Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health issue that threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious diseases. This study examines the current landscape of AMR with a specific focus on the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The factors contributing to the development and spread of AMR including the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human and animal health sectors are discussed. The mutations of bacterial genes causing AMR, highlighting their role in promoting the survival and proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria are analyzed. The consequences of AMR are far-reaching and include increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. The assessment highlights the impact of medical wastes such as patient samples, clinical and drug wastes and agro-based wastes such as surface runoff of poultry and cattle medication on AMR. To address the challenge of AMR, the analysis emphasizes the need for novel antimicrobial agents. The importance of public awareness, awareness among decision makers and appropriate attention and schemes is also discussed as a promising approach to combat AMR. In conclusion, this appraisal sheds light on the escalating problem of AMR and the urgent need for effective strategies to wrestle it. The findings underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers and the public to mitigate the impact of AMR and to ensure the availability of effective treatments for infectious diseases in the future. By addressing the challenges posed by AMR, we can safeguard public health and promote sustainable use of antibiotics.
{"title":"Urgent imperatives and perspectives of Antimicrobial resistance","authors":"Venkatasubramanian Ashwin, Veluchamy Chandra, Chandrasekaran Rajasekaran, Thiagarajan Kalaivani","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt2550263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt2550263","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health issue that threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious diseases. This study examines the current landscape of AMR with a specific focus on the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The factors contributing to the development and spread of AMR including the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human and animal health sectors are discussed. The mutations of bacterial genes causing AMR, highlighting their role in promoting the survival and proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria are analyzed. The consequences of AMR are far-reaching and include increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. The assessment highlights the impact of medical wastes such as patient samples, clinical and drug wastes and agro-based wastes such as surface runoff of poultry and cattle medication on AMR. To address the challenge of AMR, the analysis emphasizes the need for novel antimicrobial agents. The importance of public awareness, awareness among decision makers and appropriate attention and schemes is also discussed as a promising approach to combat AMR. In conclusion, this appraisal sheds light on the escalating problem of AMR and the urgent need for effective strategies to wrestle it. The findings underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers and the public to mitigate the impact of AMR and to ensure the availability of effective treatments for infectious diseases in the future. By addressing the challenges posed by AMR, we can safeguard public health and promote sustainable use of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.25303/1810rjbt1540163
A. Sairam, T. Mishra, S. Vuppu
The rise of antibiotic resistance due to the evolution of resistance mechanisms in bacteria and the enhanced tolerance in human bodies have proven to be serious threats. This is attributed to the critical impact antibiotics have on healthcare systems in addition to an extreme reliance on them for the treatment of infections. The rise of superbugs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and the severe global pandemic of COVID-19 have increased the demand for novel antimicrobial compounds. The study aims to examine the efficacy of numerous Indian spices as well as various varieties of camphor and kumkum when dissolved in ethanol and distilled water against four bacterial cultures: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. After 24 hours of incubation, the zones of inhibition of each culture were measured and docking studies were performed to determine the interaction between ligands (phytochemicals) and the bacterial receptors, thereby enhancing the antimicrobial properties of the compounds. The analysis revealed that turmeric-based Kumkum, black pepper and Tulasi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) are the most potent antibacterial compounds.
