It has been suggested that episodic memory relies on the well-studied machinery of spatial memory. This influential notion faces hurdles that become evident with dynamically changing spatial scenes and an immobile agent. Here I propose a model of episodic memory that can accommodate such episodes via temporal indexing. Indices in the model have flexible duration, capable of exhibiting both fixed duration and broadening time fields akin to classical time cells. The latter cannot index episodes beyond short durations and are reminiscent of timing codes in scalar expectancy theory. Contrary to timing repetitive events, the present model focuses on the one-shot indexing of within-episode structure. Hippocampal indices are recruited by a combination of contextual inputs, lateral inhibition, and drive from temporal analogues of grid cells, functioning as an on-demand sequence generator and memory store. Indices learn connections to cortical representations, modulated by an amygdala signal. This architecture relies on biologically plausible, common network motifs, which can replay dynamically changing and spatially structured events, while an agent is immobile, suggests a mechanism for modulating the speed of recall, and can replay disjoint collections (i.e., broken chains) of indices with preserved temporal order. The model is embedded in an extensive review/perspective along two conceptual axes: first, how the model fits in with other accounts of time coding, serial order memory, and flexible temporal cognition and, second, how we can simultaneously reconcile the model framework with classical accounts of episodic memory à la Tulving, as well as with modern reinforcement learning and generative model accounts of hippocampal function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
有人认为，情景记忆依赖于空间记忆机制的充分研究。这个有影响力的概念面临着一些障碍，这些障碍在动态变化的空间场景和不可移动的主体中变得明显。在这里，我提出了一个情景记忆模型，可以通过时间索引来适应这些情节。模型中的指数具有灵活的持续时间，既能表现出固定的持续时间，又能表现出与经典时间单元类似的扩展时间场。后者不能索引超过短持续时间的事件，并且使人想起标量期望理论中的时间代码。与对重复事件进行定时不同，该模型侧重于对情节内结构进行一次索引。海马体指数是由上下文输入、横向抑制和来自网格细胞的时间类似物的驱动组合而成的，其功能是按需序列发生器和记忆存储。指数学习与皮层表征的联系，由杏仁核信号调节。这种结构依赖于生物学上合理的、共同的网络基序，它可以重播动态变化和空间结构化的事件，而代理是不移动的，它提出了一种调节回忆速度的机制，并且可以重播具有保留时间顺序的不连接的索引集合（即断链）。该模型沿着两个概念轴嵌入了广泛的回顾/视角：首先，该模型如何与时间编码、序列顺序记忆和灵活的时间认知的其他描述相适应；其次，我们如何同时将模型框架与情景记忆的经典描述（la Tulving）以及现代强化学习和海马功能的生成模型描述相协调。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Breaking the chains: Toward a neural-level account of episodic memory.","authors":"Andrej Bicanski","doi":"10.1037/rev0000571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000571","url":null,"abstract":"It has been suggested that episodic memory relies on the well-studied machinery of spatial memory. This influential notion faces hurdles that become evident with dynamically changing spatial scenes and an immobile agent. Here I propose a model of episodic memory that can accommodate such episodes via temporal indexing. Indices in the model have flexible duration, capable of exhibiting both fixed duration and broadening time fields akin to classical time cells. The latter cannot index episodes beyond short durations and are reminiscent of timing codes in scalar expectancy theory. Contrary to timing repetitive events, the present model focuses on the one-shot indexing of within-episode structure. Hippocampal indices are recruited by a combination of contextual inputs, lateral inhibition, and drive from temporal analogues of grid cells, functioning as an on-demand sequence generator and memory store. Indices learn connections to cortical representations, modulated by an amygdala signal. This architecture relies on biologically plausible, common network motifs, which can replay dynamically changing and spatially structured events, while an agent is immobile, suggests a mechanism for modulating the speed of recall, and can replay disjoint collections (i.e., broken chains) of indices with preserved temporal order. The model is embedded in an extensive review/perspective along two conceptual axes: first, how the model fits in with other accounts of time coding, serial order memory, and flexible temporal cognition and, second, how we can simultaneously reconcile the model framework with classical accounts of episodic memory à la Tulving, as well as with modern reinforcement learning and generative model accounts of hippocampal function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven Miletić, Niek Stevenson, Ami Eidels, Dora Matzke, Birte U Forstmann, Andrew Heathcote
Sequences of choice response times exhibit ubiquitous and strong multiscale dynamics (i.e., sequential dependencies across a broad range of temporal scales). Despite their pervasive nature, multiscale dynamics are poorly understood. We show that dynamics in the seconds to minutes range can be explained by the superposition of several distinct learning and control mechanisms. Each mechanism learns a representation of the structure of the choice environment and/or an aspect of the decision-maker's ability. These representations are updated after each choice and used to control the next decision by modulating the parameters of an evidence accumulation process with subsecond range dynamics that determine individual choices. We link these mechanisms to three major foci in the experimental study of sequential dependencies: stimulus history, error-related, and hard-easy effects. This account provides a detailed explanation of both multiscale dynamics of choice sequences, and the three effects, at the group and individual levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
