When information and communication technologies are deployed for development (ICTD), a necessary condition for success is their acceptance and adoption. Recipients should trust a given ICT and believe in its welfare potential. However, certain features of modern ICTs, such as collecting and storing user information, may serve to undermine user trust in ICTs. We examine this possibility by investigating whether technological affordances of the electronic voting machine (EVM) trigger user perceptions about the machine and affect faith in democratic institutions. A survey (N=179) of Indian voters in New Delhi on the day of general elections in 2014 reveals that interactivity and recordability are negative predictors of trust in EVMs. Interactive machines were also considered less cool and less dependable. Theoretical and design implications of the findings are discussed.
{"title":"In machines we trust: do interactivity and recordability undermine democratic technologies?","authors":"S. Sundar, Akshaya Sreenivasan","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737896","url":null,"abstract":"When information and communication technologies are deployed for development (ICTD), a necessary condition for success is their acceptance and adoption. Recipients should trust a given ICT and believe in its welfare potential. However, certain features of modern ICTs, such as collecting and storing user information, may serve to undermine user trust in ICTs. We examine this possibility by investigating whether technological affordances of the electronic voting machine (EVM) trigger user perceptions about the machine and affect faith in democratic institutions. A survey (N=179) of Indian voters in New Delhi on the day of general elections in 2014 reveals that interactivity and recordability are negative predictors of trust in EVMs. Interactive machines were also considered less cool and less dependable. Theoretical and design implications of the findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129493710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although, ICTs can contribute to the development of indigenous people and help them with the exchange of health information, some researchers still remain unconvinced about the direct contribution of ICTs to indigenous people, especially in health and poverty alleviation. It has been found that indigenous peoples in developing countries have limited access to ICT and digital information. In addition, indigenous peoples are often deprived in terms of capabilities required for effective utilization of ICTs. Bangladesh is not an exception. In the light of these problems, the government of Bangladesh has started a new era by introducing Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) project for indigenous people. While there are many promises on the deployment of ICT in indigenous community in Bangladesh, what exactly is achieved through ICT is little explored in literature. Hence this research is an attempt to explore the role of ICT intervention on promoting health seeking behavior/awareness in a particular indigenous community of Bangladesh.
{"title":"An ICT4D project for promoting health awareness programmes in indigenous community","authors":"Md. Rakibul Hoque, Mahfuz Ashraf","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737858","url":null,"abstract":"Although, ICTs can contribute to the development of indigenous people and help them with the exchange of health information, some researchers still remain unconvinced about the direct contribution of ICTs to indigenous people, especially in health and poverty alleviation. It has been found that indigenous peoples in developing countries have limited access to ICT and digital information. In addition, indigenous peoples are often deprived in terms of capabilities required for effective utilization of ICTs. Bangladesh is not an exception. In the light of these problems, the government of Bangladesh has started a new era by introducing Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) project for indigenous people. While there are many promises on the deployment of ICT in indigenous community in Bangladesh, what exactly is achieved through ICT is little explored in literature. Hence this research is an attempt to explore the role of ICT intervention on promoting health seeking behavior/awareness in a particular indigenous community of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129697729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mapping technology has the potential to be a helpful tool in community building. This paper explores its promise for this purpose in refugee camps. We posit such tools when used for participatory planning can be useful for building more sustainable living environments. This is especially true when a camp is transitioning from a site of crisis response into a stable location of recovery. In this note, we first discuss the current state of refugee camps and then examine the benefits and constraints of mapping technology in participatory planning and community building. This preliminary analysis identifies critical stakeholders and infrastructure constraints, and additionally makes recommendations for appropriate technologies. In particular, we propose the use of Public Participatory GIS and take the novel approach of applying the sociological framing of a Boundary Object. Drawing on data gathered while planning a field study of Za'atari Syrian refugee camp, we assess the feasibility of this framing for future analyses in the camp.
