Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.194155
L. Mazelis, K. Lavrenyuk, Andrey A. Krasko, E. Krasova, E. Emtseva
A method has been proposed to form the optimal structure of regional state investments, which contributes to the strategic goals and objectives of the socio-economic development of a region through the advanced development of human capital. The dynamic model has been considered representing a mathematical programming problem, which describes in the form of recurrent dependences the chain of channels of influence: "the structure and volume of investments→the indicators of the regional human capital→the indicators for the socio-economic development of a region". The weighted average of degrees in achieving the target values of resulting indicators of socio-economic development of a region on the considered horizon of planning has been used as the objective function. Recurrent dependences are the lag econometric models of panel data involving the main components. To construct three types of models (the through models, those with the deterministic and random spatial effects) using the Best Subset method, the open-source software R was employed. The best models were chosen with the help of tests by Wald, Hausman, and Breusch–Pagan. The limitations within the model are a series of assumptions about the processes of the development of human capital and the socio-economic development considering the uncertainties. The optimization variables are shares of the distribution of investment resources based on the investment directions and years. Based on the results of modeling and numerical calculations on the example of several regions of Russia in dynamics over the years, the optimal investment structure has been proposed. A given structure enables making the maximum progress towards achieving the target values of strategic indicators of the development of a region through the development of human capital
{"title":"Devising a Method to Optimize the Investment Structure Aimed to Achieve Strategic Targets in the Socio-Economic Development of Regions","authors":"L. Mazelis, K. Lavrenyuk, Andrey A. Krasko, E. Krasova, E. Emtseva","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.194155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.194155","url":null,"abstract":"A method has been proposed to form the optimal structure of regional state investments, which contributes to the strategic goals and objectives of the socio-economic development of a region through the advanced development of human capital. The dynamic model has been considered representing a mathematical programming problem, which describes in the form of recurrent dependences the chain of channels of influence: \"the structure and volume of investments→the indicators of the regional human capital→the indicators for the socio-economic development of a region\". The weighted average of degrees in achieving the target values of resulting indicators of socio-economic development of a region on the considered horizon of planning has been used as the objective function. Recurrent dependences are the lag econometric models of panel data involving the main components. To construct three types of models (the through models, those with the deterministic and random spatial effects) using the Best Subset method, the open-source software R was employed. The best models were chosen with the help of tests by Wald, Hausman, and Breusch–Pagan. The limitations within the model are a series of assumptions about the processes of the development of human capital and the socio-economic development considering the uncertainties. The optimization variables are shares of the distribution of investment resources based on the investment directions and years. Based on the results of modeling and numerical calculations on the example of several regions of Russia in dynamics over the years, the optimal investment structure has been proposed. A given structure enables making the maximum progress towards achieving the target values of strategic indicators of the development of a region through the development of human capital","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116028240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The types of workers recruited into teaching and their allocation across classrooms can greatly influence a country's stock of human capital. This paper considers how markets and non-market institutions determine the quantity, wages, skills, and spatial distribution of teachers in developing countries. Schools are a major source of employment in developing countries, particularly for women and professionals. Teacher compensation is also a large share of public budgets. Teacher labor markets in developing countries are likely to grow further as teacher quality becomes a greater focus of education policy, including under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Theoretical approaches to teacher labor markets have emphasized the role of non-market institutions, such as government and unions, and other frictions in teacher employment and wages. The evidence supports the existence and importance of such frictions in how teacher labor markets function. In many countries, large gaps in pay and quality exist between teachers and other professionals; teachers in public and private schools; teachers on permanent and temporary contracts; and teachers in urban and rural areas. Teacher supply increases with wages, though teacher quality does not necessarily increase. However, most evidence comes from studies of short-term effects among existing teachers. Evidence on effects in the long-term, on the supply of new teachers, or on changes in non-pecuniary compensation is scarcer.
