Psychological review最新文献

Maternal behavior is a highly motivated and adaptive social behavior. Its frequency and pattern change across the postpartum period in response to the changing characteristics of the young and psychophysiological state of the mother. In rodents, maternal behavior peaks shortly after parturition, remains stable for a certain period of time, and then declines gradually until weaning. These dramatic behavioral changes all happen within a 3- to 4-week period. This article reviews evidence on the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the regulation of the postpartum maternal behavior cycle in rats. Based on this review, a triadic model is proposed to explain how the mPFC, functioning as an executive control system, organizes different patterned maternal responses in different stages of postpartum via its interactions with the maternal excitatory approach system (centered around the medial preoptic area, the mesolimbic dopamine [DA] system) and the maternal inhibitory avoidance system (centered around the olfactory bulb-medial amygdala-ventromedial hypothalamus system). Dopamine and serotonin are hypothesized to operate in all three neural systems to regulate maternal behavior by influencing the motivational, executive control, and memory processes. This triadic model provides a useful framework for understanding dynamic changes of postpartum maternal behavior, as it integrates the evidence-supported approach-withdrawal model with the new prefrontal regulatory model of maternal behavior. Future research aimed at delineating the exact maternal neurocircuits and their interactions could benefit from the ideas derived from this model. Given that human maternal behavior is mainly cortical-driven, this model has significant implications for constructing neural models of human parental behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

There is rich structure in the order in which studied material is recalled in a free recall task (Howard & Kahana, 2002a). Extensive effort has been directed at understanding the processes and representations that give rise to this structure; however, it remains unclear why certain types of recall organization might be favored in the first place. We provide a rational analysis of the free recall task, deriving the optimal policy for recalling items under the internal representations and processes described by the context maintenance and retrieval (CMR) model of memory search (Polyn et al., 2009a). Our model, which we call rational-CMR, shows that the optimal policy for free recall is to start from the beginning of the list and then sequentially recall forwards, providing a rational account of the primacy and forward asymmetry effects typically observed in free recall. In addition, when recall is not initiated from the beginning of list, it is optimal during recall transitions to minimize the amount of forward asymmetry. Predictions from the rational model are confirmed in human behavioral data: Top-performing human participants demonstrate a stronger tendency to initiate recall from the beginning of the list and carry forward recalls, and the amount of forward asymmetry in participants depends on whether they start recall from the beginning or end of the list. We discuss the resemblance of optimal behavior in free recall to participants' behavior when applying mnemonic techniques such as the method of loci. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Episodic memory theories have postulated that in recognition, a probe is accepted or rejected on the basis of its global similarity to studied items. Mewhort and Johns (2000) directly tested global similarity predictions by manipulating the feature compositions of probes-novelty rejection was facilitated when probes contained novel features even when other features strongly matched, an advantage dubbed the extralist feature effect, which greatly challenged global matching models. In this work, we conducted similar experiments using continuously valued separable- and integral-dimension stimuli. Analogs of extralist lures were constructed where one stimulus dimension contained a value that was more novel than the other dimensions, whereas overall similarity was equated to another class of lures. Facilitated novelty rejection for lures with extralist features was only found for separable-dimension stimuli. While integral-dimension stimuli were well described by a global matching model, the model failed to account for extralist feature effects with separable-dimension stimuli. We applied global matching models-including variants of the exemplar-based linear ballistic accumulator-that employed different means of novelty rejection afforded by separable-dimension stimuli, including decisions based on the global similarity of the individual dimensions and selective attention being directed toward novel probe values (a diagnostic attention model). While these variants produced the extralist feature effect, only the diagnostic attention model succeeded in providing a sufficient account of all of the data. The model was also able to account for extralist feature effects in an experiment with discrete features similar to those from Mewhort and Johns (2000). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent and highly debated diagnosis for mental disorder in practice today. Two decades of research have substantially contributed to evolving conceptualizations and understanding of the condition. However, this evolution has not been extended to theoretical research. Current cognitive behavioral-based theories aim to identify the etiology of ADHD and experience challenges in accommodating the full spectrum of both neurobiological and behavioral research evidence. Characterizations historically associated with mental illness have generated public stigma, influencing low self-esteem, negative self-concept, and identity development in ADHD individuals. Neurodiversity research and activism recognize a diversity of nonnormative development and highlight the need for alternatives to deficit models of functioning. Recent research in psychology recommends developing approaches beyond symptom control and seeking to develop positive psychological factors and well-being. We propose that the perspective presented by self-determination theory (SDT) on human motivation, self-regulation, and self-determination offers a new understanding of ADHD research evidence and symptomology. According to this theory, humans have a natural tendency toward growth and self-actualization. We propose a framework grounded in SDT that provides an alternative understanding of ADHD neural processing, motivation and engagement, self-regulation, and a potential foundation for treatment approaches with self-determination and positive identity outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

We present a method for measuring the efficacy of eyewitness identification procedures by applying fundamental principles of information theory. The resulting measure evaluates the expected information gain (EIG) for an identification attempt, a single value that summarizes an identification procedure's overall potential for reducing uncertainty about guilt or innocence across all possible witness responses. In a series of demonstrations, we show that EIG often disagrees with existing measures (e.g., diagnosticity ratios or area under the receiver operating characteristic) about the relative effectiveness of different identification procedures. Each demonstration is designed to highlight key distinctions between existing measures and EIG. An overarching theme is that EIG provides a complete measure of evidentiary value, in the sense that it factors in all aspects of identification performance. Collectively, these demonstrations show that EIG has substantial potential to inspire new discoveries in eyewitness research and provide a new perspective on policy recommendations for the use of identifications in real investigations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