选择响应时间序列表现出无处不在的强多尺度动态（即，在广泛的时间尺度范围内的顺序依赖性）。尽管多尺度动力学普遍存在，但人们对其了解甚少。我们表明，在秒到分钟范围内的动态可以通过几种不同的学习和控制机制的叠加来解释。每种机制都学习了选择环境结构的一种表示和/或决策者能力的一个方面。这些表征在每次选择后都会更新，并通过调节证据积累过程的参数来控制下一个决策，这些参数具有决定个体选择的亚秒范围动态。我们将这些机制与顺序依赖性实验研究中的三个主要焦点联系起来：刺激历史、错误相关和难易效应。这个帐户提供了一个详细的解释选择序列的多尺度动力学，以及三个效应，在群体和个人的水平。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Explaining multiscale choice dynamics.","authors":"Steven Miletić, Niek Stevenson, Ami Eidels, Dora Matzke, Birte U Forstmann, Andrew Heathcote","doi":"10.1037/rev0000581","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sequences of choice response times exhibit ubiquitous and strong multiscale dynamics (i.e., sequential dependencies across a broad range of temporal scales). Despite their pervasive nature, multiscale dynamics are poorly understood. We show that dynamics in the seconds to minutes range can be explained by the superposition of several distinct learning and control mechanisms. Each mechanism learns a representation of the structure of the choice environment and/or an aspect of the decision-maker's ability. These representations are updated after each choice and used to control the next decision by modulating the parameters of an evidence accumulation process with subsecond range dynamics that determine individual choices. We link these mechanisms to three major foci in the experimental study of sequential dependencies: stimulus history, error-related, and hard-easy effects. This account provides a detailed explanation of both multiscale dynamics of choice sequences, and the three effects, at the group and individual levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna Kolak, Virve Vihman, Felix Engelmann, Sonia Granlund, Anna Theakston, Elena V. M. Lieven, Julian M. Pine, Judit Fazekas, Ben Ambridge
{"title":"Why learners privilege word-order over case-marking: A cross-linguistic meta-analysis, new data from Estonian, Finnish and Polish, and a discriminative learning model.","authors":"Joanna Kolak, Virve Vihman, Felix Engelmann, Sonia Granlund, Anna Theakston, Elena V. M. Lieven, Julian M. Pine, Judit Fazekas, Ben Ambridge","doi":"10.1037/rev0000560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000560","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144792694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Explaining Multiscale Choice Dynamics","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000581.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000581.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144792594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two leading models of numerosity judgments describe numerical representations as Gaussian distributions on a mental number line. The linear model posits that both the mean and standard deviation of the distributions increase linearly with number, while the logarithmic model assumes logarithmic increases in the mean with constant variability. In this study, we use the selective sampling account, which proposes that information is gathered selectively based on goals and available resources, to explore the cognitive processes underlying variations in variability and scaling. In intermingled displays of blue and yellow dots (blue/yellow task), participants relied on incomplete representations of dots positioned near the center, where spatial resolution is highest, leading to increasing variability with set size. In contrast, spatially separated displays (left/right task) facilitated more comprehensive sampling, resulting in approximately constant variability across set sizes. Behavioral patterns and modeling analyses suggest that the type of scale used is also shaped by the display format, with a more sensitive linear scale applied to compute numerical differences in intermingled displays, and a less sensitive logarithmic scale used to estimate magnitudes for each side in spatially separated displays. Eye-tracking data provide further support for our account, emphasizing the role of selective attention in forming numerical representations and providing a unified framework for understanding variability and scaling across tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
数量判断的两个主要模型将数字表示描述为心理数轴上的高斯分布。线性模型假设分布的均值和标准差都随着数量的增加而线性增加，而对数模型假设均值呈对数增长，具有恒定的可变性。在本研究中，我们使用选择性抽样帐户，该帐户提出根据目标和可用资源选择性地收集信息，以探索变异性和尺度变化背后的认知过程。在蓝色和黄色点的混合显示（蓝/黄任务）中，参与者依赖于位于中心附近的点的不完整表示，那里的空间分辨率最高，导致设置大小的变异性增加。相比之下，空间分离的显示（左/右任务）促进了更全面的采样，导致跨设置大小的近似恒定变化。行为模式和建模分析表明，所使用的尺度类型也受显示格式的影响，在混合显示中，更敏感的线性尺度用于计算数值差异，而在空间分离的显示中，较不敏感的对数尺度用于估计每边的大小。眼动追踪数据为我们的解释提供了进一步的支持，强调了选择性注意在形成数字表征中的作用，并为理解任务间的可变性和缩放提供了统一的框架。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"A selective sampling account of forming numerosity representations.","authors":"Yonatan Vanunu,Roger Ratcliff","doi":"10.1037/rev0000575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000575","url":null,"abstract":"Two leading models of numerosity judgments describe numerical representations as Gaussian distributions on a mental number line. The linear model posits that both the mean and standard deviation of the distributions increase linearly with number, while the logarithmic model assumes logarithmic increases in the mean with constant variability. In this study, we use the selective sampling account, which proposes that information is gathered selectively based on goals and available resources, to explore the cognitive processes underlying variations in variability and scaling. In intermingled displays of blue and yellow dots (blue/yellow task), participants relied on incomplete representations