Psychological Reports最新文献

Subjective well-being is a key concept in positive psychology and is associated with a variety of physical and mental health outcomes. Physical activity (PA) is a modifiable health behavior that has been identified as a potential correlate of subjective well-being. However, the underlying mechanisms that connect PA to subjective well-being are not well-understood. This study aimed to examine the association between the PA and various components of subjective well-being in college students, and to determine if social support mediated this association. A total of 1158 college students (46.3% female, mean age = 19.75 years) voluntarily completed a set of questionnaires measuring PA, life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and social support in a single-wave assessment. Three sets of mediation analyses were conducted (employing bootstrapping techniques with 10,000 samples), with life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect serving as the dependent variables, PA as the independent variable, and social support as the mediator. The findings revealed that the relationships between PA, subjective well-being, and social support differ by the component of subjective well-being. While no association was detected between PA and negative affect, increased PA led to enhanced social support, which in turn contributed to higher levels of life satisfaction and positive affect. As social support was found to mediate the relationship between PA and subjective well-being, future interventions are suggested to foster supportive social environments and develop effective strategies to modify the social experience of PA to maximize their benefits in enhancing subjective well-being.

Because a majority of the world's population is religious and believes in some higher power, it is important to understand what may facilitate or hinder religious psychological processes that give rise to well-being. The current work therefore threads together behavioral ecological, attachment, and forgiveness theoretical perspectives to assess candidate correlates of divine forgiveness and religious coping. Study 1 (N = 441) showed, via a single path model, that childhood unpredictability was positively associated with avoidant attachment to God, which was in turn negatively associated with divine forgiveness, such that avoidant attachment to God fully mediated the association between childhood unpredictability and divine forgiveness. Study 2 (N = 417) extended the investigation to religious coping, again analyzing data via a single path model. Childhood unpredictability was associated with positive (but not negative) coping through a mediation sequence of insecure attachment (avoidant and anxious) and, in turn, divine forgiveness. For avoidance, unpredictability was positively associated with avoidant attachment, which was negatively associated with divine forgiveness, which was positively associated with positive religious coping. For anxious attachment, unpredictability was positively associated with anxious attachment, which was positively associated with divine forgiveness, which was positively associated with positive religious coping. Notably, avoidant attachment was also curvilinearly associated with anxious attachment and coping, such that people high and low (vs. average) in avoidance are high in anxious attachment as well as positive and negative religious coping. Thus, the work provides insights important to both the study of early childhood environments and the study of religious psychological processes.

The major purpose of the present study was to explore higher education students' perceptions of the causes of their sleep problems. The data were drawn from a previous cross-sectional online survey, from which only the questions relevant to this study were selected, including items on sleep disturbances and their causes. The participants included 1519 full-time students (76% women), aged 18-30 years (M = 20.9, SD = 2.3); 95.3% were single and studying for a Bachelor's degree (75.2%) across diverse fields of study. Overall, 30% of the students reported suffering from insomnia, 17.8% met the criteria for clinical insomnia (according to the Insomnia Severity Index), and 12.5% reported being dissatisfied with their sleep. The most significant perceived causes of sleep difficulties were stress (85%), academic problems (67%), and general worries (56.5%). Other causes included affective/love problems (28.4%), family issues (27.5%), changes in sleeping habits (25.9%), financial problems (13.7%), transition to higher education (10.4%), pain (7.1%), and general illness (5.5%). These findings may have important implications for interventions aimed at improving sleep health among higher education students.

This study investigates the relationship between positive thinking skills and patience tendencies among women in Istanbul, Turkey. A sample of 405 female participants with an average age of 32 years completed measures of positive thinking and patience. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between positive thinking and overall patience tendency, as well as its sub-dimensions (short-term, long-term, and interpersonal patience). Furthermore, positive thinking was found to be a significant predictor of patience disposition. These findings suggest that positive thinking may serve as a valuable resource for enhancing women's patience tendencies, potentially contributing to improved life quality and resilience. This study highlights the interconnected nature of these psychological traits and their potential importance in women's psychological well-being.