In real-world scene perception, human observers generate sequences of fixations to move image patches into the high-acuity center of the visual field. Models of visual attention developed over the last 25 years aim to predict two-dimensional probabilities of gaze positions for a given image via saliency maps. Recently, progress has been made on models for the generation of scan paths under the constraints of saliency as well as attentional and oculomotor restrictions. Experimental research demonstrated that task constraints can have a strong impact on viewing behavior. Here, we propose a scan-path model for both fixation positions and fixation durations, which include influences of task instructions and interindividual differences. Based on an eye-movement experiment with four different task conditions, we estimated model parameters for each individual observer and task condition using a fully Bayesian dynamical modeling framework using a joint spatial-temporal likelihood approach with sequential estimation. Resulting parameter values demonstrate that model properties such as the attentional span are adjusted to task requirements. Posterior predictive checks indicate that our dynamical model can reproduce task differences in scan-path statistics across individual observers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is widely used and broadly accepted for its ability to account for binary choices (in both the perceptual and preferential domains) and response times (RT), as a function of the stimulus or the choice alternative (or option) values. The DDM is built on an evidence accumulation-to-bound concept, where, in the value domain, a decision maker repeatedly samples the mental representations of the values of the available options until satisfied that there is enough evidence (or support) in favor of one option over the other. As the signals that drive the evidence are derived from value estimates that are not known with certainty, repeated sequential samples are necessary to average out noise. The classic DDM does not allow for different options to have different levels of precision in their value representations. However, recent studies have shown that decision makers often report levels of certainty regarding value estimates that vary across choice options. There is therefore a need to extend the DDM to include an option-specific value certainty component. We present several such DDM extensions and validate them against empirical data from four previous studies. The data support best a DDM version in which the drift of the accumulation is based on a sort of signal-to-noise ratio of value for each option (rather than a mere accumulation of samples from the corresponding value distributions). This DDM variant accounts for the impact of value certainty on both choice consistency and RT present in the empirical data. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The metacognitive sense of confidence can play a critical role in regulating decision making. In particular, a lack of confidence can justify the explicit, potentially costly, instrumental acquisition of extra information that might resolve uncertainty. Human confidence is highly complex, and recent computational work has suggested a statistically sophisticated tapestry behind the information that governs both the making and monitoring of choices. However, the consequences of the form of such confidence computations for search have yet to be understood. Here, we reveal extra richness in the use of confidence for information seeking by formulating joint models of action, confidence, and information search within a Bayesian and reinforcement learning framework. Through detailed theoretical analysis of these models, we show the intricate normative downstream consequences for search arising from more complex forms of metacognition. For example, our results highlight how the ability to monitor errors or general metacognitive sensitivity impact seeking decisions and can generate diverse relationships between action, confidence, and the optimal search for information. We also explore whether empirical search behavior enjoys any of the characteristics of normatively derived prescriptions. More broadly, our work demonstrates that it is crucial to treat metacognitive monitoring and control as closely linked processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Impaired inhibitory control is a core transdiagnostic mechanism in psychopathology. Directly targeting inhibitory control in intervention studies has, however, produced only little improvement. Recently, promising improvements in inhibitory control were shown by capitalizing on the inhibitory spillover effect (ISE). The central requirement of ISE is a simultaneous execution of two tasks, allowing for improved inhibitory control in the target task when control is simultaneously recruited in an induction task. The magnitude of the ISE remains to be assessed. In this preregistered meta-analysis, we synthesized eligible data from studies across psychology with the central requirement of simultaneity; thus, we deliberately included also studies meeting this requirement without the explicit aim to investigate the ISE. Results confirmed previous evidence of the ISE and documented a statistically significant small effect size (g = 0.27). Of the different induction types, cognitive induction showed the largest effects, whereas physiological and attentional induction tasks were less effective. In contrast, motor induction did not result in a significant ISE. Due to high between-study heterogeneity, we analyzed several preregistered and exploratory moderators, out of which only duration of the experimental sequence, group affiliation, and planned investigation of the ISE were significant. Sensitivity analyses yielded no indication of a publication bias. Taken together, this meta-analysis suggests that the ISE is a small, but substantial and robust effect. Future research should investigate how the ISE is applied best to reap its practical value in new treatment approaches for individuals with inhibition impairments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Analyses of human reaction to economic incentives reveal contradictory deviations from maximization. For example, underinvestment in the stock market suggests risk aversion, but insufficient diversification of financial assets suggests risk-seeking. Leading explanations for these contradictions assume that different choice environments (e.g., different framings) trigger different biases. Our analysis shows that variation in the choice environment is not a necessary condition. It demonstrates how certain changes in the incentive structure are sufficient to trigger six pairs of contradictory deviations from maximization even when the choice environment is fixed. Moreover, our analysis shows that the direction of these deviations can be captured by assuming that choice propensities reflect reliance on small samples of past experiences. In order to clarify the underlying processes, we considered distinct models of the reliance on small samples assumption, and compared them to classical models of choice (including prospect theory). The comparison focused on both within-individual, and between-group predictions (based on a preregistered study with 120 new tasks). The results reveal large advantage of "wide sampling" models that (in the static settings we examine) approximate an effort to rely on the most similar past experiences. Surprisingly, we also found that assuming that the parameters reflect stable individual traits impairs predictions; it seems that the number of "most similar past experiences" for each individual varies from task to task. These results suggest that ignoring the predictable impact of the incentive structure can lead to exaggeration of the importance of environment- and individual-specific decision biases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).