{"title":"Teacher Labor Markets in Developing Countries","authors":"Lee Crawfurd, Todd Pugatch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3542654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3542654","url":null,"abstract":"The types of workers recruited into teaching and their allocation across classrooms can greatly influence a country's stock of human capital. This paper considers how markets and non-market institutions determine the quantity, wages, skills, and spatial distribution of teachers in developing countries. Schools are a major source of employment in developing countries, particularly for women and professionals. Teacher compensation is also a large share of public budgets. Teacher labor markets in developing countries are likely to grow further as teacher quality becomes a greater focus of education policy, including under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Theoretical approaches to teacher labor markets have emphasized the role of non-market institutions, such as government and unions, and other frictions in teacher employment and wages. The evidence supports the existence and importance of such frictions in how teacher labor markets function. In many countries, large gaps in pay and quality exist between teachers and other professionals; teachers in public and private schools; teachers on permanent and temporary contracts; and teachers in urban and rural areas. Teacher supply increases with wages, though teacher quality does not necessarily increase. However, most evidence comes from studies of short-term effects among existing teachers. Evidence on effects in the long-term, on the supply of new teachers, or on changes in non-pecuniary compensation is scarcer.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132100848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.15587/2312-8372.2020.194444
S. Zaika, O. Gridin
The object of research is the human capital of the agricultural sector of the national economy. The study of scientific works has revealed that in defining the essence of human capital as an economic category, scientists have not reached a common opinion. With all the variety of theoretical approaches, the problem of the peculiarities of human capital formation in the agricultural sector remains insufficiently studied. There are significant differences in methodological approaches to the interpretation of its essence at different levels of manifestation and certainty. The methods of systematic approach and structural-functional analysis, abstract-logical, monographic and graphical methods were used in the research. The study identifies the nature and peculiarities of human capital formation in the agrarian sector of the economy and clarifies the human capital functions of the agrarian sector and the factors that contribute to its development. In the work on the basis of generalization of theoretical researches on the role of human capital in the economy, its state and prospects of development in the agrarian sector of economy are analyzed. The factors that influence the level of formation and development of human capital are analyzed. The functions of human capital are described and ways to improve the available human capital in rural areas are proposed. The peculiarities of the human capital of the agrarian sector of the economy are revealed, the main of which are: – close connection of the human capital of the agrarian sector with the rural way of life, agrarian work and life; – significant social and professional homogeneity; – great dependence of its use on natural rhythms and cycles; – significant territorial dispersion of the human capital of the agricultural sector, its relatively low mobility compared to human capital in other sectors of the national economy; – need for development and development under conditions of disability due to the lower standard and quality of life in rural areas, etc.
{"title":"Human Capital Development in the Agricultural Economy Sector","authors":"S. Zaika, O. Gridin","doi":"10.15587/2312-8372.2020.194444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.194444","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the human capital of the agricultural sector of the national economy. The study of scientific works has revealed that in defining the essence of human capital as an economic category, scientists have not reached a common opinion. With all the variety of theoretical approaches, the problem of the peculiarities of human capital formation in the agricultural sector remains insufficiently studied. There are significant differences in methodological approaches to the interpretation of its essence at different levels of manifestation and certainty. The methods of systematic approach and structural-functional analysis, abstract-logical, monographic and graphical methods were used in the research. The study identifies the nature and peculiarities of human capital formation in the agrarian sector of the economy and clarifies the human capital functions of the agrarian sector and the factors that contribute to its development. In the work on the basis of generalization of theoretical researches on the role of human capital in the economy, its state and prospects of development in the agrarian sector of economy are analyzed. The factors that influence the level of formation and development of human capital are analyzed. The functions of human capital are described and ways to improve the available human capital in rural areas are proposed. The peculiarities of the human capital of the agrarian sector of the economy are revealed, the main of which are: – close connection of the human capital of the agrarian sector with the rural way of life, agrarian work and life; – significant social and professional homogeneity; – great dependence of its use on natural rhythms and cycles; – significant territorial dispersion of the human capital of the agricultural sector, its relatively low mobility compared to human capital in other sectors of the national economy; – need for development and development under conditions of disability due to the lower standard and quality of life in rural areas, etc.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130491053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The roles and responsibilities of Human Resources departments are transforming as the modern business faces pressures of globalization. The local supply of talent is short of its long-term demand in Nigeria oil and gas industry, and the gap is a challenge for operators in the Hydrocarbon industry in Nigeria and other areas. The shortage between the demand and supply of talent is likely to continue to increase, notably for high skilled workers and for the next generation of business executives. Now organizations in this sector are required to place greater emphasis on attracting, developing and retaining human capital for their short and long term business needs. To remain in profitable and sustainable operation global staffing and management of a workforce diverse in culture and language skills, and dispersed in different nations are the key goals of global human resources. Only those organizations with systems and processes in place that support quick and easy adaptation to their human resource practices in line with the changing global labor market conditions will be able to attract and retain high performing and motivated employees. Companies with the ability to foresee their business needs and their workforce needs – especially for high skills – will gain the decisive competitive advantage.
