Community networks often operate at the fringe of legality with respect to spectrum, network infrastructure and providing services. We have been involved with such a network in a rural community, and together with them, have devised a way to become legal within the South African regulatory framework. A not-for-profit co-operative was formed and successfully applied for license exemption to operate the network infrastructure and offer services. Revenue is used to sustain the network and can also be used for other community needs. The network has equipment that is not 100% type-approved, and operates at a higher output power than is allowed. However, we have a simple plan to comply with such regulations. This paper offers our experience as a precedent for how to go about making a community network completely legal in South Africa and other countries that have a similar regulatory environment.
{"title":"Making a community network legal within the South African regulatory framework","authors":"Carlos Rey-Moreno, W. Tucker, D. Cull, R. Blom","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737867","url":null,"abstract":"Community networks often operate at the fringe of legality with respect to spectrum, network infrastructure and providing services. We have been involved with such a network in a rural community, and together with them, have devised a way to become legal within the South African regulatory framework. A not-for-profit co-operative was formed and successfully applied for license exemption to operate the network infrastructure and offer services. Revenue is used to sustain the network and can also be used for other community needs. The network has equipment that is not 100% type-approved, and operates at a higher output power than is allowed. However, we have a simple plan to comply with such regulations. This paper offers our experience as a precedent for how to go about making a community network completely legal in South Africa and other countries that have a similar regulatory environment.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123176906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite substantial interest in the potential for mobile money to positively impact the lives of the poor, little empirical evidence exists to substantiate these claims. In this paper, we present the results of a field experiment in Afghanistan that was designed to increase adoption of mobile money, and determine if such adoption led to measurable changes in the lives of the adopters. The specific intervention we evaluate is a mobile salary payment program, in which a random subset of individuals of a large firm were transitioned into receiving their regular salaries in mobile money rather than in cash. We separately analyze the impact of this transition on both the employer and the individual employees. For the employer, there were immediate and significant cost savings; in a dangerous physical environment, they were able to effectively shift the costs of managing their salary supply chain to the mobile phone operator. For individual employees, however, the results were more ambiguous. Individuals who were transitioned onto mobile salary payments were more likely to use mobile money, and there is evidence that these accounts were used to accumulate small balances that may be indicative of savings. However, we find little consistent evidence that mobile money had an immediate or significant impact on several key indicators of individual wealth or well-being. Taken together, these results suggest that while mobile salary payments may increase the efficiency and transparency of traditional systems, in the short run the benefits may be realized by those making the payments, rather than by those receiving them.
{"title":"Promises and pitfalls of mobile money in Afghanistan: evidence from a randomized control trial","authors":"J. Blumenstock, M. Callen, Tarek Ghani, L. Koepke","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738031","url":null,"abstract":"Despite substantial interest in the potential for mobile money to positively impact the lives of the poor, little empirical evidence exists to substantiate these claims. In this paper, we present the results of a field experiment in Afghanistan that was designed to increase adoption of mobile money, and determine if such adoption led to measurable changes in the lives of the adopters. The specific intervention we evaluate is a mobile salary payment program, in which a random subset of individuals of a large firm were transitioned into receiving their regular salaries in mobile money rather than in cash. We separately analyze the impact of this transition on both the employer and the individual employees. For the employer, there were immediate and significant cost savings; in a dangerous physical environment, they were able to effectively shift the costs of managing their salary supply chain to the mobile phone operator. For individual employees, however, the results were more ambiguous. Individuals who were transitioned onto mobile salary payments were more likely to use mobile money, and there is evidence that these accounts were used to accumulate small balances that may be indicative of savings. However, we find little consistent evidence that mobile money had an immediate or significant impact on several key indicators of individual wealth or well-being. Taken together, these results suggest that while mobile salary payments may increase the efficiency and transparency of traditional systems, in the short run the benefits may be realized by those making the payments, rather than by those receiving them.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126225615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kleine's choice framework (CF) is a significant advance in the theorization of ICTD. Using the findings of an intervention imbedded within a participatory action research project, we propose six amendments which could enhance the CF's usefulness.