{"title":"Inhibitory Effect of Indian Spices on Selective Bacteria","authors":"A. Sairam, T. Mishra, S. Vuppu","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt1540163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt1540163","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of antibiotic resistance due to the evolution of resistance mechanisms in bacteria and the enhanced tolerance in human bodies have proven to be serious threats. This is attributed to the critical impact antibiotics have on healthcare systems in addition to an extreme reliance on them for the treatment of infections. The rise of superbugs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and the severe global pandemic of COVID-19 have increased the demand for novel antimicrobial compounds. The study aims to examine the efficacy of numerous Indian spices as well as various varieties of camphor and kumkum when dissolved in ethanol and distilled water against four bacterial cultures: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. After 24 hours of incubation, the zones of inhibition of each culture were measured and docking studies were performed to determine the interaction between ligands (phytochemicals) and the bacterial receptors, thereby enhancing the antimicrobial properties of the compounds. The analysis revealed that turmeric-based Kumkum, black pepper and Tulasi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) are the most potent antibacterial compounds.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.25303/1810rjbt1740182
K. Reshma, Amin Sheikh Rahul, Aashmi P.L. Jemima, D. Vishnudas, Kingsley J. Danie
The current study was undertaken to provide sustainable solutions to Erythromycin-resistant bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles were produced using an environmentally friendly green synthesis process using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The synthesized Ocimum sanctum leaf extract silver nanoparticles were then examined using a variety of methods. In the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the peak was observed at 398nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the size of the nanoparticles to be between 24-44nm. The crystalline size of AgNPs was determined to be 12.02nm by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups like alcohols, phenols and carbonyl groups which provide better interaction and stability of the nanoparticles. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum sanctum leaves were found to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as nanoparticles which is evident by having no inhibition against Bacillus Subtilis and E. coli in lower concentrations of 30μl and 50μl. On the other hand, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract AgNPs had a positive dose-dependent inhibition against all the strains. The Ocimum sanctum silver nanoparticles were effective against E. coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (1.9cm), Streptococcus mutans (1.7cm) and Bacillus Subtilis (Gram-positive). Thus, Ocimum sanctum Silver Nanoparticle-based drug delivery has proven to be an effective anti-bacterial treatment worth exploring specifically against Erythromycin-resistant strains.
{"title":"Exploring the antibacterial effects of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) silver nanoparticles","authors":"K. Reshma, Amin Sheikh Rahul, Aashmi P.L. Jemima, D. Vishnudas, Kingsley J. Danie","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt1740182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt1740182","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was undertaken to provide sustainable solutions to Erythromycin-resistant bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles were produced using an environmentally friendly green synthesis process using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The synthesized Ocimum sanctum leaf extract silver nanoparticles were then examined using a variety of methods. In the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the peak was observed at 398nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the size of the nanoparticles to be between 24-44nm. The crystalline size of AgNPs was determined to be 12.02nm by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups like alcohols, phenols and carbonyl groups which provide better interaction and stability of the nanoparticles. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum sanctum leaves were found to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as nanoparticles which is evident by having no inhibition against Bacillus Subtilis and E. coli in lower concentrations of 30μl and 50μl. On the other hand, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract AgNPs had a positive dose-dependent inhibition against all the strains. The Ocimum sanctum silver nanoparticles were effective against E. coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (1.9cm), Streptococcus mutans (1.7cm) and Bacillus Subtilis (Gram-positive). Thus, Ocimum sanctum Silver Nanoparticle-based drug delivery has proven to be an effective anti-bacterial treatment worth exploring specifically against Erythromycin-resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shreya M.B., Neeraja K., Subhankar Das, Sadhana Sundararajan, Rajiniraja Muniyan
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is the leading cause of death by a single causative organism. The present study aims to investigate and assess the anti-mycobacterial property of some traditionally important medicinal plants and analyze their phytochemical constitution. The extracts of some plants based on their medicinal importance were checked for their activity against M. smegmatis using anti-mycobacterial disc diffusion plate assay. Aqueous extracts of Senna auriculata, Trachyspermum copticum and Musa spp. were tested against M. smegmatis. Further Senna auriculata and Trachyspermum copticum extracts were taken to bioactivity guided sequential extraction. On screening, ethyl acetate extract of S. auriculata, T. copticum and methanol extract of S. auriculata showed considerable inhibition with an average zone of inhibition of about 2 cm dia against M. smegmatis. Further phytochemical analysis was done to narrow down the class of compounds that might be responsible for the inhibitory activity. The tests revealed the presence of some important group of natural compounds like alkaloids, anthocyanins, tannins, β- cyanins, coumarins and terpenoid. GC-MS analysis of the samples showed some biologically important compounds with potent anti-tubercular activity.
