Psychological Reports最新文献

Antifragility challenges conventional thinking by proposing that adversity is not merely to be survived but actively used to promote growth. This scoping review synthesizes 18 emerging research studies focused on antifragility in human systems across disciplines, distinguishing antifragility from resilience and robustness and highlighting key empirical gaps, particularly in psychological research. During the screening process, articles were categorized as human or non-human systems. Non-human systems (n = 29; e.g., robotics, logistics, information systems, urban planning, artificial intelligence) were excluded from synthesis to align with the review's focus on human domains (e.g., psychology, leadership, coaching, health). Drawing from biology, psychology, and organizational studies, the review summarizes applications in mental health, performance, and quality of life. Findings emphasize the proactive nature of antifragility, in which stressors are intentionally engaged to strengthen capabilities. Biological concepts like hormesis and psychological frameworks such as post-traumatic growth align with mechanisms relevant to growth through adversity. Yet empirical studies remain scarce, underscoring the need for robust measurement tools and longitudinal designs. Future directions include refining antifragility as a state, trait, or process, developing dose-specific models, and exploring biopsychosocial correlates. Embracing antifragility could transform how individuals and systems confront challenge, not by resisting breakdown, but by evolving beyond it.

The aim of the study was to examine the role of coaching programmes in the professional development of IT specialists in Ukraine and abroad. The methodology involved a sample of 163 IT professionals from Ukraine, both residing within the country and abroad. An assessment and comparison of the psychological aspects of IT specialists' professional self-realisation was conducted for two periods: prior to the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2015-2022) and after its onset (2022-2024), using the following instruments: the PERMA-Profiler Measure, the Self-Actualisation Test, the Worldview Plasticity Questionnaire, and the "Mental Health Stability" Questionnaire. The tools employed to study self-realisation among IT professionals revealed that, prior to the full-scale invasion, these specialists exhibited high levels of life satisfaction, emotional stability, and harmonious social relationships. They felt confident in their achievements and life purpose, and maintained a sense of belonging to social groups, which sustained their professional engagement. Before the full-scale the Russo-Ukrainian war, the level of self-actualisation among IT specialists was high, with 73% of participants demonstrating a high level of life purpose and 70% showing a high level of readiness for change. Following the onset of the war, specialists who remained in Ukraine exhibited a marked decline in self-actualisation indicators - particularly, the proportion of individuals with high levels of positive self-esteem decreased from 65% to 39%. The data indicate a reduction in life satisfaction, the quality of interpersonal relationships, and confidence in one's worldview. A noticeable decline was also observed in social engagement, along with challenges in maintaining a sense of life control and existential meaning. Conversely, among those specialists who relocated abroad, self-actualisation in certain areas even increased: the proportion of individuals with a high level of life purpose rose from 41% to 50%, potentially indicating successful adaptation to new environments. Coaching programmes emerged as an effective tool for supporting professional self-realisation under such conditions. They assist IT specialists in adapting to change, reducing stress levels, strengthening emotional resilience, and restoring a sense of confidence. These programmes foster time management skills, the formation of long-term goals, and balance between work and personal life. Particularly valuable is participation in group coaching sessions, where specialists can receive social support and exchange experiences.

University life is generally recognized as challenging, and concerns about students' mental health have increased, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the potential role of cultural differences in students' experiences of psychological difficulties, we conducted an exploratory study to: (1) compare the psychological condition (distress, loneliness, emotion regulation, and dropout intention) of Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish university students two years post-pandemic; and (2) analyze the relationships between these psychological variables of interest and dropout intentions in all three countries. We recruited a non-random sample of 144 students (48 from each country; M_age = 20.3 ± 1.41 years) to complete an online questionnaire, which was distributed and accessed through links shared across social networks. A two-way MANCOVA revealed no significant differences across countries in levels of distress, emotion regulation, or dropout intentions (all p > .05). However, Spanish students reported significantly lower levels of loneliness than the other groups (p < .001). Linear hierarchical regression results demonstrated an association between psychological difficulties and dropout intention, with psychological distress uniquely accounting for 24% of the variance in dropout intention (β = .332, p < .005). Although preliminary, these findings indicate that all participants experienced high levels of psychological distress, with perceived loneliness notably lower in Spain. This underscores the need for further, large-scale research and reinforces the importance of addressing students' mental health, particularly their distress levels, given the potential impact on dropout intentions.

