Psychological Reports最新文献

Smartphone addiction (SA) and social network addiction (SNA) have emerged as growing public health concerns, as they may negatively affect well-being, physical activity (PA) behavior and self-esteem. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations of SA and SNA with PA and self-esteem in adolescents. Additionally, it was intended to examine differences in these digital addictions by self-esteem levels and gender. A cross-sectional, comparative, and correlational study was conducted in seven secondary schools, involving 562 students (47.98% boys, 49.29% girls) aged 14 to 18 years. Participants completed a set of questionnaires, including the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Social Media Addiction Scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The results showed that SA was inversely correlated with PA (p = 0.009), whereas SNA was only correlated with moderate-intensity PA (p = 0.026). Adolescents with low and moderate self-esteem reported higher levels of SA and SNA, as well as lower levels of PA compared to those with high self-esteem. In addition, boys showed lower levels of SA and SNA, higher PA levels (p < 0.001), and better self-esteem than girls (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the present study suggests that SA and SNA may be negatively associated with both PA and self-esteem, with girls appearing more vulnerable to these digital addictions. These findings may provide insights for intervention strategies aimed at improving adolescent well-being and emphasize the need to focus such interventions on promoting self-esteem and reducing excessive use of digital services.

It has long been recognized that temperament contributes to different abilities of people to succeed in school. The earlier studies identified a consistent association of higher school achievements with temperament traits related to sustained attention, intelligence and positive emotionality. This study used two cultural samples and the neuroscience-based temperament test (Structure of Temperament Questionnaire-Compact, STQ-77-C3), to examine the associations between temperament and 2nd and 3rd years school grades in more detail. The results showed that estimated grades in Canadian sample (N = 180, M/F = 95/85) and documented grades in eight subjects in Russian sample (N = 109, M/F = 51/58) supported the earlier findings of positive associations between the grades and temperament traits related to sustained attention and intelligence. However, our results showed a much more differentiated pattern of temperament-grades associations. Contrarily to expectations, the Satisfaction scale measuring emotional valence showed no significant (at p < 0.01) effects in both samples. The Neuroticism scale measuring dispositional behavioural alertness and avoidance of uncertainty negatively correlated with the grades in Mathematics and Science/Environment in both samples but not with other school subjects. Social Tempo had high correlations with documented grades across all subjects, whereas Social Endurance had a significant correlation only with Art in the sample that used documented grades. There was also a differential pattern of temperament-grades associations for Sensation Seeking versus Probabilistic Processing scales. Our results, therefore, highlight the benefits of using the STQ-77-C3 (text provided in this paper) for a subtle differentiation of children's temperament profiles, to ensure a personalized approach in educational settings.

This study investigated strategies to address problematic Facebook use (PFU) among Korean university students by examining the associations between multidimensional Facebook use intensity, social comparison, fear of missing out (FoMO), depression, and PFU. Data were collected from 423 active Facebook users, mainly undergraduate students, between February 1 and 28, 2023. Participants were voluntarily recruited through student's union. Although overall Facebook use among college-aged students has declined, these participants continued to use the platform for academic announcements, club activities, and student group communications, supporting their relevance as a study sample. Results indicated that higher multidimensional Facebook use intensity was associated with greater PFU. This pattern was observed alongside factors such as lower self-regulation and specific Facebook design features, which were linked to more intensive platform engagement. Mediation analyses suggested that higher Facebook use intensity was associated with increased social comparison, FoMO, and depressive symptoms, each of which correlated with higher PFU. Sequential mediation analysis further indicated that multidimensional Facebook use intensity may be connected to PFU through these psychological factors. These findings point to specific intervention strategies, such as promoting self-regulation skills, providing educational programs that raise awareness of the psychological effects of social comparison and FoMO, and encouraging the use of platform tools to monitor and limit excessive engagement. Such strategies may help university students engage with Facebook more mindfully, potentially reducing the negative psychological consequences of intensive social media use.

Background: Core beliefs, per Beck's cognitive theory, are fundamental views of self and others that shape emotion. Although the Negative Core Beliefs Inventory (NCBI) is validated in adults, evidence in adolescents-a key period for belief formation-remains limited. Objective: Validate the NCBI for adolescents by testing factorial structure, reliability, and validity. Methods: 146 students (12-17) in Salvador, Brazil, completed the NCBI plus anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction measures. Analyses included expert content review, EFA/CFA, graded response and generalized partial credit IRT models, and EBICglasso network modeling. Results: CFA supported the two-factor solution with acceptable fit (CFI = .89; RMSEA = .056). Internal consistency was good (most ω > .70); nCB-O ω = .87 and overall nCB-S ω = .93, but helplessness/vulnerability was lower (ω = .64). IRT indicated adequate discrimination for most items and greater information at higher trait levels; nCB-S9 performed poorly. Networks showed expected associations with anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction, supporting concurrent validity. Conclusions: The NCBI appears suitable for assessing negative core beliefs in adolescents and may aid early identification and intervention. Targeted refinement-particularly of nCB-S9 and the helplessness/vulnerability subscale-could strengthen psychometrics for this population. Broader samples and longitudinal designs are warranted to confirm stability and predictive validity.