{"title":"Effects of Globalisation on Human Resources Practice in Nigeria Oil & Gas Industry","authors":"Samuel Ajayi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3532759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532759","url":null,"abstract":"The roles and responsibilities of Human Resources departments are transforming as the modern business faces pressures of globalization. The local supply of talent is short of its long-term demand in Nigeria oil and gas industry, and the gap is a challenge for operators in the Hydrocarbon industry in Nigeria and other areas. The shortage between the demand and supply of talent is likely to continue to increase, notably for high skilled workers and for the next generation of business executives. Now organizations in this sector are required to place greater emphasis on attracting, developing and retaining human capital for their short and long term business needs. To remain in profitable and sustainable operation global staffing and management of a workforce diverse in culture and language skills, and dispersed in different nations are the key goals of global human resources. Only those organizations with systems and processes in place that support quick and easy adaptation to their human resource practices in line with the changing global labor market conditions will be able to attract and retain high performing and motivated employees. Companies with the ability to foresee their business needs and their workforce needs – especially for high skills – will gain the decisive competitive advantage.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114145888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India's Economy is principally dominated by Agriculture with more than 70% population dependent onagriculture. It accounts for about 14% of Gross Domestic Products of the country. India being predominantly agricultural, agripreneurs play very vital and important role in the agricultural value chain. They contribute significantly to increase the agricultural GDP by the process of their value addition. In order to tap the untapped potential rich and unexplored rural resources, agripreneurship has a huge scope. Significant growth in manufacturing and service sectors is contributing for the better living conditions and lifestyle of urban population whereas agriculture and allied sectors are still in back foot in providing the better living conditions in rural India. This paper highlights the issues and challenges in agripreneurship.
{"title":"Issues and Challenges in Agripreneurship","authors":"Pradeep Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3531626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531626","url":null,"abstract":"India's Economy is principally dominated by Agriculture with more than 70% population dependent onagriculture. It accounts for about 14% of Gross Domestic Products of the country. India being predominantly agricultural, agripreneurs play very vital and important role in the agricultural value chain. They contribute significantly to increase the agricultural GDP by the process of their value addition. In order to tap the untapped potential rich and unexplored rural resources, agripreneurship has a huge scope. Significant growth in manufacturing and service sectors is contributing for the better living conditions and lifestyle of urban population whereas agriculture and allied sectors are still in back foot in providing the better living conditions in rural India. This paper highlights the issues and challenges in agripreneurship.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128615081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper combines multiple sources of information on early childhood development in a unified model for analysis of a wide range of early childhood policy interventions. We develop a model of child care in which households decide both the quantities and qualities of maternal and non-maternal care along with maternal labor supply. The model introduces a novel parenting-effort channel, whereby child care subsidies that permit less parenting may enable better parenting. To estimate the model, we combine observational data with experimental data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) which randomly assigned free child care when the child was 1 and 2 years old. We estimate a cognitive skill production function and household preferences, giving insight into mechanisms driving the ex post heterogeneous effects of the IHDP intervention, accounting for alternative care substitutes available to the control group and spillovers of the child care offer across the household's decisions. We also estimate ex ante effects of counterfactual policies such as an offer of lower-quality care, requiring a co-pay for subsidized care, raising the maternal wage offer, or a cash transfer. Finally, we use the model to rationalize existing evidence from outside the US on the effects of universal child care programs.
