Drawing on the analysis of 4330 surveys on mobile reading in seven developing countries, this study found that the discrepancy between intentions to read on mobiles and actual reading can be attributed to barriers such as problematic mobile connectivity and inadequate relevant reading material. The policy implication of this research finding is clear -- reducing barriers specific to mobile reading (m-reading) will improve programme effectiveness. This study applied the technological acceptance model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to the growing adoption of mobile reading in developing countries and partially verified key constructs of the theories. Findings suggest that the two models provide viable theoretical frameworks for future m-reading programs. This study is one of two companion papers to the 2014 UNESCO report on Reading in the Mobile Era. The other focuses on gender differences in m-reading.
{"title":"Good intentions to read on mobiles are not good enough: reducing barriers to m-reading is crucial","authors":"Han Ei Chew, M. West","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737859","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on the analysis of 4330 surveys on mobile reading in seven developing countries, this study found that the discrepancy between intentions to read on mobiles and actual reading can be attributed to barriers such as problematic mobile connectivity and inadequate relevant reading material. The policy implication of this research finding is clear -- reducing barriers specific to mobile reading (m-reading) will improve programme effectiveness. This study applied the technological acceptance model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to the growing adoption of mobile reading in developing countries and partially verified key constructs of the theories. Findings suggest that the two models provide viable theoretical frameworks for future m-reading programs. This study is one of two companion papers to the 2014 UNESCO report on Reading in the Mobile Era. The other focuses on gender differences in m-reading.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115492649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Schwartz, E. Kaplan, Evviva Weinraub Lajoie, Trey Terrell, Esther Ajambo
Digital books may read to the reader, allowing parents with the lowest levels of literacy to explore stories with their children and help break the chain of illiteracy. An interactive electronic format also allows including multiple languages without sacrificing space on a page for attractive images---both key features for teaching young children to read in a setting where multiple languages are spoken in the home, or where a mother tongue is not the language of instruction. This paper describes collaborative development of a digital, multi-language reading tool that facilitates translation of local stories by Kenyan community groups, led by a librarian, into a mother tongue. Despite being built faithfully using a well-established design methodology in an iterative process among beneficiaries, program leaders, and technologists, and in a process embedded in a program also designed according to those design standards, tool development has faced serious challenges. This paper uses a principal agent model to identify technology-mediated communication and spatial distance among critical participants as major hindrances to progress. Analysis reveals critical disparities between, on one hand, the design thinking of development practitioners and funders, which rhetorically promote a circular, dynamic, participatory design process, and, on the other hand, traditional funding structures which impose at least partial adherence to a top-down approach.
{"title":"Using a principal agent model to explain user-centered design challenges for mother tongue reading in Kenya","authors":"A. Schwartz, E. Kaplan, Evviva Weinraub Lajoie, Trey Terrell, Esther Ajambo","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738021","url":null,"abstract":"Digital books may read to the reader, allowing parents with the lowest levels of literacy to explore stories with their children and help break the chain of illiteracy. An interactive electronic format also allows including multiple languages without sacrificing space on a page for attractive images---both key features for teaching young children to read in a setting where multiple languages are spoken in the home, or where a mother tongue is not the language of instruction. This paper describes collaborative development of a digital, multi-language reading tool that facilitates translation of local stories by Kenyan community groups, led by a librarian, into a mother tongue. Despite being built faithfully using a well-established design methodology in an iterative process among beneficiaries, program leaders, and technologists, and in a process embedded in a program also designed according to those design standards, tool development has faced serious challenges. This paper uses a principal agent model to identify technology-mediated communication and spatial distance among critical participants as major hindrances to progress. Analysis reveals critical disparities between, on one hand, the design thinking of development practitioners and funders, which rhetorically promote a circular, dynamic, participatory design process, and, on the other hand, traditional funding structures which impose at least partial adherence to a top-down approach.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130126622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
You are currently reading the proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD2015), held in-cooperation with ACM SIGCAS. Over the past several decades, as radio and television have been joined by computers, the Internet, and mobile devices, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become more pervasive, more accessible, and more relevant in the lives of people around the world. Virtually no sphere of human activity remains apart from ICTs, from markets to health care, education to governance, family life to artistic expression. Diverse groups across the world interact with, are affected by, and can shape the design of these technologies. The ICTD conference is a place to understand these interactions, and to examine, critique, and refine the persistent, pervasive hope that ICTs can be enlisted by individuals and communities in the service of human development. There are multidisciplinary challenges associated with the engineering, application and adoption of ICTs in developing regions and/or for development, with implications for design, policy, and practice.