Emotion research frequently relies on self-report to examine subjective experience, yet the interpretation of such reports depends on how emotional questions are framed and situated. Drawing on two qualitative studies with Native Hawaiian participants, this article examines how individuals describe love and hate when responding to personally framed prompts versus culturally framed prompts. In one study, participants reflected on specific relational experiences of loving and hating others; in the second, participants were asked to define love and hate within a cultural context. Across studies, patterns of emotional disclosure differed systematically by framing: personally framed questions elicited more candid and relationally grounded accounts of both love and hate, whereas culturally framed questions prompted greater idealization, abstraction, or resistance, particularly in discussions of hate. These findings suggest that emotional self-reports are shaped not only by internal experience but also by reputational concerns, identity salience, and cultural narrative management. The article discusses how these patterns inform the use of self-report in emotion research and argues for supplementing self-report with culturally embedded sources, such as oral histories and traditional narratives, when studying emotions in culturally and politically salient contexts.

Young individuals often experience executive functioning challenges, such as attentional lapses, impulsivity, and poor self-regulation, which may indicate underlying prefrontal dysfunction and contribute to stress and emotional dysregulation. Research suggests that specific personality traits, particularly harm avoidance and self-directedness, are closely related to these executive difficulties. Harm avoidance refers to a temperament trait characterized by excessive worry, fear, and avoidance of uncertainty, whereas self-directedness reflects a character trait involving goal orientation, self-control, and responsibility. However, the mechanisms linking these traits to executive functioning remain insufficiently understood. Psychological inflexibility, defined as a rigid and avoidance-based response to internal distress, has been proposed as a transdiagnostic process that may explain this link. This study investigates the mediating role of psychological inflexibility in the link between harm avoidance and self-directedness with prefrontal dysfunction in 501 young adults (56.69% male, M = 21.00 years, SD = 2.62). Participants completed self-report measures on personality traits, psychological inflexibility and prefrontal symptomatology. Mediation analyses using PROCESS Macro (model 4) showed that harm avoidance positively predicted psychological inflexibility (path a₁: β = 0.50, p < .001), which in turn predicted greater prefrontal symptomatology (path b₁: β = 0.45, p < .001). Conversely, self-directedness negatively predicted psychological inflexibility (path a₂: β = -0.54, p < .001), which was associated with lower prefrontal symptomatology (path b₂: β = 0.40, p < .001). Indirect effects were significant for both harm avoidance (β = 0.23, 95% CI [0.17, 0.29]) and self-directedness (β = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.27, -0.16]), indicating partial mediation. Overall, these findings highlight that psychological inflexibility serves as a key mechanism linking personality dispositions to executive and emotional self-regulation in young adults. Interventions aimed at increasing psychological flexibility may enhance adaptive functioning and resilience during this developmental period.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a well-known risk-factor for suicidal ideation and attempts, but there have been few attempts to systematically evaluate correlates of this association. Using purported mechanisms of the development of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across nine theories as a guide, a series of meta-analyses (K = 191 studies, N = 79,106) were conducted. Posttraumatic stress disorder had a moderate association with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Defeat and entrapment had large associations with both posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Hopelessness, shame, guilt, anger, and negative cognitions about other people each had moderate associations with both posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Smaller but significant associations were observed for distress tolerance, aggression/hostility, social connection, negative cognitions about the self, self-harm, and acquired capability for suicide. Significant heterogeneity was detected in the meta-analyses and explored quantitatively to examine reasons for heterogeneity. These findings are consolidated into a new framework, the CEASE Framework, reflecting changes in Cognitions, Emotions, Attention/executive functioning/memory, Sensations and perceptions, and Extreme behaviors that may underlie the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide risk.