{"title":"Fine-tuning Kleine's choice framework","authors":"H. Attwood, Julian May","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737868","url":null,"abstract":"Kleine's choice framework (CF) is a significant advance in the theorization of ICTD. Using the findings of an intervention imbedded within a participatory action research project, we propose six amendments which could enhance the CF's usefulness.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125171230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Eunus Ali, Shabnam Basera Rishta, Lazima Ansari, T. Hashem, Ahamad Imtiaz Khan
Sexual harassment of women in public places (e.g., foot-paths, buses, and shopping malls) of major cities in developing countries is a growing concern. These harassments can happen in various forms ranging from commenting, catcalling, and staring to touching and groping, to attacking and raping. Though, the most severe form of harassments such as attacking and raping get some attention from the society, NGOs and law-enforcement agencies, unfortunately, other forms of harassments that are more widespread in public places remain largely un-attended or ignored in our conservative society. However, these harassments are more common and can have various negative psychological impacts on women that include a persistent feeling of insecurity, loss of self-esteem, restricted participation in daily life activities in public places. In this paper, we propose a crowd-powered privacy-aware location based mobile application, SafeStreet, that empowers women in public places against sexual harassments. SafeStreet allows a women to privately capture and share her own experiences in the street. SafeStreet enables a women to find a safe path, i.e., the path to a destination that has less harassment hazard, at any point of time.
{"title":"SafeStreet: empowering women against street harassment using a privacy-aware location based application","authors":"Mohammed Eunus Ali, Shabnam Basera Rishta, Lazima Ansari, T. Hashem, Ahamad Imtiaz Khan","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737870","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual harassment of women in public places (e.g., foot-paths, buses, and shopping malls) of major cities in developing countries is a growing concern. These harassments can happen in various forms ranging from commenting, catcalling, and staring to touching and groping, to attacking and raping. Though, the most severe form of harassments such as attacking and raping get some attention from the society, NGOs and law-enforcement agencies, unfortunately, other forms of harassments that are more widespread in public places remain largely un-attended or ignored in our conservative society. However, these harassments are more common and can have various negative psychological impacts on women that include a persistent feeling of insecurity, loss of self-esteem, restricted participation in daily life activities in public places. In this paper, we propose a crowd-powered privacy-aware location based mobile application, SafeStreet, that empowers women in public places against sexual harassments. SafeStreet allows a women to privately capture and share her own experiences in the street. SafeStreet enables a women to find a safe path, i.e., the path to a destination that has less harassment hazard, at any point of time.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132706863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates how politicians and citizens cooperate to create an e-democracy based on information dissemination and political awareness in an ICT environment, especially during elections. This research is conducted in the Indian context, where new ICT channels, such as Facebook and Twitter, were extensively used for campaigning and citizen engagement prior to elections. We downloaded 98,396 tweets posted by the official Twitter accounts of the top ten political parties during a two month period prior to election and conducted a three-level analysis to identify the overall trend in usage, the interactive characteristics of tweets and the functions driving the Twitter usage of political parties. Our findings show that the more successful parties used Twitter to push timely updates on online and offline campaign activities, to their followers. The exemplary use of Twitter for campaigns was by the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) Twitter account for interacting with the public, and by the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) account for self-promotion and highlighting its party manifesto. Further, we identify the new paradigms created by political parties to engage and inform voters, driven on modern ICT. Our study is the first in analyzing Twitter usage by Indian political parties, and its findings corroborate seminal research in other developing countries.
{"title":"The 2014 Indian general election on Twitter: an analysis of changing political traditions","authors":"Kokil Jaidka, Saifuddin Ahmed","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737889","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how politicians and citizens cooperate to create an e-democracy based on information dissemination and political awareness in an ICT environment, especially during elections. This research is conducted in the Indian context, where new ICT channels, such as Facebook and Twitter, were extensively used for campaigning and citizen engagement prior to elections. We downloaded 98,396 tweets posted by the official Twitter accounts of the top ten political parties during a two month period prior to election and conducted a three-level analysis to identify the overall trend in usage, the interactive characteristics of tweets and the functions driving the Twitter usage of political parties. Our findings show that the more successful parties used Twitter to push timely updates on online and offline campaign activities, to their followers. The exemplary use of Twitter for campaigns was by the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) Twitter account for interacting with the public, and by the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) account for self-promotion and highlighting its party manifesto. Further, we identify the new paradigms created by political parties to engage and inform voters, driven on modern ICT. Our study is the first in analyzing Twitter usage by Indian political parties, and its findings corroborate seminal research in other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134331977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an ethnographically-based account on the impact of technologies appropriated in the livelihood strategies of people with disabilities (PWDs) in Sierra Leone, West Africa. In contrast to other developing countries, Sierra Leone presents a situation where people with disabilities are socially marginalized but not necessarily wholly disadvantaged. Through a lens of technology-amplified capabilities we show how PWDs leverage information and communication technologies (ICTs) to counteract social dampeners they regularly experience that prevent their participation in society. We discuss the role of the war experience and its impact on services and attitudes towards people with disability and how disruptive contexts can open up opportunities to support and amplify existing life skills towards development goals.