{"title":"Promoting participatory community building in refugee camps with mapping technology","authors":"Ying Xu, C. Maitland, Brian M. Tomaszewski","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737883","url":null,"abstract":"Mapping technology has the potential to be a helpful tool in community building. This paper explores its promise for this purpose in refugee camps. We posit such tools when used for participatory planning can be useful for building more sustainable living environments. This is especially true when a camp is transitioning from a site of crisis response into a stable location of recovery. In this note, we first discuss the current state of refugee camps and then examine the benefits and constraints of mapping technology in participatory planning and community building. This preliminary analysis identifies critical stakeholders and infrastructure constraints, and additionally makes recommendations for appropriate technologies. In particular, we propose the use of Public Participatory GIS and take the novel approach of applying the sociological framing of a Boundary Object. Drawing on data gathered while planning a field study of Za'atari Syrian refugee camp, we assess the feasibility of this framing for future analyses in the camp.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115399098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Working with the Carter Center, we have developed and sustained software and training to enable data reporting at the patient level by mental health clinicians in Liberia. Over a four year time period, more than 140 clinicians have been trained in the use of the data reporting software, and more than 3000 valid reports have uploaded to the cloud. This participation has persisted despite significant technology challenges and little data feedback to clinicians. Because so many ICTD interventions fail, we were interested in the factors that contributed to sustaining the human and technology infrastructure to enable data reporting over this fairly long time period. We focus on motivations to participate and find support for positive motivations such as clinician pride. We find that being seen to do health work, not just doing the work, plays a critical role in motivation. We describe and critically analyze a novel approach to sustaining the technology, using student teams in a class. We assess project success through two lenses provided by the literature, first on characterization of project success and failure factors, and then on project champions.
{"title":"See my work: sustaining a data reporting practice by mental health clinicians in Liberia","authors":"E. Zegura, Elena Derkits, J. Cooper","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738016","url":null,"abstract":"Working with the Carter Center, we have developed and sustained software and training to enable data reporting at the patient level by mental health clinicians in Liberia. Over a four year time period, more than 140 clinicians have been trained in the use of the data reporting software, and more than 3000 valid reports have uploaded to the cloud. This participation has persisted despite significant technology challenges and little data feedback to clinicians. Because so many ICTD interventions fail, we were interested in the factors that contributed to sustaining the human and technology infrastructure to enable data reporting over this fairly long time period. We focus on motivations to participate and find support for positive motivations such as clinician pride. We find that being seen to do health work, not just doing the work, plays a critical role in motivation. We describe and critically analyze a novel approach to sustaining the technology, using student teams in a class. We assess project success through two lenses provided by the literature, first on characterization of project success and failure factors, and then on project champions.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120851540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have recently received a great deal of attention from both researchers and the general public. Their free, open nature allows global access, including by individuals in developing countries. This study will explore ways in which MOOCs can be used as tools for development in these underprivileged areas. Using data collected through interviews with facilitators and students participating in a US State Department program, we apply and extend Bourdieu's framework of cultural and social capital. Results show that MOOCs can be used to foster unique forms of cultural capital as well as both individual and organizational social capital. The research provides recommendations for both development agencies and MOOC platform designers.
{"title":"The creation of capital through an ICT-based learning program: a case study of MOOC camp","authors":"C. Maitland, Eric Obeysekare","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2738024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738024","url":null,"abstract":"Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have recently received a great deal of attention from both researchers and the general public. Their free, open nature allows global access, including by individuals in developing countries. This study will explore ways in which MOOCs can be used as tools for development in these underprivileged areas. Using data collected through interviews with facilitators and students participating in a US State Department program, we apply and extend Bourdieu's framework of cultural and social capital. Results show that MOOCs can be used to foster unique forms of cultural capital as well as both individual and organizational social capital. The research provides recommendations for both development agencies and MOOC platform designers.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125639514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to identify and understand whether national policy initiatives, regulatory measures, or governance practices increase a developing nation's mobile broadband affordability. For this purpose, a cross-national multiple regression analysis of non-OECD countries is used. The results revealed that when controlling for wealth, education and other factors, competition to provide mobile services, financial investment in ICTs, and income inequality are all important variables for determining mobile broadband affordability. Findings suggest that service providers and other stakeholders are still recouping the cost of deploying the infrastructure necessary to provide mobile services, and have not yet achieved the economies of scale required for the price of mobile broadband to begin to fall, at least in the developing world. This paper provides contributions to academia, industry, and policymakers.