We examined whether the cultural values of indebtedness and repayment expectation as two facets of reciprocity were indirectly associated with adolescents' drinking via parental psychological control (PPC) in Korean culture. Korean adolescents (N = 354, 13-16 years old, and 207 female-identified) attending a middle school in Seoul participated in an innovative online survey using a slider (0-100). Measures included the Indebtedness and Repayment Expectation Scale developed for this study, an established scale of PPC, and drinking frequency in the past year. Latent variable Structural Equation Models revealed that repayment expectation-expecting others to repay favors-was significantly positively associated with PPC among male-identified adolescents. PPC was in turn significantly positively associated with drinking frequency. Female-identified adolescents felt more controlled by their primary caregivers than did male-identified adolescents, whereas multiple group analyses showed that the strength of the association between reciprocity facets and PPC was larger for male-identified adolescents than female-identified adolescents. These results suggest that both repayment expectation and PPC may be risk factors for Korean middle school adolescents' drinking. Our results highlight potential cultural and familial risk factors for Korean adolescents' drinking and may guide prevention efforts focusing on reducing repayment expectation and PPC in order to reduce adolescents' drinking.

Intolerance of uncertainty plays a significant role in decision-making by shaping how individuals perceive, interpret, and react to uncertain situations. Consequently, this research seeks to explore the relationship between the five decision-making styles and intolerance of uncertainty. To conduct this study, we utilized the General Decision-Making Style Scale (GDMS) and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). A total of 131 participants were recruited from a university and other locations through SONA, a software program that helps universities manage research study participation, and social media platforms. The analysis of decision-making styles using a correlogram revealed significant correlations among them, indicating that these styles are not entirely independent. Intuitive decision-making correlated positively with both rational and spontaneous decision-making styles, while dependent decision-making was correlated positively with avoidant decision-making, which also correlated with spontaneous decision-making. These interconnections were accounted for in the regression analyses, ensuring that the relationship of intolerance of uncertainty in each decision-making style was assessed separately. The findings showed that individuals with higher intolerance of uncertainty were more likely to adopt an avoidant decision-making style and less likely to use a rational approach. Additionally, individuals who consider uncertainty "unfair" were more inclined toward dependent and avoidant decision-making styles. Moreover, the findings of this study can help individuals gain insight into their decision-making style and intolerance of uncertainty, enhancing self-awareness and enabling them to recognize their responses to ambiguity while developing strategies for more effective decision-making.

Self-control allows people to align their behaviour with intention in the face of a motivational conflict. Lay beliefs about self-control are associated with self-control performance. However, previous research has focused on whether self-control is seen as a limited resource in the short term and mostly ignored beliefs about whether self-control is malleable in the long term. We examined these two aspects of lay beliefs in two preregistered questionnaire studies with adult UK participants (n₁ = 182, n₂ = 199). In both studies, beliefs about the limitedness and malleability of self-control were relatively independent of each other. Moreover, limitedness beliefs varied depending on the self-control domain. Self-control beliefs were related to but relatively distinct from self-esteem, self-efficacy, and trait self-control. Beliefs about the malleability of self-control were moderately associated with beliefs about the malleability of overall personality, but not with beliefs about intelligence. Our results support a multidimensional and domain-specific approach when measuring self-control beliefs.

In a time of rapid technological change, enhancing technical workers' taking charge behavior is critical for improving organizational competitiveness and sustainability. Drawing on the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, we developed and tested a model to examine the positive impact of coaching leadership on employees' taking charge behavior. We conducted a multi-wave, multi-source survey study among technical workers in a large Chinese innovative manufacturing company, and finally collected data from 351 leader-employee dyads. The results show that coaching leadership promotes technical workers' taking charge behavior by enhancing their task crafting. In addition, task difficulty positively moderates the effect of coaching leadership on task crafting, thereby increasing taking charge behaviors among technical workers. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the study.

With the increasing accessibility of digital technologies, problematic gaming behaviors, including Gaming Disorder (GD) and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), have become growing public health concern among adolescents. These behaviors are shaped by a complex interplay of demographic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of GD and IGD among school-going adolescents in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Kurigram district using stratified cluster sampling. A total of 1097 participants were assessed for GD and 1053 for IGD using the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT-4) and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), respectively. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. The mean GD score was 6.14 ± 2.77, and the mean IGD score was 10.68 ± 4.38. Significant group differences in gaming scores were found by gender, age, substance use history, parental supervision, parent-child understanding, bullying, truancy, loneliness, and screen time. Multiple linear regression revealed that male gender, substance use, poor parental monitoring, poor parent-child relationships, bullying, loneliness, and daily internet use were significantly associated with gaming scores. The regression models explained a modest but meaningful proportion of variance (adjusted R² = 0.111 for GD; adjusted R² = 0.123 for IGD), indicating that additional unmeasured factors may contribute to gaming-related problems. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of problematic gaming and highlight the need for multi-level interventions targeting family dynamics, digital behavior regulation, and peer interactions. Tailored prevention strategies addressing these modifiable risk factors may help mitigate gaming-related harms and promote healthier digital use among adolescents, particularly in low-resource settings.

Researchers have found that psychological well-being is independently correlated with both optimism and flow. Although the flow-optimism-well-being structure has been studied empirically, there hasn't been much concentrated synthesis on optimism's particular mediating mechanism. This review conducts a thorough analysis of peer-reviewed research on optimism as a specific mediator between flow and psychological health in adults between the ages of 18 and 65. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were adhered to in this systematic review. To find studies published between 2015 and 2025, six databases were searched: PsycINFO, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ERIC. The following criteria must be met for inclusion: statistical mediation analysis of optimism between flow and well-being, adult samples, empirical research, and English language proficiency. To evaluate quality, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was employed. All of the updated inclusion criteria were met by three studies. However, generalizability is constrained by measurement and design heterogeneity. With indirect effects ranging from .15 to.23, these studies consistently showed that optimism serves as a mediator in the relationship between flow and psychological well-being particularly. Although the majority of the included studies used cross-sectional designs, the evidence was especially strong in longitudinal and daily diary designs. Hence, the review reveals a consistent but moderate mediation effect where optimism acts as a significant psychological mechanism through which flow experiences enhance well-being.