Detailed case studies of individuals with brain injuries have long provided valuable insights into how cognitive functions are organized. Similarly, the study of individuals with highly idiosyncratic cognitive abilities can shed light on the outer limits of human cognition. One such phenomenon is calendar calculation (CC), the ability to identify the day of the week that corresponds to a given date or the dates that match a particular calendar configuration. CC is the most commonly reported "special ability" in autism and is unique in its accuracy and speed, often surpassing experienced mathematicians. Recent findings suggest that a significant proportion of autistic children with oral language delays first acquire and prefer the written code, which may help pave the way for oral language acquisition. This atypical pathway for language acquisition invites a rethinking of the mechanisms underlying CC. In this article, we propose an integrative model in which the development and mastery of CC in autism are driven by the orientation of the innate linguistic cognitive resources toward an equivalent complex symbolic system. This model offers a novel perspective on the language trajectories observed in autism, their role in facilitating expertise in nonsocial complex material, and the broader flexibility of human language-based abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
长期以来，对脑损伤患者的详细案例研究为了解认知功能的组织方式提供了有价值的见解。同样，对具有高度特殊认知能力的个体的研究可以揭示人类认知的外部限制。其中一种现象是日历计算（CC），即识别与给定日期对应的星期几或与特定日历配置匹配的日期的能力。CC是自闭症患者最常被报道的“特殊能力”，它在准确性和速度上是独一无二的，经常超过有经验的数学家。最近的研究结果表明，很大一部分患有口语语言延迟的自闭症儿童首先习得并更喜欢书写代码，这可能有助于为口语习得铺平道路。这种非典型的语言习得途径引发了对CC机制的重新思考。在本文中，我们提出了一个整合模型，在该模型中，自闭症患者CC的发展和掌握是由先天语言认知资源向等效复杂符号系统的取向驱动的。该模型为观察自闭症的语言轨迹提供了一个新的视角，它们在促进非社会复杂材料的专业知识方面的作用，以及人类语言基础能力的更广泛的灵活性。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"How is calendar calculation in autism possible? A language model.","authors":"Jade Desrosiers,David Gagnon,Alexia Ostrolenk,Alice Boutros,Valérie Courchesne,Laurent Mottron","doi":"10.1037/rev0000590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000590","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed case studies of individuals with brain injuries have long provided valuable insights into how cognitive functions are organized. Similarly, the study of individuals with highly idiosyncratic cognitive abilities can shed light on the outer limits of human cognition. One such phenomenon is calendar calculation (CC), the ability to identify the day of the week that corresponds to a given date or the dates that match a particular calendar configuration. CC is the most commonly reported \"special ability\" in autism and is unique in its accuracy and speed, often surpassing experienced mathematicians. Recent findings suggest that a significant proportion of autistic children with oral language delays first acquire and prefer the written code, which may help pave the way for oral language acquisition. This atypical pathway for language acquisition invites a rethinking of the mechanisms underlying CC. In this article, we propose an integrative model in which the development and mastery of CC in autism are driven by the orientation of the innate linguistic cognitive resources toward an equivalent complex symbolic system. This model offers a novel perspective on the language trajectories observed in autism, their role in facilitating expertise in nonsocial complex material, and the broader flexibility of human language-based abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attachment plays an important role in human development. It relates to various aspects of psychosocial functioning. Yet, the psychological basis of the ontogenetic emergence of attachment is unclear. Following attachment theoretical considerations, I propose that the emergence of attachment needs to be understood in terms of the development of intentional action. Specifically, I propose that ideomotor learning provides a plausible cognitive basis for the emergent goal-directed nature of attachment behavior. This framework explains how attachment emerges in the first instance and how different patterns of attachment are grounded in the dynamics of perception and action in the social world. The article discusses how ideomotor learning provides the basis for infants' learning about the predictability of caregiver responses and how it results in individual differences in the sense of agency. Relying on recent advancements of ideomotor theorizing, I discuss that the early experiences result in event files-integrated patterns of feature codes that bind distributed stimulus and action features-that form the basis of attachment representations. Overall, this account provides a novel framework that helps to understand how attachment emerges as a form of intentional action. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
