive complexity: Simple concepts are those that can be approximately recovered from a projection of the concept onto a lower dimensional feature space, while more complex concepts are those that can only be represented by combining features. The framework provides a consistent, coherent, and broadly applicable measure of the complexity of probabilistic concepts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Is Visual Perception WEIRD? The Müller-Lyer Illusion and the Cultural Byproduct Hypothesis","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000549.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000549.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to chunking theories, children discover their first words by extracting subsequences embedded in their continuous input. However, the mechanisms proposed in these accounts are often incompatible with data from other areas of language development. We present a new theory to connect the chunking accounts of word discovery with the broader developmental literature. We argue that (a) children build a diverse collection of chunks, including words, multiword phrases, and sublexical units; (b) these chunks have different processing times determined by how often each chunk is used to recode the input; and (c) these processing times interact with short-term memory limitations and incremental processing to constrain learning. We implemented this theory as a computational modeling architecture called Chunk-Based Incremental Processing and Learning (CIPAL). Across nine studies, we demonstrate that CIPAL can model word discovery in different contexts. First, we trained the model with 70 child-directed speech corpora from 15 languages. CIPAL gradually discovered words in each language, with cross-linguistic variation in performance. The model's average processing time also improved with experience, resembling the developmental changes observed in children's speed of processing. Second, we showed that CIPAL could simulate seven influential effects reported in statistical learning experiments with artificial languages. This included a preference for words over nonwords, part words, frequency-matched part words, phantom words, and sublexical units. On this basis, we argue that incremental chunking is an effective implicit statistical learning mechanism that may be central to children's vocabulary development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
根据分块理论，孩子们通过提取嵌入在连续输入中的子序列来发现他们的第一个单词。然而，这些描述中提出的机制往往与其他语言发展领域的数据不相容。我们提出了一种新的理论，将单词发现的分块描述与更广泛的发展文献联系起来。我们认为(a)儿童建立了不同的块集合，包括单词、多词短语和亚词汇单位；(b)这些数据块具有不同的处理时间，这取决于每个数据块用于重新编码输入的频率；(c)这些处理时间与短期记忆限制和增量处理相互作用，从而限制学习。我们将这一理论实现为一种称为基于块的增量处理和学习（CIPAL）的计算建模体系结构。通过九项研究，我们证明CIPAL可以在不同的语境中模拟单词发现。首先，我们使用来自15种语言的70个儿童导向语音语料库来训练模型。CIPAL逐渐在每种语言中发现单词，这些单词在表现上存在跨语言差异。模型的平均处理时间也随着经验的增加而提高，类似于观察到的儿童处理速度的发展变化。其次，我们发现CIPAL可以模拟人工语言统计学习实验中报道的七种影响效应。这包括对单词的偏好，而不是非单词、部分单词、频率匹配的部分单词、幻影单词和亚词汇单位。在此基础上，我们认为增量分块是一种有效的内隐统计学习机制，可能是儿童词汇发展的核心。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Chunk-based incremental processing and learning: An integrated theory of word discovery, implicit statistical learning, and speed of lexical processing.","authors":"Andrew Jessop,Julian Pine,Fernand Gobet","doi":"10.1037/rev0000564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000564","url":null,"abstract":"According to chunking theories, children discover their first words by extracting subsequences embedded in their continuous input. However, the mechanisms proposed in these accounts are often incompatible with data from other areas of language development. We present a new theory to connect the chunking accounts of word discovery with the broader developmental literature. We argue that (a) children build a diverse collection of chunks, including words, multiword phrases, and sublexical units; (b) these chunks have different processing times determined by how often each chunk is used to recode the input; and (c) these processing times interact with short-term memory limitations and incremental processing to constrain learning. We implemented this theory as a computational modeling architecture called Chunk-Based Incremental Processing and Learning (CIPAL). Across nine studies, we demonstrate that CIPAL can model word discovery in different contexts. First, we trained the model with 70 child-directed speech corpora from 15 languages. CIPAL gradually discovered words in each language, with cross-linguistic variation in performance. The model's average processing time also improved with experience, resembling the developmental changes observed in children's speed of processing. Second, we showed that CIPAL could simulate seven influential effects reported in statistical learning experiments with artificial languages. This included a preference for words over nonwords, part words, frequency-matched part words, phantom words, and sublexical units. On this basis, we argue that incremental chunking is an effective implicit statistical learning mechanism that may be central to children's vocabulary development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"319 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Chunk-Based Incremental Processing and Learning: An Integrated Theory of Word Discovery, Implicit Statistical Learning, and Speed of Lexical Processing","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000564.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000564.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：