{"title":"Early Childhood Care and Cognitive Development","authors":"J. Chaparro, Aaron J. Sojourner, Matthew Wiswall","doi":"10.3386/w26813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26813","url":null,"abstract":"This paper combines multiple sources of information on early childhood development in a unified model for analysis of a wide range of early childhood policy interventions. We develop a model of child care in which households decide both the quantities and qualities of maternal and non-maternal care along with maternal labor supply. The model introduces a novel parenting-effort channel, whereby child care subsidies that permit less parenting may enable better parenting. To estimate the model, we combine observational data with experimental data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) which randomly assigned free child care when the child was 1 and 2 years old. We estimate a cognitive skill production function and household preferences, giving insight into mechanisms driving the ex post heterogeneous effects of the IHDP intervention, accounting for alternative care substitutes available to the control group and spillovers of the child care offer across the household's decisions. We also estimate ex ante effects of counterfactual policies such as an offer of lower-quality care, requiring a co-pay for subsidized care, raising the maternal wage offer, or a cash transfer. Finally, we use the model to rationalize existing evidence from outside the US on the effects of universal child care programs.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121268712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a North–South trade model with vertically linked industries and examines how declining costs of trade across stages of production encourage vertical specialization and affect wages and welfare. As trade costs fall below a threshold, the production of all final goods relocates to the South and vertical specialization emerges. In some industries, production of intermediate goods also relocates against comparative costs because of benefits of co‐location, and further declines in trade costs lead to reshoring. A country may temporarily lose from falling trade costs, but both countries can be better off after trade costs fall sufficiently.
{"title":"Vertical Specialization in North–South Trade: Industrial Relocation, Wage and Welfare","authors":"H. Kurata, Ryoichi Nomura, Nobuhito Suga","doi":"10.1111/roie.12444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12444","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a North–South trade model with vertically linked industries and examines how declining costs of trade across stages of production encourage vertical specialization and affect wages and welfare. As trade costs fall below a threshold, the production of all final goods relocates to the South and vertical specialization emerges. In some industries, production of intermediate goods also relocates against comparative costs because of benefits of co‐location, and further declines in trade costs lead to reshoring. A country may temporarily lose from falling trade costs, but both countries can be better off after trade costs fall sufficiently.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116295524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to explore the relationship between school education and shadow education, this study applied two-level Bernoulli Model to estimate the school-level determinants of private tutoring by analyzing the data of PISA 2015 of four regions of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong). The results indicated that: (1) the four regions have large scale of private tutoring ranging from 58.7% to 74.0% for science, mathematics, and reading; (2) the participation rate of private tutoring in villages is much higher than that in cities; (3) the quality of school teachers significantly negatively affects the likelihood for receiving tutoring. Shadow education plays both substitutional and complementary roles for school education, and the growth of shadow education is in accompany with the low quality of school education in rural areas but with high quality of school education in urban areas. Instead of increasing Education resources and improving infrastructure, increasing teacher quality will reduce the participation probability of private tutoring.