依恋在人类的发展中起着重要的作用。它涉及到社会心理功能的各个方面。然而，个体发生性依恋产生的心理基础尚不清楚。根据依恋理论的考虑，我提出依恋的出现需要从意向行为的发展角度来理解。具体地说，我认为意念运动学习为依恋行为的紧急目标导向性质提供了一个可信的认知基础。这个框架解释了依恋最初是如何产生的，以及不同的依恋模式是如何建立在社会世界中感知和行动的动态基础上的。本文讨论了意识形态运动学习如何为婴儿学习照顾者反应的可预测性提供基础，以及它如何导致代理感的个体差异。根据最近思想运动理论的进展，我讨论了早期的经验会导致事件文件——特征代码的集成模式，将分布式刺激和动作特征结合起来——形成依恋表征的基础。总的来说，这个解释提供了一个新的框架，有助于理解依恋是如何作为一种有意行为的形式出现的。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Infant attachment as intentional action: An ideomotor and event-coding approach on the ontogenetic emergence of attachment.","authors":"Markus Paulus","doi":"10.1037/rev0000582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000582","url":null,"abstract":"Attachment plays an important role in human development. It relates to various aspects of psychosocial functioning. Yet, the psychological basis of the ontogenetic emergence of attachment is unclear. Following attachment theoretical considerations, I propose that the emergence of attachment needs to be understood in terms of the development of intentional action. Specifically, I propose that ideomotor learning provides a plausible cognitive basis for the emergent goal-directed nature of attachment behavior. This framework explains how attachment emerges in the first instance and how different patterns of attachment are grounded in the dynamics of perception and action in the social world. The article discusses how ideomotor learning provides the basis for infants' learning about the predictability of caregiver responses and how it results in individual differences in the sense of agency. Relying on recent advancements of ideomotor theorizing, I discuss that the early experiences result in event files-integrated patterns of feature codes that bind distributed stimulus and action features-that form the basis of attachment representations. Overall, this account provides a novel framework that helps to understand how attachment emerges as a form of intentional action. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for How Beliefs Persist Amid Controversy: The Paths to Persistence Model","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000583.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000583.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Perceptual-Moment Theories","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000586.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000586.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The long-standing claim that young children are the main agents of language change is often presented as an established fact, and has tacitly guided research in developmental science and evolutionary linguistics. It rests on the assumption that language change arises from language acquisition errors predominantly committed by children. Here, we review whether arguments in support of this idea stand up to logical and empirical scrutiny. We conclude that while children's imperfect learning indeed leads them to produce input-divergent linguistic variants, there is no convincing evidence that it is these child-generated innovations that eventually spread through the language community, nor that language change is mainly driven by constraints and biases operating uniquely in children. By exposing the conceptual and empirical shortcomings of overemphasizing children as the agents of language change, we hope to rebalance the field toward a more nuanced understanding of how individual- and population-level processes shape language change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
长期以来，幼儿是语言变化的主要推动者这一说法往往被视为既定事实，并在发展科学和进化语言学中默默地指导着研究。它基于这样的假设：语言变化是由儿童主要犯的语言习得错误引起的。在这里，我们回顾支持这一观点的论点是否经得起逻辑和实证的审查。我们的结论是，虽然儿童不完善的学习确实会导致他们产生输入分歧的语言变体，但没有令人信服的证据表明，正是这些儿童产生的创新最终在语言社区中传播，也没有令人信服的证据表明，语言变化主要是由儿童独有的约束和偏见驱动的。通过揭示过分强调儿童是语言变化的推动者的概念和经验缺陷，我们希望重新平衡这一领域，以更细致入微地理解个体和群体层面的过程如何塑造语言变化。