Psychological Reports最新文献

One of the most important theories proposed in the explanation and etiology of dyslexia are theories that consider the cognitive deficits of these children, including attention, working memory, planning and organization to be involved in the occurrence of this disability. The aim was to investigate the effects of combining sensory integrative techniques with direct reading comprehension on improving working memory and attention span in students with Developmental dyslexia. This randomized trial with blinded assessors study was performed with a between-subjects factor 'group' (control group vs. intervention group) and within-subjects factor 'time' (measurement at pre-intervention and post-intervention). Data collection started in February 2024 and ended in October 2024. Sixty children with Developmental dyslexia were recruited to the study following formal diagnostic and behavioral pre-intervention assessments. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and The Arabic Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) were used to collect data. Linear regression models were used to assess within-person differences within conditions for each outcome. Findings did directly support the hypotheses; results from regression analyses suggest that sensory integrative techniques with direct reading comprehension did have a significant impact on working memory and attention span in students with Developmental dyslexia. Sensory integration method and direct instruction for comprehension can increase working memory and attention span in children with dyslexia.

We explored whether emotional intelligence (EI) and its four dimensions individually promoted approach-related behaviors (i.e., sociability) or mitigated avoidance-related behaviors (i.e., internalizing behaviors) in adults clinically diagnosed with anxiety prior to undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy. Participants were 160 patients (M_age = 39.50 years, SD = 13.65, 28.1% male) who completed online questionnaires related to shyness, EI, sociability, and internalizing behaviors prior to the start of group treatment. We found sex-specific EI moderating effects on the relation between shyness and sociability. Among women, EI Self-Emotion Appraisal, a dimension of EI, moderated this relation (p < .05) by reducing the negative effects of shyness on sociability. In men, the EI Others' Emotion Appraisal dimension played a comparable role. The findings suggest that EI may be a promising target of intervention to increase social approach behaviors in some clinically anxious patients, with particular relevance for understanding and addressing sex-related differences in socio-emotional abilities.

Having attenuated visualization has been proposed to confer vulnerability to hoarding, although some studies have found no differences in visualizing between individuals who hoard and controls. To clarify this, we investigated the presence and severity of hoarding symptoms and beliefs in a specialist sample of aphantasics (those without imagery) and hyperphantasics (those with extremely vivid imagery), compared to mid-range/typical visualizers, while controlling for confounds (i.e., age and depression levels). Bayesian analysis revealed stronger evidence favouring a lack of difference in hoarding symptoms between aphantasics (n = 58) and case-matched typical visualizers, although we found moderately strong evidence to suggest aphantasics were more inclined to report using objects as memory aids; a hoarding specific coping strategy. We also found moderately strong evidence to suggest hyperphantasics (n = 23) had lower hoarding symptoms compared to case-matched typical visualizers and were less likely to live in cluttered homes, whereas evidence was weaker/inconclusive regarding differences in hoarding beliefs. Overall, findings suggest attenuated visualization does not necessarily predispose hoarding, but enhanced visualizing capacities may protect against hoarding symptom development.

Despite an increase in climate-driven natural disasters, Australia has been slow to adopt pro-climate policy, partially due to resistance on the political right. Measures of ideology beyond the left-right continuum, including conventionalism, dominance and anti-egalitarianism, predict climate change-related attitudes in several Anglophone nations. A consistent additional predictor is partisan affiliation with specific political parties. The aim of this study (N = 390) was to compare the associations of right-wing ideological beliefs and identification with major political parties (Liberal, Labor and Greens parties) with climate mitigation and adaptation policy support, to determine whether either or both underpin support for climate policy in the Australian context. Path analysis revealed that anti-egalitarianism (negatively) and Greens partisan identity (positively) predicted both forms of climate policy support, whereas Liberal partisan identity and conventionalism only (negatively) predicted support for mitigation but not adaptation policy. Neither dominance nor Labor partisan identity predicted either type of policy support. Results indicate that some partisan identifications sit alongside ideological beliefs as unique drivers of climate policy support. Applying a social identity framework, we suggest that climate policy shifts within political parties could lead some partisans to alter their support in line with these changes.

This study explores the relationship between physical activity and bedtime procrastination among college students, focusing on how past time perspective and childhood socioeconomic status moderate this relationship. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 931 participants (64.7% female, aged 17-26) recruited from Tianjin and Wuhan, China. They completed a questionnaire survey on physical activity, sleep procrastination, past time perspective (comprising both negative and positive dimensions), and childhood socioeconomic status. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 and MPLUS 22.0. Results showed that higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower levels of bedtime procrastination. Past time perspective moderated this relationship. Specifically, physical activity had a stronger association with bedtime procrastination among college students with a low past negative time perspective or a high past positive time perspective. Childhood socioeconomic status also moderated the relationship between physical activity and bedtime procrastination, with physical activity having a stronger association with bedtime procrastination among college students with a low childhood socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that physical activity protects against bedtime procrastination, with stronger effects among students holding both more positive and less negative views of the past, as well as those from lower childhood socioeconomic status.