{"title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","authors":"A. Chib, M. Kam, J. Burrell","doi":"10.1145/2737856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856","url":null,"abstract":"You are currently reading the proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD2015), held in-cooperation with ACM SIGCAS. \u0000 \u0000Over the past several decades, as radio and television have been joined by computers, the Internet, and mobile devices, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become more pervasive, more accessible, and more relevant in the lives of people around the world. Virtually no sphere of human activity remains apart from ICTs, from markets to health care, education to governance, family life to artistic expression. Diverse groups across the world interact with, are affected by, and can shape the design of these technologies. \u0000 \u0000The ICTD conference is a place to understand these interactions, and to examine, critique, and refine the persistent, pervasive hope that ICTs can be enlisted by individuals and communities in the service of human development. There are multidisciplinary challenges associated with the engineering, application and adoption of ICTs in developing regions and/or for development, with implications for design, policy, and practice.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127684102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hardware hacking involves modifying hardware (not limited to computers) to expand its capabilities. The iHub Kids Hacker Camps (KHC) have been run successively for over 17 months. KHC was initiated and developed in the spirit of project based learning to encourage kids and young teens to work collaboratively in teams to complete projects using heuristic hardware tools. 5 camps have been held since the program began with 102 kids and 48 trainers having attended. With an average of ~23% of our registered participants having attended more than one camp, we fine-tuned the development the KHC Curriculum to the needs of this specific category of participants. Key findings from running the camps highlight the importance of keeping the curriculum simplified for both educators and students, the benefits of incorporating peer learning techniques and pedagogies as well as the effectiveness of using abstracted and simplified analogies in describing hardware and system concepts.
{"title":"Kids hacker camps in Kenya: hardware hacking effectiveness in skills transfer","authors":"Wachira Ndaiga, A. Salim","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737873","url":null,"abstract":"Hardware hacking involves modifying hardware (not limited to computers) to expand its capabilities. The iHub Kids Hacker Camps (KHC) have been run successively for over 17 months. KHC was initiated and developed in the spirit of project based learning to encourage kids and young teens to work collaboratively in teams to complete projects using heuristic hardware tools. 5 camps have been held since the program began with 102 kids and 48 trainers having attended. With an average of ~23% of our registered participants having attended more than one camp, we fine-tuned the development the KHC Curriculum to the needs of this specific category of participants. Key findings from running the camps highlight the importance of keeping the curriculum simplified for both educators and students, the benefits of incorporating peer learning techniques and pedagogies as well as the effectiveness of using abstracted and simplified analogies in describing hardware and system concepts.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116419876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian M. Tomaszewski, K. Maurice, A. Vodacek, Kayla Vodacek, N. Holt
In this note, we describe our research in progress efforts in Rwanda focused on developing spatial thinking skills for educational innovation and development. In this regard, we present "Iwacu" which is a Kinyarwanda word meaning "Our Home". Iwacu is an open source, modular, mobile geographic ICT (geoICT) developed using a user-centered design approach with Rwandan stakeholders. Iwacu is theoretically motivated by the ideas of spatial thinking. We discuss how Iwacu's technical implementation is closely matched with spatial thinking components we are testing via a Spatial Thinking Ability Test or STAT to measure our educational innovation. We are finding that our use of mobile geoICTs to build spatial thinking skills are having positive, unintended consequences of building strong general ICT interest among young Rwandans and providing critical education pathways for young women and girls.