Extant literature demonstrated mixed findings on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and executive function. This meta-analysis aimed to consolidate the current findings and investigate the long-term influences of child maltreatment on cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory in emerging adults. PsycINFO (EBSCO), ERIC (EBSCO), ERIC (ProQuest), COCHRANE, and MEDLINE were searched to identify a final sample of 17 studies. Inclusion criteria were studies that recruited emerging adults, measured childhood maltreatment, and included specific measurements of cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory. Subgroup analyses were performed among the three domains of executive function. To account for covariates and dependency, moderator analyses were computed to test the relative magnitude and direction of effect sizes among the categories of executive function. The analyses showed that emerging adults with a history of childhood maltreatment exhibited worse cognitive flexibility (g = -0.30, SE = 0.08, p = .0002), and inhibitory control (g = -0.10, SE = 0.05, p = .04), as compared to the non-abused emerging adults. Working memory between the abused emerging adults as a child and the non-abused was comparable (g = 0.26, SE = 0.17, p = .13). Moderators analyses, controlling for peer review status and age of participants, consistently displayed that the effect size of child maltreatment on working memory to be significantly more positive than that on cognitive flexibility (univariate moderators model: b = 0.31, SE = 0.13, p = .02; Correlated and hierarchical effects model: b = 0.30, SE = 0.12, p = .02) whereas the effect of child maltreatment on cognitive flexibility did not significantly differ from that of inhibitory control (univariate moderators model: b = 0.15, SE = 0.11, p = .18; Correlated and hierarchical effects model: b = -0.01, SE = 0.10, p = .88). Experiences of childhood maltreatment impaired cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control but preserved working memory among emerging adults. The results supported both the deficits model on the adverse effects of childhood maltreatment and the adaptation model on maintaining an optimal level of working memory despite harsh and difficult upbringing.

The uncertainty that surrounded the COVID-19 pandemic played a key role in the mental health experienced by people during that period. The present study examined the relation between future time perspective and mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and whether intolerance of uncertainty may play a mediating role in this relation. A sample of 349 university students (Mage = 23.57, 87.4% females) completed scales assessing future time perspective, intolerance of uncertainty, positive mental health and psychological distress. The path analysis indicated that future time perspective was negatively related to both psychological distress and intolerance of uncertainty. The negative implications were significantly linked with both positive mental health and psychological distress. Further, the negative implications mediated the relation between future time perspectives and both indicators of mental health. These results underlined intolerance of uncertainty as a potential mechanism that might explain the impact of future time perspective on mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are discussed in terms of practical implications regarding future time perspective and intolerance of uncertainty on young people's mental health.

Self-compassion is a psychological construct associated with enhanced well-being, which, to a lesser extent, has been examined in relation to addictive behaviors. The present study aims to: (1) examine gender differences in self-compassion, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and problematic Internet and smartphone use; (2) analyze the relationships among these variables; and (3) determine whether self-compassion moderates the association between anxiety and depressive symptomatology and problematic Internet and smartphone use. The sample consisted of 953 Spanish secondary school students aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.42, SD = 1.17; 55.0% females). Significant gender differences were found in all study variables except problematic Internet use, with females reporting higher levels of anxiety, depression, and problematic smartphone use, and males scoring higher in self-compassion. Moderation analyses revealed that depression and anxiety were positively associated with both problematic Internet smartphone use, while self-compassion showed negative associations with both outcomes. Significant interactions were observed, with stronger positive associations between anxiety and depression and both problematic Internet and smartphone use at higher levels of self-compassion. Our results underscore that association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and problematic Internet and smartphone use in adolescents varied across levels of self-compassion, supporting its consideration in interventions targeting behavioral addictions.

Duolingo, a gamified educational digital platform, has received significant popularity in EFL education. In this context, the study purposes to explores how Algerian EFL learners respond to using Duolingo as a digital technology learning tool. Specifically, the study sought to investigate the role of Self-Efficacy (SE) and Intrinsic Motivation (IM) in shaping Algerian EFL learners' behavioral intention (BI) to use Duolingo within an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. Both direct and indirect effects were tested alongside the moderating roles of Digital Resource Access and Institutional Support using structural equation modeling approach. Data were collected from 319 EFL undergraduate students through a validated questionnaire. Findings revealed significant direct effect of both Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation on BI. In addition, Self-Efficacy indirectly influenced BI through perceived usefulness (PU), while Intrinsic Motivation had an indirect effect via Perceived Ease of Use (PEU). Furthermore, Institutional Support and Digital Resource access has significantly moderate the PU and PEU on BI pathways respectively. The study highlights the need for Algerian higher education to adopt local pedagogical and infrastructural strategies to optimize the use of digital language tools in EFL education.