{"title":"In vitro anti-mycobacterial property and phytochemical profiling of Senna auriculata and Trachyspermum copticum","authors":"Shreya M.B., Neeraja K., Subhankar Das, Sadhana Sundararajan, Rajiniraja Muniyan","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt09016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt09016","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is the leading cause of death by a single causative organism. The present study aims to investigate and assess the anti-mycobacterial property of some traditionally important medicinal plants and analyze their phytochemical constitution. The extracts of some plants based on their medicinal importance were checked for their activity against M. smegmatis using anti-mycobacterial disc diffusion plate assay. Aqueous extracts of Senna auriculata, Trachyspermum copticum and Musa spp. were tested against M. smegmatis. Further Senna auriculata and Trachyspermum copticum extracts were taken to bioactivity guided sequential extraction. On screening, ethyl acetate extract of S. auriculata, T. copticum and methanol extract of S. auriculata showed considerable inhibition with an average zone of inhibition of about 2 cm dia against M. smegmatis. Further phytochemical analysis was done to narrow down the class of compounds that might be responsible for the inhibitory activity. The tests revealed the presence of some important group of natural compounds like alkaloids, anthocyanins, tannins, β- cyanins, coumarins and terpenoid. GC-MS analysis of the samples showed some biologically important compounds with potent anti-tubercular activity.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.25303/1810rjbt2050215
Anushree Suresh, Jayati Sharma, Aardra V. Kumar, Amal Raj, Jayanthi Abraham
The applications of polyethylene are enormous and they are popular because of their relatively low cost, lack of difficulty in manufacture, adaptability and durability. In the past decade, the increase in the utilization of plastics and the accumulation of polyethylene in the environment all around the globe has drawn the attention of environmentalists and scientists. The plastic materials are commonly derived from petrochemicals extracted from coal and natural gas. They are produced in a wide range in synthetic, semi synthetic organic polymers. The degradation of LDPE film was determined by residual dry weight loss of the LDPE films. The potent strain showed 42.5% degradation ability in 90 d. Degradation of LDPE results in the breakdown of the polymer backbone chain producing CO2 which was checked by gravimetric analysis. Enzyme kinetic studies showed the production of three ligninolytic extracellular enzymes- lignin, laccase and manganese peroxidase by bacterial strain AJ01 in LDPE degradation. Degradation of LDPE strips followed first order kinetics model with a rate constant (R2) of 0.9783 d-1. Estimation of protein from post treated LDPE using bacterial isolate showed a total concentration of 0.440mg/0.1mL and 0.703mg/0.2mL. LDPE degradation was confirmed by using analytical techniques such as SEM which showed changes in the surface topology of LDPE strips and FTIR analysis showed changes in complex chemical structure of LDPE post 90 d of degradation using microorganisms thereby reducing carbonyl index (CI) value.