of dots positioned near the center, where spatial resolution is highest, leading to increasing variability with set size. In contrast, spatially separated displays (left/right task) facilitated more comprehensive sampling, resulting in approximately constant variability across set sizes. Behavioral patterns and modeling analyses suggest that the type of scale used is also shaped by the display format, with a more sensitive linear scale applied to compute numerical differences in intermingled displays, and a less sensitive logarithmic scale used to estimate magnitudes for each side in spatially separated displays. Eye-tracking data provide further support for our account, emphasizing the role of selective attention in forming numerical representations and providing a unified framework for understanding variability and scaling across tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contemporary study of psychopathology is grounded in the assumption that diagnostic categories are characterized by discrete sets of individual symptoms. As such, considerable resources have been invested over the past half-century to identify and refine these sets. There is a countertradition, however, that emphasizes symptom heterogeneity, especially for the internalizing disorders. This heterogeneity is observed over time within individual sufferers, across different sufferers, and across groups of sufferers in different sociocultural contexts. Rather than understanding these types of heterogeneity as a problem in need of a solution, we argue that variability in symptom presentation is a core feature of internalizing distress: These disorders are, in their essence, shape-shifters. We begin with examples of similarities and differences in internalizing distress across cultural-historical contexts. Then, we address the complex nature of symptoms as physiological, psychological, and cultural phenomena that are experienced, interpreted, remembered, and anticipated, highlighting potential mechanisms of heterogeneity at each level of analysis. As heterogeneity is not boundless, we also consider constraints that afford more uniform clinical presentations and stabilize historical changes. The literature on the cultural shaping of psychological functioning is recruited throughout to illustrate the ways to conceptualize and study symptom heterogeneity. Understanding these disorders as shape-shifters has the potential to transform our approach to psychopathology, bringing a rapidly growing literature on individual and cultural variation to the very center of how we conceptualize internalizing distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
当代精神病理学研究的基础假设是，诊断类别的特点是离散的个体症状集。因此，在过去的半个世纪里，已经投入了大量的资源来确定和改进这些集合。然而，有一种相反的传统，强调症状的异质性，特别是内化障碍。随着时间的推移，这种异质性可以在个体患者、不同患者以及不同社会文化背景下的患者群体中观察到。与其将这些类型的异质性理解为需要解决的问题，我们认为症状表现的可变性是内化痛苦的核心特征：这些疾病在本质上是变形者。我们从不同文化历史背景下内化痛苦的异同入手。然后，我们将症状作为生理、心理和文化现象的复杂性质进行处理，这些现象是经历、解释、记忆和预期的，强调了在每个分析层次上异质性的潜在机制。由于异质性不是无限的，我们也考虑提供更统一的临床表现和稳定的历史变化的约束。在心理功能的文化塑造方面的文献被招募，以说明概念化和研究症状异质性的方法。将这些疾病理解为变形者有可能改变我们对精神病理学的研究方法，将快速增长的关于个体和文化差异的文献带到我们如何概念化内化痛苦的核心。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Internalizing disorders as shape-shifters: Understanding individual and cultural heterogeneity in the presentation of symptoms.","authors":"Yulia E Chentsova-Dutton,Andrew G Ryder","doi":"10.1037/rev0000577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000577","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary study of psychopathology is grounded in the assumption that diagnostic categories are characterized by discrete sets of individual symptoms. As such, considerable resources have been invested over the past half-century to identify and refine these sets. There is a countertradition, however, that emphasizes symptom heterogeneity, especially for the internalizing disorders. This heterogeneity is observed over time within individual sufferers, across different sufferers, and across groups of sufferers in different sociocultural contexts. Rather than understanding these types of heterogeneity as a problem in need of a solution, we argue that variability in symptom presentation is a core feature of internalizing distress: These disorders are, in their essence, shape-shifters. We begin with examples of similarities and differences in internalizing distress across cultural-historical contexts. Then, we address the complex nature of symptoms as physiological, psychological, and cultural phenomena that are experienced, interpreted, remembered, and anticipated, highlighting potential mechanisms of heterogeneity at each level of analysis. As heterogeneity is not boundless, we also consider constraints that afford more uniform clinical presentations and stabilize historical changes. The literature on the cultural shaping of psychological functioning is recruited throughout to illustrate the ways to conceptualize and study symptom heterogeneity. Understanding these disorders as shape-shifters has the potential to transform our approach to psychopathology, bringing a rapidly growing literature on individual and cultural variation to the very center of how we conceptualize internalizing distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Control Adjustment Costs Limit Goal Flexibility: Empirical Evidence and a Computational Account","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000576.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000576.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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