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Children are not the main agents of language change.","authors":"Limor Raviv,Damián Blasi,Vera Kempe","doi":"10.1037/rev0000580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000580","url":null,"abstract":"The long-standing claim that young children are the main agents of language change is often presented as an established fact, and has tacitly guided research in developmental science and evolutionary linguistics. It rests on the assumption that language change arises from language acquisition errors predominantly committed by children. Here, we review whether arguments in support of this idea stand up to logical and empirical scrutiny. We conclude that while children's imperfect learning indeed leads them to produce input-divergent linguistic variants, there is no convincing evidence that it is these child-generated innovations that eventually spread through the language community, nor that language change is mainly driven by constraints and biases operating uniquely in children. By exposing the conceptual and empirical shortcomings of overemphasizing children as the agents of language change, we hope to rebalance the field toward a more nuanced understanding of how individual- and population-level processes shape language change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been suggested that episodic memory relies on the well-studied machinery of spatial memory. This influential notion faces hurdles that become evident with dynamically changing spatial scenes and an immobile agent. Here I propose a model of episodic memory that can accommodate such episodes via temporal indexing. Indices in the model have flexible duration, capable of exhibiting both fixed duration and broadening time fields akin to classical time cells. The latter cannot index episodes beyond short durations and are reminiscent of timing codes in scalar expectancy theory. Contrary to timing repetitive events, the present model focuses on the one-shot indexing of within-episode structure. Hippocampal indices are recruited by a combination of contextual inputs, lateral inhibition, and drive from temporal analogues of grid cells, functioning as an on-demand sequence generator and memory store. Indices learn connections to cortical representations, modulated by an amygdala signal. This architecture relies on biologically plausible, common network motifs, which can replay dynamically changing and spatially structured events, while an agent is immobile, suggests a mechanism for modulating the speed of recall, and can replay disjoint collections (i.e., broken chains) of indices with preserved temporal order. The model is embedded in an extensive review/perspective along two conceptual axes: first, how the model fits in with other accounts of time coding, serial order memory, and flexible temporal cognition and, second, how we can simultaneously reconcile the model framework with classical accounts of episodic memory à la Tulving, as well as with modern reinforcement learning and generative model accounts of hippocampal function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
有人认为，情景记忆依赖于空间记忆机制的充分研究。这个有影响力的概念面临着一些障碍，这些障碍在动态变化的空间场景和不可移动的主体中变得明显。在这里，我提出了一个情景记忆模型，可以通过时间索引来适应这些情节。模型中的指数具有灵活的持续时间，既能表现出固定的持续时间，又能表现出与经典时间单元类似的扩展时间场。后者不能索引超过短持续时间的事件，并且使人想起标量期望理论中的时间代码。与对重复事件进行定时不同，该模型侧重于对情节内结构进行一次索引。海马体指数是由上下文输入、横向抑制和来自网格细胞的时间类似物的驱动组合而成的，其功能是按需序列发生器和记忆存储。指数学习与皮层表征的联系，由杏仁核信号调节。这种结构依赖于生物学上合理的、共同的网络基序，它可以重播动态变化和空间结构化的事件，而代理是不移动的，它提出了一种调节回忆速度的机制，并且可以重播具有保留时间顺序的不连接的索引集合（即断链）。该模型沿着两个概念轴嵌入了广泛的回顾/视角：首先，该模型如何与时间编码、序列顺序记忆和灵活的时间认知的其他描述相适应；其次，我们如何同时将模型框架与情景记忆的经典描述（la Tulving）以及现代强化学习和海马功能的生成模型描述相协调。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Breaking the chains: Toward a neural-level account of episodic memory.","authors":"Andrej Bicanski","doi":"10.1037/rev0000571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000571","url":null,"abstract":"It has been suggested that episodic memory relies on the well-studied machinery of spatial memory. This influential notion faces hurdles that become evident with dynamically changing spatial scenes and an immobile agent. Here I propose a model of episodic memory that can accommodate such episodes via temporal indexing. Indices in the model have flexible duration, capable of exhibiting both fixed duration and broadening time fields akin to classical time cells. The latter cannot index episodes beyond short durations and are reminiscent of timing codes in scalar expectancy theory. Contrary to timing repetitive events, the present model focuses on the one-shot indexing of within-episode structure. Hippocampal indices are recruited by a combination of contextual inputs, lateral inhibition, and drive from temporal analogues of grid cells, functioning as an on-demand sequence generator and memory store. Indices learn connections to cortical representations, modulated by an amygdala signal. This architecture relies on biologically plausible, common network