The self is crucial in career development, and authenticity emerges when individuals live in accordance with their true selves. This true self includes a deep awareness of one's abilities, cognitive, physical, and emotional traits, and unbiased answers to "Who am I?". Given its importance in career development, originality can significantly impact one's professional journey. This study brings a new structure to the field of career counseling with the term career authenticity. Career authenticity is a condition that emerges when individuals manage external influences and make their career choices in accordance with their true selves, thus achieving a work life that contributes to the meaning and purpose of their lives. The Career Authenticity Scale (CAS) was developed and validated in two samples of university students. In Study 1 (n = 402), the CAS was developed, and a structure consisting of 12 items and three dimensions was obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis. Calculations also included the internal reliability coefficients of the CAS. In Study 2 (n = 322), the structure confirming the factors obtained in the first study was confirmed. Analyses also included convergent and discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, measurement invariance across gender, and item discrimination power of the CAS. The results show that the CAS meets the conditions for convergent and discriminant validity. A positive relationship was detected between the CAS and vocational outcome expectations and career proactive behaviors. The CAS was found to provide measurement invariance at configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance levels according to gender. In conclusion, the CAS was proven to be a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) has profound effects on victim physical and mental health, considerable social and economic costs and is a significant public health concern. Research suggests that the way the public make sense of IPV may vary in different contexts, as certain contextual factors may be used to explain, excuse or legitimise IPV. PTSD diagnostic status and perpetrator gender may be such contextual factors, but little research exists in this area. Objectives: This study explored how the public make sense of IPV in the context of perpetrator diagnostic status (PTSD or no PTSD) and gender identity (female, male or nonbinary) by exploring IPV ratings and IPV discourses. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-five (265) community participants were recruited via snowball sampling and presented one of six versions of the same story containing an account of IPV. Stories were identical across conditions bar perpetrator diagnostic status and gender identity. Participants rated the degree to which they thought the behaviour in the story constituted IPV. Approximately half the participants also completed a story completion task, and stories were analysed for themes. Results: IPV ratings were weighted towards abuse and did not vary with diagnostic status or gender identity. Five themes were identified in participant stories: (i) characterise the behaviour; (ii) trajectory of IPV; (iii) show compassion towards victim of IPV; (iv) hold victim of IPV responsible; and (v) context influences decision-making. Limitations, implications and directions for future research are discussed.

This study aimed to explore if unconscious awareness of death influences the harshness of offender sentencing. According to Terror Management Theory death is anxiety-provoking, and self-esteem and a belief in a shared cultural worldview keep anxiety at bay. When these factors are challenged then death awareness increases. These dynamics could be relevant in a court setting in which judges have to make decisions regarding offenders who may have different world views and in cases that trigger the awareness of mortality. We used subliminal priming to activate the awareness of death and recorded the effect it had on decision-making against a hypothetical offender. Participants (N = 303) were recruited and randomly assigned to either an experimental mortality condition or a neutral control condition. Analysis revealed that death-related subliminal priming brought about harsher sentencing effects than the control. The results suggest that subconscious awareness of death may bias decision-making when sentencing.

Objectives: Young people attending university for the first time may be at heightened risk of experiencing mental health problems. However, limited research has examined the mental health experiences of this cohort using longitudinal methods. This study aimed to examine mental health symptoms prior to commencing university, estimate changes in symptoms over the course of the first semester of study, and identify factors associated with initial symptom levels and changes. Methods: Australian first-year undergraduate students (N = 340) were recruited via social media and participated in a four-wave online longitudinal study conducted between February and June 2021. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress were assessed at each wave, along with psychosocial and lifestyle factors. Demographic characteristics were assessed at baseline. Results: Latent growth curve models indicated no significant linear change over time for depression (p = .26) or anxiety (p = .83) symptoms. However, a significant effect of time was observed for psychological distress (p = .03), indicating higher distress levels at wave 3 compared to baseline (p = .004). Financial stress, pressure to succeed, difficulty coping, greater loneliness, and more negative social interactions were each significantly associated with higher baseline depression, anxiety, and distress scores. Only greater loneliness and more negative social interactions were found to be associated with a greater increase in depression over time. Conclusion: The findings indicate that transition to university was not generally associated with an increase in poor mental health. However, several factors were associated with poorer mental health immediately prior to university commencement. Assisting students to manage financial distress, facilitating the development of social connections among students with limited social networks and skills training targeting coping and the development of realistic academic expectations may help support student mental health and promote improved wellbeing during transition to university.

Emotional eating is a risk factor for obesity. It should be recognized and prevented at an early stage. The randomised control trial study aimed to determine the effect of internet-based solution-focused short-term group counseling on emotional eating levels in nursing students. Sixty students were assigned to the experimental and control groups by simple random sampling method. Those in the experimental group received of solution-focused counseling, and those in the control group received of healthy nutrition training. The data analysed by chi-square test, paired sample t test, groups t-test and repeated groups Anova test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test, post-test and follow-up test body mass indexes of those in the experimental group (p < .05). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the group's pre- and post-test emotional eating scores (p < .05), and no statistically significant difference was found between their Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale scores (p > .05). The short-term solution-focused approach was found to be effective in reducing the emotional eating levels of students.

The aim of the study is to explore the role of child's executive functions in the relation between child's externalizing and internalizing problems and caregiver strain in early school age children. The caregiver strain refers to providing nurture and care for a dependent family member. A sample includes 175 caregiver-child dyads and 36 school teachers. Participants completed the Family Strain Index which measures caregiver strain or burden (caregivers), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire which measures child's externalizing and internalizing problems (teachers), and behavioral tasks that measure executive functions (children). Using structural equation modelling, the analysis resulted in a full mediation of the child's externalizing problems on the caregiver strain by child's executive functions. However, the association of child's internalizing problems with caregiver strain has not been confirmed. These results indicate that better child's executive functions buffer the negative effect of child's externalizing problems on caregiver perceived burden. Based on these results, we can suggest that interventions should be focused on programmes to improve the child's executive functions in the family and educational context, along with caregiver training aimed at providing emotional and social support, or individual therapy.