{"title":"Biodegradation of LDPE (low density polyethylene) using bacterial strain","authors":"Anushree Suresh, Jayati Sharma, Aardra V. Kumar, Amal Raj, Jayanthi Abraham","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt2050215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt2050215","url":null,"abstract":"The applications of polyethylene are enormous and they are popular because of their relatively low cost, lack of difficulty in manufacture, adaptability and durability. In the past decade, the increase in the utilization of plastics and the accumulation of polyethylene in the environment all around the globe has drawn the attention of environmentalists and scientists. The plastic materials are commonly derived from petrochemicals extracted from coal and natural gas. They are produced in a wide range in synthetic, semi synthetic organic polymers. The degradation of LDPE film was determined by residual dry weight loss of the LDPE films. The potent strain showed 42.5% degradation ability in 90 d. Degradation of LDPE results in the breakdown of the polymer backbone chain producing CO2 which was checked by gravimetric analysis. Enzyme kinetic studies showed the production of three ligninolytic extracellular enzymes- lignin, laccase and manganese peroxidase by bacterial strain AJ01 in LDPE degradation. Degradation of LDPE strips followed first order kinetics model with a rate constant (R2) of 0.9783 d-1. Estimation of protein from post treated LDPE using bacterial isolate showed a total concentration of 0.440mg/0.1mL and 0.703mg/0.2mL. LDPE degradation was confirmed by using analytical techniques such as SEM which showed changes in the surface topology of LDPE strips and FTIR analysis showed changes in complex chemical structure of LDPE post 90 d of degradation using microorganisms thereby reducing carbonyl index (CI) value.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder with a high morbidity rate worldwide and is associated with various diseases. Certain mutations in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene may cause splicing abnormality resulting in a truncated receptor, aberrant signal transduction, leptin resistance, and obesity. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to assess the association of Q223R, K109R, and K656N polymorphisms with obesity and overweight in 293 subjects (obesity n= 136, overweight n=44 and controls = 113) belonging to the rural population of Chennai using PCR-RFLP and in silico analysis. The analysis of Q223R in of leptin gene showed a significant association with obesity and overweight individuals when compared with controls (P<0.05). In obesity, heterozygote genotype showed correlation (OR=0.53, p-value=0.03), demonstrating risk association in the study groups. Also, a significant association was observed in the overweight group having a heterozygous genotype (OR=0.32 p-value=0.005). Analysis of K109R showed no association between obesity and overweight (OR=1.18 in obesity, p-value=.0.368, OR=1.02 p=0.575 in overweight). K656N showed a significant association in overweight individuals (OR=2.34, p-value = 0.0162) and no association with obesity (OR= 2.81, p-value 0.075). The functional impact prediction resulted in typing all the alterations not to be damaging or deleterious, with K656N alone predicted to influence the functioning of the protein. The structural impact prediction showed that all the alterations have a destabilizing effect on the resultant protein. The study showed that Q223R is associated with obesity and overweight. K109R showed no association with obesity and overweight. K656N was significantly associated with overweight but showed no association with obesity. However, scale-up studies from ethnic populations related to more than one risk factor could accomplish obesity pathogenesis.
{"title":"Association of leptin gene polymorphism with obesity","authors":"Varghese Nijin, Pootheri Aswathi, G. Vigneshwaran, Nath A.R.S. Badari, Saraswathy Radha","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt1910196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt1910196","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is a multifactorial disorder with a high morbidity rate worldwide and is associated with various diseases. Certain mutations in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene may cause splicing abnormality resulting in a truncated receptor, aberrant signal transduction, leptin resistance, and obesity. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to assess the association of Q223R, K109R, and K656N polymorphisms with obesity and overweight in 293 subjects (obesity n= 136, overweight n=44 and controls = 113) belonging to the rural population of Chennai using PCR-RFLP and in silico analysis. The analysis of Q223R in of leptin gene showed a significant association with obesity and overweight individuals when compared with controls (P<0.05). In obesity, heterozygote genotype showed correlation (OR=0.53, p-value=0.03), demonstrating risk association in the study groups. Also, a significant association was observed in the overweight group having a heterozygous genotype (OR=0.32 p-value=0.005). Analysis of K109R showed no association between obesity and overweight (OR=1.18 in obesity, p-value=.0.368, OR=1.02 p=0.575 in overweight). K656N showed a significant association in overweight individuals (OR=2.34, p-value = 0.0162) and no association with obesity (OR= 2.81, p-value 0.075). The functional impact prediction resulted in typing all the alterations not to be damaging or deleterious, with K656N alone predicted to influence the functioning of the protein. The structural impact prediction showed that all the alterations have a destabilizing effect on the resultant protein. The study showed that Q223R is associated with obesity and overweight. K109R showed no association with obesity and overweight. K656N was significantly associated with overweight but showed no association with obesity. However, scale-up studies from ethnic populations related to more than one risk factor could accomplish obesity pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.25303/1810rjbt2410248
Sohom Banerjee, Sharanya Koilerian, Abul Kalam Azad Mandal
Micro-RNAs are short sequences of single-stranded RNA that do not code for proteins but play a crucial role in modulating gene expression in the cell. Micro-RNAs can downregulate the expression of genes and can modify different pathways that are important for proper functioning of the cells. Micro-RNAs are effective as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets against various diseases including lung cancer. In this review, we take a look at the different micro-RNAs expressed in lung cancer and their targets in various signaling pathways like Wnt, RAS/RAF, PI3K/Akt pathway etc. We also evaluate the current status of micro-RNA - based therapeutics against Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, both in the context of pre-clinical studies as well as clinical studies conducted on humans to date.