{"title":"Substitution or Complementation: The Relationship between School Education and Shadow Education","authors":"Jiali Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3534829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3534829","url":null,"abstract":"In order to explore the relationship between school education and shadow education, this study applied two-level Bernoulli Model to estimate the school-level determinants of private tutoring by analyzing the data of PISA 2015 of four regions of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong). The results indicated that: (1) the four regions have large scale of private tutoring ranging from 58.7% to 74.0% for science, mathematics, and reading; (2) the participation rate of private tutoring in villages is much higher than that in cities; (3) the quality of school teachers significantly negatively affects the likelihood for receiving tutoring. Shadow education plays both substitutional and complementary roles for school education, and the growth of shadow education is in accompany with the low quality of school education in rural areas but with high quality of school education in urban areas. Instead of increasing Education resources and improving infrastructure, increasing teacher quality will reduce the participation probability of private tutoring.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132684980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brad J. Hershbein, Melissa S. Kearney, Luke Pardue
We conduct an empirical simulation exercise that gauges the plausible impact of increased rates of college attainment on a variety of measures of income inequality and economic insecurity. Using two different methodological approaches--a distributional approach and a causal parameter approach--we find that increased rates of BA and AA attainment would meaningfully increase economic security for lower income individuals and shrink gaps between the 90th percentile and lower percentiles. Increases in college attainment would not significantly reduce inequality at the very top of the distribution, as measured by the 99/90 earnings ratio.
{"title":"College Attainment, Income Inequality, and Economic Security: A Simulation Exercise","authors":"Brad J. Hershbein, Melissa S. Kearney, Luke Pardue","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3531708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531708","url":null,"abstract":"We conduct an empirical simulation exercise that gauges the plausible impact of increased rates of college attainment on a variety of measures of income inequality and economic insecurity. Using two different methodological approaches--a distributional approach and a causal parameter approach--we find that increased rates of BA and AA attainment would meaningfully increase economic security for lower income individuals and shrink gaps between the 90th percentile and lower percentiles. Increases in college attainment would not significantly reduce inequality at the very top of the distribution, as measured by the 99/90 earnings ratio.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123296923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates the impact of an innovative monitoring system on teacher attendance and school performance in Pakistan. In 2014, the government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province introduced the Independent Monitoring Project aiming at increasing teacher attendance in primary and secondary public schools by distributing to the government-hired monitors smart phones with a special data collection software installed. Our analysis is based on a difference-in-differences approach using the country wide Annual Status of Education Report from 2012 to 2016. Our findings suggest that monitoring of government schools has increased teacher attendance by 7.5 percentage points in the first year of intervention. But the positive effect wears off to 2.7 percentage points in the second year. Child attendance and test scores also increased in the first year, but in the second year they disappeared. Especially, in the first year, the monitoring system improved students’ math, reading, and English test scores by 0.13, 0.14, and 0.15 standard deviation, respectively, if they are grades 1-5. This result suggests that teacher attendance has an important role in delivering better student outcomes, but that monitoring should be coupled with appropriate incentive mechanism in order to have a lasting impact.
{"title":"Teachers’ Monitoring and Schools’ Performance: Evidence from Public Schools in Pakistan","authors":"Hee-Seung Yang, Booyuel Kim, Inayat Ullah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3527951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3527951","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the impact of an innovative monitoring system on teacher attendance and school performance in Pakistan. In 2014, the government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province introduced the Independent Monitoring Project aiming at increasing teacher attendance in primary and secondary public schools by distributing to the government-hired monitors smart phones with a special data collection software installed. Our analysis is based on a difference-in-differences approach using the country wide Annual Status of Education Report from 2012 to 2016. Our findings suggest that monitoring of government schools has increased teacher attendance by 7.5 percentage points in the first year of intervention. But the positive effect wears off to 2.7 percentage points in the second year. Child attendance and test scores also increased in the first year, but in the second year they disappeared. Especially, in the first year, the monitoring system improved students’ math, reading, and English test scores by 0.13, 0.14, and 0.15 standard deviation, respectively, if they are grades 1-5. This result suggests that teacher attendance has an important role in delivering better student outcomes, but that monitoring should be coupled with appropriate incentive mechanism in order to have a lasting impact.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116353789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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