{"title":"Spatial thinking for educational innovation: the Rwandan Iwacu project","authors":"Brian M. Tomaszewski, K. Maurice, A. Vodacek, Kayla Vodacek, N. Holt","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737872","url":null,"abstract":"In this note, we describe our research in progress efforts in Rwanda focused on developing spatial thinking skills for educational innovation and development. In this regard, we present \"Iwacu\" which is a Kinyarwanda word meaning \"Our Home\". Iwacu is an open source, modular, mobile geographic ICT (geoICT) developed using a user-centered design approach with Rwandan stakeholders. Iwacu is theoretically motivated by the ideas of spatial thinking. We discuss how Iwacu's technical implementation is closely matched with spatial thinking components we are testing via a Spatial Thinking Ability Test or STAT to measure our educational innovation. We are finding that our use of mobile geoICTs to build spatial thinking skills are having positive, unintended consequences of building strong general ICT interest among young Rwandans and providing critical education pathways for young women and girls.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126738548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dropping out from school is a major problem among underprivileged children. A computer school designed to support these children named Computers Are Free for Everyone in short CAFFE, began three years ago in the hope to provide alternate source of living. some students of CAFFE later returned to regular schools, as they found hope and began to dream of a better life. The story of inspiration, motivation and hope from technology studies is shared here.
辍学是贫困儿童的一个主要问题。三年前，一所名为“人人免费电脑”(Computers Are Free for Everyone，简称CAFFE)的计算机学校成立，旨在帮助这些孩子，希望为他们提供另一种生活来源。CAFFE的一些学生后来回到了正规学校，因为他们找到了希望，开始梦想更好的生活。在这里，我们将分享从技术学习中获得灵感、动力和希望的故事。
{"title":"Entering the dream world of computers","authors":"Nova Ahmed, A. Haque, Luke Doyle","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737860","url":null,"abstract":"Dropping out from school is a major problem among underprivileged children. A computer school designed to support these children named Computers Are Free for Everyone in short CAFFE, began three years ago in the hope to provide alternate source of living. some students of CAFFE later returned to regular schools, as they found hope and began to dream of a better life. The story of inspiration, motivation and hope from technology studies is shared here.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127072169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CGNet Swara is a voice-based platform for citizen journalism, launched in rural India in 2010. Since then, CGNet Swara has logged over 575,000 phone calls, over 6,900 published stories, and 287 reports of specific problems that were solved via the system. In this paper, we characterize the ongoing impact of CGNet Swara using a mixed-methods approach that includes 70 interviews with contributors, listeners, moderators, journalists, officials, and other actors. Our analysis also draws on the content of published posts, two focus groups, and a 9-day field immersion. Our results highlight personal narratives of the transformative benefits CGNet Swara has brought to rural communities. While the resolution of grievances is the most visible impact, we also uncover a diverse portfolio of other impacts connected to contributing and listening to the platform, as well as opportunities to further enhance impact. Our work contributes to the dialogue surrounding the impact of ICTD projects, especially those that span multiple years.
{"title":"Revisiting CGNet Swara and its impact in rural India","authors":"M. Marathe, J. O'Neill, Paromita Pain, W. Thies","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738026","url":null,"abstract":"CGNet Swara is a voice-based platform for citizen journalism, launched in rural India in 2010. Since then, CGNet Swara has logged over 575,000 phone calls, over 6,900 published stories, and 287 reports of specific problems that were solved via the system. In this paper, we characterize the ongoing impact of CGNet Swara using a mixed-methods approach that includes 70 interviews with contributors, listeners, moderators, journalists, officials, and other actors. Our analysis also draws on the content of published posts, two focus groups, and a 9-day field immersion. Our results highlight personal narratives of the transformative benefits CGNet Swara has brought to rural communities. While the resolution of grievances is the most visible impact, we also uncover a diverse portfolio of other impacts connected to contributing and listening to the platform, as well as opportunities to further enhance impact. Our work contributes to the dialogue surrounding the impact of ICTD projects, especially those that span multiple years.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131621894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICTs have been globally accepted as a component of education that has the ability to enhance and develop skills that youth need to participate and be successful in the modern economy. Until now, a very large portion of Syrian youth is missing the opportunities that ICTs have to offer. Thus, putting constraints on Syrian economic, cultural and social development and leaving the population at a disadvantage. This paper examines a framework that incorporates ICTs into the education system in Syria. The proposed framework generates, analyses, and tests data to determine to what extent ICT educational applications are valuable tools in fostering the development of key life-skills and qualifications that can improve employability among Syrian youth, empower them to actively contribute to their own development, and have a positive impact on the community around them.