{"title":"Micro-RNAs and lung cancer: A focus on signaling pathways and therapeutics","authors":"Sohom Banerjee, Sharanya Koilerian, Abul Kalam Azad Mandal","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt2410248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt2410248","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-RNAs are short sequences of single-stranded RNA that do not code for proteins but play a crucial role in modulating gene expression in the cell. Micro-RNAs can downregulate the expression of genes and can modify different pathways that are important for proper functioning of the cells. Micro-RNAs are effective as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets against various diseases including lung cancer. In this review, we take a look at the different micro-RNAs expressed in lung cancer and their targets in various signaling pathways like Wnt, RAS/RAF, PI3K/Akt pathway etc. We also evaluate the current status of micro-RNA - based therapeutics against Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, both in the context of pre-clinical studies as well as clinical studies conducted on humans to date.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.25303/1810rjbt1070119
Hrushikesh Bendale, Kavitha Thirumurugan
Autophagy is a catabolic process by which cells degrade damaged organelles via lysosomal degradation and recycle intracellular macromolecules and organelles to produce ATP. Autophagy clears cytosolic molecules that have a potential role in inflammasome formation. Hyperinflammation in the aging process can cause inflammasome formation that results in multiple inflammatory response-mediated diseases. Damaged mitochondria may induce oxidative stress in cells via ROS which leads to the activation of the inflammasome. Therefore, mitophagy-induced suppression of inflammasome can reduce oxidative stress. Inflammation in aging comes with diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Decreased function of autophagy in aging is the main reason behind the improper clearing of cytosolic organelles and induction of inflammation. Autophagy can slow down aging in cells and many other disorders by suppressing inflammatory genes. Also, ROS can directly activate NLRP3 and other proinflammatory pathways that increase in aging. Suppression of the NLRP3 gene which is responsible for inflammasome formation showed inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway, which is directly linked to autophagy. This suppression of NLRP3 promoted longevity in cells. The interrelation between such pathway data mining from various biological databases can resolve the complex interconnection between autophagy and inflammatory pathways which can elucidate its role in aging. By using various bioinformatics tools such as DAVID and CYTOSPACE, string matching will confirm and support a relationship between the pathways. This will give a better level of understanding of interrelated pathways of autophagy, inflammation and aging.