{"title":"Investigating mobile broadband affordability in developing countries: a cross-national comparison","authors":"J. Choudrie, D. Yates, Girish J. Gulati","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737875","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to identify and understand whether national policy initiatives, regulatory measures, or governance practices increase a developing nation's mobile broadband affordability. For this purpose, a cross-national multiple regression analysis of non-OECD countries is used. The results revealed that when controlling for wealth, education and other factors, competition to provide mobile services, financial investment in ICTs, and income inequality are all important variables for determining mobile broadband affordability. Findings suggest that service providers and other stakeholders are still recouping the cost of deploying the infrastructure necessary to provide mobile services, and have not yet achieved the economies of scale required for the price of mobile broadband to begin to fall, at least in the developing world. This paper provides contributions to academia, industry, and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116993809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Community networks refers to open, free and neutral network infrastructure built and maintained by citizens and organisations who pool their resources and coordinate their efforts. Among many examples of community networks around the world, this paper presents an analysis of the case of guifi.net, probably the largest in number of nodes and participants, and a success case of a community network daily used by thousands of participants, focusing on the organisational structures developed within the community. guifi.net is organized around the principle of a Common Pool Resource, a viable model for the development of network infrastructure commons. Following an action-research method, the paper describes the processes and tools developed by the community, the current status of its implementation, local impact and lessons learned for more than a decade.
{"title":"guifi.net: a network infrastructure commons","authors":"Roger Baig, Ramon Roca, L. Navarro, Felix Freitag","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737900","url":null,"abstract":"Community networks refers to open, free and neutral network infrastructure built and maintained by citizens and organisations who pool their resources and coordinate their efforts. Among many examples of community networks around the world, this paper presents an analysis of the case of guifi.net, probably the largest in number of nodes and participants, and a success case of a community network daily used by thousands of participants, focusing on the organisational structures developed within the community. guifi.net is organized around the principle of a Common Pool Resource, a viable model for the development of network infrastructure commons. Following an action-research method, the paper describes the processes and tools developed by the community, the current status of its implementation, local impact and lessons learned for more than a decade.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126803754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kriti Khurana, R. Bhat, R. Gandhi, P. Koniz-Booher
This study evaluates the cost benefit of implementing a maternal and child health pilot intervention led by a community-based organization using localized videos. The staff of a community-based organization and its village-level workers were trained on producing and screening short 8--12 minute videos on recommended health and nutrition behaviors among rural communities in Keonjhar district of Odisha, India by the USAID-funded Strengthening Partnerships Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) project and Digital Green. The community organization was trained by SPRING and Digital Green on key nutrition behaviors that can prevent under nutrition, especially during the first 1,000 days between a woman's pregnancy and her child's second birthday. The study highlights the potential of the recurrent activities of the intervention to be sustained by the community-based organization at low cost. The specific measure of cost-benefit analysis used in this study is cost-effectiveness. The methodology for cost data collection uses ingredient costing and a variation of activity-based costing. Effectiveness is measured in terms of knowledge retention of the disseminated messages. The analysis found that the unit cost of this intervention was $2.47 (95% CI 2.38--2.56) per successful retention of a disseminated message and suggests lessons on applying cost-effectiveness methodologies for information and communication technologies for development projects.