{"title":"Counteracting dampeners: understanding technology-amplified capabilities of people with disabilities in Sierra Leone","authors":"Jasmine Jones, J. Pal","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an ethnographically-based account on the impact of technologies appropriated in the livelihood strategies of people with disabilities (PWDs) in Sierra Leone, West Africa. In contrast to other developing countries, Sierra Leone presents a situation where people with disabilities are socially marginalized but not necessarily wholly disadvantaged. Through a lens of technology-amplified capabilities we show how PWDs leverage information and communication technologies (ICTs) to counteract social dampeners they regularly experience that prevent their participation in society. We discuss the role of the war experience and its impact on services and attitudes towards people with disability and how disruptive contexts can open up opportunities to support and amplify existing life skills towards development goals.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134362608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD) has created enormous potential in the expansion of socioeconomic opportunities for larger group of underprivileged and isolated population. In spite of the high expectations, there have been some noticeable disappointments in the number of ICTD projects for their poor qualities caused by not fully aware of the requirements and their elicitation process in the system development. This paper identifies the documented requirements elicitation approaches and provides an analysis of a strategic methodological process of requirements elicitation applicable in the ICTD systems development. This paper is based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of documented requirements elicitation approaches in the literature. The results and analysis of this paper contribute in the requirements elicitation process by serving the ICTD project developer as the means of understanding the system development requirements, their elicitation process, and deriving appropriate methods and tools for requirements elicitation.
{"title":"ICTD systems development: analysis of requirements elicitation approaches","authors":"M. Hasan","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737886","url":null,"abstract":"Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD) has created enormous potential in the expansion of socioeconomic opportunities for larger group of underprivileged and isolated population. In spite of the high expectations, there have been some noticeable disappointments in the number of ICTD projects for their poor qualities caused by not fully aware of the requirements and their elicitation process in the system development. This paper identifies the documented requirements elicitation approaches and provides an analysis of a strategic methodological process of requirements elicitation applicable in the ICTD systems development. This paper is based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of documented requirements elicitation approaches in the literature. The results and analysis of this paper contribute in the requirements elicitation process by serving the ICTD project developer as the means of understanding the system development requirements, their elicitation process, and deriving appropriate methods and tools for requirements elicitation.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133171813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a study of a mobile based question and answer platform --- Buuza-Omulimisa --- that enables farmers to interact with their respective extension officers in their own local dialects. The study was conducted in the two villages of Ssebbi and Bukalango Kakiri Sub-county, Wakiso district central Uganda from June through August 2014. The objectives of the study were to: (1) examine the effect of the use of farmers' own languages on the use of the system; (2) investigate the information needs of farmers; and (3) examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the system in comparison with the conventional extension system. We also intended to examine how existing local extension agents can be integrated in the implementation of ICT based services for agriculture --- to reduce operational costs. The study provided useful insights into how the use of farmers' own local languages in implementing SMS based systems affects adoption; and important lessons on the feasibility of integrating existing local extension agents in the implementation of ICT based services for agriculture as a way to reduce operational costs and achieve long term sustainability. Findings suggest that using farmers' own languages in ICT services makes it easy and quick for farmers to learn and use the system and thus increases chances of adoption. It also helps overcome issues of illiteracy as most farmers can read and write in their own languages but cannot do the same in English. Findings further suggest that involving local extension agents in the implementation of ICT-based services for agriculture instead of bypassing them, significantly reduces operational costs and makes sustainability of ICT initiatives possible.