{"title":"Association of Autophagy and Inflammation with Aging","authors":"Hrushikesh Bendale, Kavitha Thirumurugan","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt1070119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt1070119","url":null,"abstract":"Autophagy is a catabolic process by which cells degrade damaged organelles via lysosomal degradation and recycle intracellular macromolecules and organelles to produce ATP. Autophagy clears cytosolic molecules that have a potential role in inflammasome formation. Hyperinflammation in the aging process can cause inflammasome formation that results in multiple inflammatory response-mediated diseases. Damaged mitochondria may induce oxidative stress in cells via ROS which leads to the activation of the inflammasome. Therefore, mitophagy-induced suppression of inflammasome can reduce oxidative stress. Inflammation in aging comes with diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Decreased function of autophagy in aging is the main reason behind the improper clearing of cytosolic organelles and induction of inflammation. Autophagy can slow down aging in cells and many other disorders by suppressing inflammatory genes. Also, ROS can directly activate NLRP3 and other proinflammatory pathways that increase in aging. Suppression of the NLRP3 gene which is responsible for inflammasome formation showed inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway, which is directly linked to autophagy. This suppression of NLRP3 promoted longevity in cells. The interrelation between such pathway data mining from various biological databases can resolve the complex interconnection between autophagy and inflammatory pathways which can elucidate its role in aging. By using various bioinformatics tools such as DAVID and CYTOSPACE, string matching will confirm and support a relationship between the pathways. This will give a better level of understanding of interrelated pathways of autophagy, inflammation and aging.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anushree Suresh, Saira Varghese, Remya Rajendran, Rajat Soni, Jayanthi Abraham
Food processing industries release a lot of fruit wastes mainly of seed, skin, rind, pomace, crown etc. containing potential bioactive compounds. Bromelain is a crude protein extracted from certain fruits. Bromelain is a sub-type of cysteine protease enzyme extensively investigated for its therapeutic properties such as anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity with good ferric reducing power. The present study deals with isolating and purifying bromelain from kiwi and avocado fruits and assessing their therapeutic application. Fruit samples were taken from a juice shop in VIT, Vellore, for performing all the experimental analysis. Different parts such as stem, pulp, peel and leaves of the avocado and kiwi fruits were collected for the bromelain extraction process. The extraction of protein was done by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. Estimation of protein content was performed and the concentration of crude enzyme was found to be 970μg/ml and 900μg/ml for avocado peel and kiwi pulp respectively. Avocado peel showed good activity in ferric reducing power and also a potent radical scavenging activity of 40% at 200μg concentration. Crude bromelain extracted from both fruits showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Hence it can be concluded that bromelain can be used as an effective health supplement.
{"title":"Extraction and Purification of Bromelain Enzyme from Fruits and its Therapeutic Application Study","authors":"Anushree Suresh, Saira Varghese, Remya Rajendran, Rajat Soni, Jayanthi Abraham","doi":"10.25303/1810rjbt017023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt017023","url":null,"abstract":"Food processing industries release a lot of fruit wastes mainly of seed, skin, rind, pomace, crown etc. containing potential bioactive compounds. Bromelain is a crude protein extracted from certain fruits. Bromelain is a sub-type of cysteine protease enzyme extensively investigated for its therapeutic properties such as anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity with good ferric reducing power. The present study deals with isolating and purifying bromelain from kiwi and avocado fruits and assessing their therapeutic application. Fruit samples were taken from a juice shop in VIT, Vellore, for performing all the experimental analysis. Different parts such as stem, pulp, peel and leaves of the avocado and kiwi fruits were collected for the bromelain extraction process. The extraction of protein was done by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. Estimation of protein content was performed and the concentration of crude enzyme was found to be 970μg/ml and 900μg/ml for avocado peel and kiwi pulp respectively. Avocado peel showed good activity in ferric reducing power and also a potent radical scavenging activity of 40% at 200μg concentration. Crude bromelain extracted from both fruits showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Hence it can be concluded that bromelain can be used as an effective health supplement.","PeriodicalId":21091,"journal":{"name":"Research Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Aphurvika, M. Hemalatha, V. Mohanasrinivasan, Devi C. Subathra
Probiotic drink from fermented beet juice (Beta vulgaris) using Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum was studied for its bioactive properties. The samples were assessed after 24h and 48h of fermentation for their physico-chemical changes and cell viability. Fermented juice showed a significant antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Fermented beet juice exhibited a prominent anti-oxidant activity. When compared to fresh beet juice, more amount of total polyphenol content was detected in the fermented beet juice. The probiotic drink also exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic activity which exposed the potential usage of this probiotic drink in the pharmaceutical industry. The antibacterial activity observed against Listeria monocytogenes demonstrated that the fermented beet juice can be used to treat Listeriosis. The FTIR analysis and GC-MS results confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds in the fermented beet juice.
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