本研究评估了实施由社区组织主导的使用本地化视频的妇幼保健试点干预措施的成本效益。美国国际开发署资助的“全球营养加强伙伴关系成果与创新”项目和“数字绿色”项目对印度奥里萨邦Keonjhar地区一个社区组织的工作人员及其村级工作人员进行了培训，培训内容是制作和筛选8至12分钟的推荐健康和营养行为短片。该社区组织接受了SPRING和Digital Green的培训，了解可以预防营养不良的关键营养行为，特别是在妇女怀孕到孩子两岁之间的前1000天。这项研究强调了以社区为基础的组织以低成本维持干预的经常性活动的潜力。本研究中使用的成本效益分析的具体度量是成本效益。成本数据收集的方法使用成分成本法和一种基于作业成本法的变体。有效性是根据传播信息的知识保留来衡量的。分析发现，每次成功保留传播的信息，这种干预的单位成本为2.47美元(95% CI 2.38- 2.56)，并提出了将成本效益方法应用于发展项目的信息和通信技术的经验教训。
{"title":"Cost analysis of nutrition messaging intervention through community-led videos in Odisha","authors":"Kriti Khurana, R. Bhat, R. Gandhi, P. Koniz-Booher","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737895","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the cost benefit of implementing a maternal and child health pilot intervention led by a community-based organization using localized videos. The staff of a community-based organization and its village-level workers were trained on producing and screening short 8--12 minute videos on recommended health and nutrition behaviors among rural communities in Keonjhar district of Odisha, India by the USAID-funded Strengthening Partnerships Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) project and Digital Green. The community organization was trained by SPRING and Digital Green on key nutrition behaviors that can prevent under nutrition, especially during the first 1,000 days between a woman's pregnancy and her child's second birthday. The study highlights the potential of the recurrent activities of the intervention to be sustained by the community-based organization at low cost. The specific measure of cost-benefit analysis used in this study is cost-effectiveness. The methodology for cost data collection uses ingredient costing and a variation of activity-based costing. Effectiveness is measured in terms of knowledge retention of the disseminated messages. The analysis found that the unit cost of this intervention was $2.47 (95% CI 2.38--2.56) per successful retention of a disseminated message and suggests lessons on applying cost-effectiveness methodologies for information and communication technologies for development projects.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121768965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigations of white-collar crimes such as corruption are often hindered by the lack of information or physical evidence. The vast amounts of information recorded, stored, analyzed, and shared using information and communication technologies (ICT) by businesses, governments, and citizens may help in investigating and prosecuting these crimes, and in deterring future crimes. This study investigates the relationship between ICT and corruption at the country level using the theoretical lens of general deterrence theory. Using country level data from 97 countries for the years 2011--2013, we demonstrate that countries with higher ICT penetration and higher rule of law tend to have lesser corruption after controlling for social, economic, and political factors.
{"title":"ICT as a corruption deterrent: a research note","authors":"Utkarsh Shrivastava, Anol Bhattacherjee","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737864","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations of white-collar crimes such as corruption are often hindered by the lack of information or physical evidence. The vast amounts of information recorded, stored, analyzed, and shared using information and communication technologies (ICT) by businesses, governments, and citizens may help in investigating and prosecuting these crimes, and in deterring future crimes. This study investigates the relationship between ICT and corruption at the country level using the theoretical lens of general deterrence theory. Using country level data from 97 countries for the years 2011--2013, we demonstrate that countries with higher ICT penetration and higher rule of law tend to have lesser corruption after controlling for social, economic, and political factors.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133153313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahad Pervaiz, Trevor Perrier, Sompasong Phongphila, Richard J. Anderson
This note presents data from two large-scale data reporting projects in Pakistan and Laos using SMS as a channel of data collection. These projects share several major features: (1) the use of health workers personal mobile phones for data reporting (2) support from the Ministry of Health (3) planned expansion to every health facility in the country or province and (4) low ICT penetration at the periphery of the health system. Both projects are currently at the stage of rolling out to additional health facilities. The purpose of this note is to help understand the challenges faced in the early stages of the deployment by reviewing the content and errors in submitted SMS messages.
{"title":"User errors in SMS based reporting systems","authors":"Fahad Pervaiz, Trevor Perrier, Sompasong Phongphila, Richard J. Anderson","doi":"10.1145/2737856.2737877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737877","url":null,"abstract":"This note presents data from two large-scale data reporting projects in Pakistan and Laos using SMS as a channel of data collection. These projects share several major features: (1) the use of health workers personal mobile phones for data reporting (2) support from the Ministry of Health (3) planned expansion to every health facility in the country or province and (4) low ICT penetration at the periphery of the health system. Both projects are currently at the stage of rolling out to additional health facilities. The purpose of this note is to help understand the challenges faced in the early stages of the deployment by reviewing the content and errors in submitted SMS messages.","PeriodicalId":210700,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133722522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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