Individuals hold a variety of beliefs about emotions, which can influence how they regulate specific emotions. Additionally, concerns about social evaluations can shape how people's beliefs about emotions are associated with the way they manage their feelings. In this study, we investigate the beliefs about undesirability of positive emotions and controllability of feeling good in relation to positive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., positive rumination vs. dampening). Within the scope of this study, the concepts of fear of happiness and discomfort with positive emotions were examined in relation to beliefs about undesirability. Moreover, we considered the moderating roles of both fears of positive and negative evaluation in the relationships between those beliefs and the regulation strategies. Our findings (N = 411) indicated that both fear of happiness and discomfort with positive emotions were associated with lower positive rumination but were associated with higher dampening. On the contrary, beliefs about the controllability of feeling good were associated with higher positive rumination but with lower dampening. However, neither of the fears of social evaluation moderated the relationship between emotion beliefs and positive emotion regulation strategies. Our findings highlight the role of emotional beliefs in positive emotion regulation and suggest that interventions targeting these beliefs can improve emotion regulation skills.

Specific learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent academic challenges. This narrative review synthesizes behavioral and neuroimaging evidence from 48 peer-reviewed studies on working memory impairments in reading, written expression or mathematics difficulties. Key findings reveal domain-specific deficits: phonological loop impairments dominate in reading difficulties, visuospatial sketchpad in math difficulties, and central executive dysfunction, especially in comorbid reading and mathematics disorder. This review addresses inconsistencies in prior literature due to methodological heterogeneity in task selection. By analyzing specific working memory tasks, we reveal that divergent findings stem from inconsistent task frameworks. Neuroimaging evidence links task-specific working memory profiles to atypical activation in language-related (e.g., angular gyrus) and number-processing (e.g., intraparietal sulcus) networks. This review is the first to attribute working memory inconsistencies in specific learning disabilities to task heterogeneity, offering a unified framework for research and clinical practice. It challenges IQ-based diagnostics, advocating working memory profiling for targeted interventions.

Human faces are critical for social communication, enabling individuals to make rapid judgments about traits like trustworthiness and competence. Previous research suggests that face masks can enhance perceptions of trustworthiness and, to a lesser extent, competence, although findings on competence are more variable and context-dependent. Additionally, age-related facial cues influence social judgments, with older and younger faces being evaluated differently. This research examined the impact of face masks on perceptions of trustworthiness and competence across two age groups: young adults (Study 1) and old adults (Study 2). Study 1 revealed that face masks increased perceptions of trustworthiness and competence for young faces. In contrast, Study 2 found no significant effects of face masks on trustworthiness or competence for older faces, suggesting that age-related facial features and stereotypes may overshadow mask-induced perceptual biases. Altogether, the findings indicate that the impact of face masks on social perceptions, particularly trustworthiness and competence, may not generalize reliably across different age groups.

Leadership styles play a critical role in shaping employees' work attitudes and intentions to remain with their organizations. This study examines how transformational and abusive leadership relate to turnover intentions, with a focus on how job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment mediate these relationships. Survey data were collected from 304 employees across diverse Portuguese organizations, using validated measures of leadership styles, job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and turnover intentions. Using serial multiple regression analyses with bootstrapping procedures, transformational leadership was positively associated with job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment and negatively associated with turnover intentions. In contrast, abusive leadership showed the opposite pattern of associations. Job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment were negatively related to turnover intentions and were identified as key attitudinal intervening variables in the associations between leadership styles and turnover intentions. Overall, the findings highlight contrasting associations between positive and negative leadership styles and key employee attitudes and turnover intentions, underscoring the importance of job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment for understanding employee retention in organizational contexts.

Objective: This study investigates the role of self-compassion as a mediator in the relationship between job stress and burnout among employees. While job stress is widely recognized as a critical factor leading to burnout, it has been suggested that self-compassion may be associated with a reduction in these negative effects. Method: Participants were 429 actively employed adults living in Turkey (50.6% female). The data were gathered using an online administration of standardized psychological scales, that is, Job Stressor Appraisal Scale, Copenhagen Burnout Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale. Four dimensions of work stress "Role and Workload, Role Inadequacy, Organizational Rules & Practices, and Subordinate Relations" are taken into consideration in the volumetric model. Path analysis with bootstrapping (5,000 resamples) was implemented using Mplus statistical software, with gender, economic condition, and way of working during COVID-19 as covariates. Findings: The model fit was acceptable in path analysis. Role and workload and role inadequacy had a significant direct impact on burnout. Self-compassion had a significant mediating impact on the relationship between role and workload and burnout and the relationship between role inadequacy and burnout. Conversely, for organizational rules and practices and subordinate relations, both direct and mediating effects were non-significant. The model accounted for 21% and 52% for variance in self-compassion and burnout, respectively. Conclusion: This study emphasises the mediating role of self-compassion in the effect of job stressors on burnout. These findings suggest that interventions promoting self-compassion in the workplace may be effective in reducing employee burnout.