{"title":"ICT's impact on youth and local communities in Syria","authors":"Eiad Yafi, Rabie Nasser, A. Tawileh","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737907","url":null,"abstract":"ICTs have been globally accepted as a component of education that has the ability to enhance and develop skills that youth need to participate and be successful in the modern economy. Until now, a very large portion of Syrian youth is missing the opportunities that ICTs have to offer. Thus, putting constraints on Syrian economic, cultural and social development and leaving the population at a disadvantage. This paper examines a framework that incorporates ICTs into the education system in Syria. The proposed framework generates, analyses, and tests data to determine to what extent ICT educational applications are valuable tools in fostering the development of key life-skills and qualifications that can improve employability among Syrian youth, empower them to actively contribute to their own development, and have a positive impact on the community around them.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115069698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile value added services (MVAS) represent a growing collaboration between the private sector and the development community. In this paper, we examine one such MVAS, the Nokia Usaha Wanita service running on the Nokia Life+ platform in Indonesia, and we assess its viability as an innovative means for the economic empowerment of businesswomen. Data were gathered through 221 telephone interviews with a nationwide random sample of women who subscribed to Usaha Wanita. Subscribers reported that they derived economic benefit from using the service. They also reported that their business profits were greater because of what they had learned from reading Usaha Wanita content. Women who were subscribers also had higher "good month" profit as well. Increased profits were positively correlated with frequent reading of the tips and information provided by Usaha Wanita and subscribers perceptions that the service was useful for business. Women who exhibited entrepreneurial optimism also had greater business profits. Findings suggest that entrepreneurial optimism amplified the association between mobile phone use and profits.
{"title":"Mobile value added services: the case of women microentrepreneurs in Indonesia","authors":"Tian Cai, Han Ei Chew, M. Levy","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738014","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile value added services (MVAS) represent a growing collaboration between the private sector and the development community. In this paper, we examine one such MVAS, the Nokia Usaha Wanita service running on the Nokia Life+ platform in Indonesia, and we assess its viability as an innovative means for the economic empowerment of businesswomen. Data were gathered through 221 telephone interviews with a nationwide random sample of women who subscribed to Usaha Wanita. Subscribers reported that they derived economic benefit from using the service. They also reported that their business profits were greater because of what they had learned from reading Usaha Wanita content. Women who were subscribers also had higher \"good month\" profit as well. Increased profits were positively correlated with frequent reading of the tips and information provided by Usaha Wanita and subscribers perceptions that the service was useful for business. Women who exhibited entrepreneurial optimism also had greater business profits. Findings suggest that entrepreneurial optimism amplified the association between mobile phone use and profits.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114021975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ram Naresh Kumar Vangala, Maitrayee Mukerji, B. Hiremath
ICTs are being increasingly used in Agricultural Knowledge Management (AKM). In spite of rapid development, still there are major challenges to be addressed in this sector. In this paper, we made an attempt to understand flow and management of knowledge and KM process in agricultural organization. For this we have developed a preliminary framework based on the review of existing literature on Knowledge Management. This framework was used for an exploratory study of Dharampur Utthan Vahini (DHRUVA), which is non-profit organization. From this study, we emerged with questions - will a formal KM process/model using ICTs lead to any improvement in the overall functioning of the agricultural organization? And what would be the constraints faced by organization in implementing formal KM systems?
{"title":"ICTs for agriculture knowledge management: insights from DHRUVA, India","authors":"Ram Naresh Kumar Vangala, Maitrayee Mukerji, B. Hiremath","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737863","url":null,"abstract":"ICTs are being increasingly used in Agricultural Knowledge Management (AKM). In spite of rapid development, still there are major challenges to be addressed in this sector. In this paper, we made an attempt to understand flow and management of knowledge and KM process in agricultural organization. For this we have developed a preliminary framework based on the review of existing literature on Knowledge Management. This framework was used for an exploratory study of Dharampur Utthan Vahini (DHRUVA), which is non-profit organization. From this study, we emerged with questions - will a formal KM process/model using ICTs lead to any improvement in the overall functioning of the agricultural organization? And what would be the constraints faced by organization in implementing formal KM systems?","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124442172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：