motifs, which can replay dynamically changing and spatially structured events, while an agent is immobile, suggests a mechanism for modulating the speed of recall, and can replay disjoint collections (i.e., broken chains) of indices with preserved temporal order. The model is embedded in an extensive review/perspective along two conceptual axes: first, how the model fits in with other accounts of time coding, serial order memory, and flexible temporal cognition and, second, how we can simultaneously reconcile the model framework with classical accounts of episodic memory à la Tulving, as well as with modern reinforcement learning and generative model accounts of hippocampal function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven Miletić, Niek Stevenson, Ami Eidels, Dora Matzke, Birte U Forstmann, Andrew Heathcote
Sequences of choice response times exhibit ubiquitous and strong multiscale dynamics (i.e., sequential dependencies across a broad range of temporal scales). Despite their pervasive nature, multiscale dynamics are poorly understood. We show that dynamics in the seconds to minutes range can be explained by the superposition of several distinct learning and control mechanisms. Each mechanism learns a representation of the structure of the choice environment and/or an aspect of the decision-maker's ability. These representations are updated after each choice and used to control the next decision by modulating the parameters of an evidence accumulation process with subsecond range dynamics that determine individual choices. We link these mechanisms to three major foci in the experimental study of sequential dependencies: stimulus history, error-related, and hard-easy effects. This account provides a detailed explanation of both multiscale dynamics of choice sequences, and the three effects, at the group and individual levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
选择响应时间序列表现出无处不在的强多尺度动态（即，在广泛的时间尺度范围内的顺序依赖性）。尽管多尺度动力学普遍存在，但人们对其了解甚少。我们表明，在秒到分钟范围内的动态可以通过几种不同的学习和控制机制的叠加来解释。每种机制都学习了选择环境结构的一种表示和/或决策者能力的一个方面。这些表征在每次选择后都会更新，并通过调节证据积累过程的参数来控制下一个决策，这些参数具有决定个体选择的亚秒范围动态。我们将这些机制与顺序依赖性实验研究中的三个主要焦点联系起来：刺激历史、错误相关和难易效应。这个帐户提供了一个详细的解释选择序列的多尺度动力学，以及三个效应，在群体和个人的水平。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Explaining multiscale choice dynamics.","authors":"Steven Miletić, Niek Stevenson, Ami Eidels, Dora Matzke, Birte U Forstmann, Andrew Heathcote","doi":"10.1037/rev0000581","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sequences of choice response times exhibit ubiquitous and strong multiscale dynamics (i.e., sequential dependencies across a broad range of temporal scales). Despite their pervasive nature, multiscale dynamics are poorly understood. We show that dynamics in the seconds to minutes range can be explained by the superposition of several distinct learning and control mechanisms. Each mechanism learns a representation of the structure of the choice environment and/or an aspect of the decision-maker's ability. These representations are updated after each choice and used to control the next decision by modulating the parameters of an evidence accumulation process with subsecond range dynamics that determine individual choices. We link these mechanisms to three major foci in the experimental study of sequential dependencies: stimulus history, error-related, and hard-easy effects. This account provides a detailed explanation of both multiscale dynamics of choice sequences, and the three effects, at the group and individual levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna Kolak, Virve Vihman, Felix Engelmann, Sonia Granlund, Anna Theakston, Elena V. M. Lieven, Julian M. Pine, Judit Fazekas, Ben Ambridge
{"title":"Why learners privilege word-order over case-marking: A cross-linguistic meta-analysis, new data from Estonian, Finnish and Polish, and a discriminative learning model.","authors":"Joanna Kolak, Virve Vihman, Felix Engelmann, Sonia Granlund, Anna Theakston, Elena V. M. Lieven, Julian M. Pine, Judit Fazekas, Ben Ambridge","doi":"10.1037/rev0000560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000560","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144792694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Explaining Multiscale Choice Dynamics","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000581.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000581.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144792594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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