{"title":"\"Buuza Omulimisa\" (ask the extension officer): text messaging for low literate farming communities in rural Uganda","authors":"Daniel Ninsiima","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737908","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study of a mobile based question and answer platform --- Buuza-Omulimisa --- that enables farmers to interact with their respective extension officers in their own local dialects. The study was conducted in the two villages of Ssebbi and Bukalango Kakiri Sub-county, Wakiso district central Uganda from June through August 2014. The objectives of the study were to: (1) examine the effect of the use of farmers' own languages on the use of the system; (2) investigate the information needs of farmers; and (3) examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the system in comparison with the conventional extension system. We also intended to examine how existing local extension agents can be integrated in the implementation of ICT based services for agriculture --- to reduce operational costs. The study provided useful insights into how the use of farmers' own local languages in implementing SMS based systems affects adoption; and important lessons on the feasibility of integrating existing local extension agents in the implementation of ICT based services for agriculture as a way to reduce operational costs and achieve long term sustainability. Findings suggest that using farmers' own languages in ICT services makes it easy and quick for farmers to learn and use the system and thus increases chances of adoption. It also helps overcome issues of illiteracy as most farmers can read and write in their own languages but cannot do the same in English. Findings further suggest that involving local extension agents in the implementation of ICT-based services for agriculture instead of bypassing them, significantly reduces operational costs and makes sustainability of ICT initiatives possible.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130379357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Vozniuk, A. Holzer, Sten Govaerts, J. Mazuze, D. Gillet
Timely access to critical information is crucial for any organization operating in situations of emergency. Deploying an adequate information system tailored to specific organizational needs and matched to the organizational structure is essential. To understand the knowledge management needs of Médecins Sans Frontières, one of the leading NGOs in the humanitarian and medical fields, we conducted in total 145 hours of in-depth interviews. This paper presents three identified key requirements for an effective knowledge management system specifically designed for large distributed NGOs, like MSF. Additionally, we introduce a novel social media called Graspeo designed and built from ground up to fulfill these requirements.
{"title":"Graspeo: a social media platform for knowledge management in NGOs","authors":"A. Vozniuk, A. Holzer, Sten Govaerts, J. Mazuze, D. Gillet","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737887","url":null,"abstract":"Timely access to critical information is crucial for any organization operating in situations of emergency. Deploying an adequate information system tailored to specific organizational needs and matched to the organizational structure is essential. To understand the knowledge management needs of Médecins Sans Frontières, one of the leading NGOs in the humanitarian and medical fields, we conducted in total 145 hours of in-depth interviews. This paper presents three identified key requirements for an effective knowledge management system specifically designed for large distributed NGOs, like MSF. Additionally, we introduce a novel social media called Graspeo designed and built from ground up to fulfill these requirements.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114546244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well documented that ICTs are tools for development. However, there is still a need to comprehensively demonstrate the tangible and intangible effects that ICTs have towards development. A framework for the assessment of the outcomes and impacts of ICT4D is proposed, which provides guidelines for the critical aspects of a project that should be assessed and taken into account when conducting an outcome and impact assessment of rural ICT4D. This framework is based on a comprehensive approach to evaluation and forms part of continuous research on the rural ICT comprehensive evaluation framework (RICT-CEF). From this study five key themes have been identified based on a theoretical analysis and field observations. These themes include strategic value', 'empowerment', 'livelihoods', 'most significant change' and 'sustainability'.
{"title":"Assessing outcome and impact: towards a comprehensive evaluation approach in ICT4D","authors":"Hafeni Mthoko, Caroline Khene","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737884","url":null,"abstract":"It is well documented that ICTs are tools for development. However, there is still a need to comprehensively demonstrate the tangible and intangible effects that ICTs have towards development. A framework for the assessment of the outcomes and impacts of ICT4D is proposed, which provides guidelines for the critical aspects of a project that should be assessed and taken into account when conducting an outcome and impact assessment of rural ICT4D. This framework is based on a comprehensive approach to evaluation and forms part of continuous research on the rural ICT comprehensive evaluation framework (RICT-CEF). From this study five key themes have been identified based on a theoretical analysis and field observations. These themes include strategic value', 'empowerment', 'livelihoods', 'most significant change' and 'sustainability'.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117069001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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