Psychological Reports最新文献

Extant literature demonstrated mixed findings on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and executive function. This meta-analysis aimed to consolidate the current findings and investigate the long-term influences of child maltreatment on cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory in emerging adults. PsycINFO (EBSCO), ERIC (EBSCO), ERIC (ProQuest), COCHRANE, and MEDLINE were searched to identify a final sample of 17 studies. Inclusion criteria were studies that recruited emerging adults, measured childhood maltreatment, and included specific measurements of cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory. Subgroup analyses were performed among the three domains of executive function. To account for covariates and dependency, moderator analyses were computed to test the relative magnitude and direction of effect sizes among the categories of executive function. The analyses showed that emerging adults with a history of childhood maltreatment exhibited worse cognitive flexibility (g = -0.30, SE = 0.08, p = .0002), and inhibitory control (g = -0.10, SE = 0.05, p = .04), as compared to the non-abused emerging adults. Working memory between the abused emerging adults as a child and the non-abused was comparable (g = 0.26, SE = 0.17, p = .13). Moderators analyses, controlling for peer review status and age of participants, consistently displayed that the effect size of child maltreatment on working memory to be significantly more positive than that on cognitive flexibility (univariate moderators model: b = 0.31, SE = 0.13, p = .02; Correlated and hierarchical effects model: b = 0.30, SE = 0.12, p = .02) whereas the effect of child maltreatment on cognitive flexibility did not significantly differ from that of inhibitory control (univariate moderators model: b = 0.15, SE = 0.11, p = .18; Correlated and hierarchical effects model: b = -0.01, SE = 0.10, p = .88). Experiences of childhood maltreatment impaired cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control but preserved working memory among emerging adults. The results supported both the deficits model on the adverse effects of childhood maltreatment and the adaptation model on maintaining an optimal level of working memory despite harsh and difficult upbringing.

The uncertainty that surrounded the COVID-19 pandemic played a key role in the mental health experienced by people during that period. The present study examined the relation between future time perspective and mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and whether intolerance of uncertainty may play a mediating role in this relation. A sample of 349 university students (Mage = 23.57, 87.4% females) completed scales assessing future time perspective, intolerance of uncertainty, positive mental health and psychological distress. The path analysis indicated that future time perspective was negatively related to both psychological distress and intolerance of uncertainty. The negative implications were significantly linked with both positive mental health and psychological distress. Further, the negative implications mediated the relation between future time perspectives and both indicators of mental health. These results underlined intolerance of uncertainty as a potential mechanism that might explain the impact of future time perspective on mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are discussed in terms of practical implications regarding future time perspective and intolerance of uncertainty on young people's mental health.

Self-compassion is a psychological construct associated with enhanced well-being, which, to a lesser extent, has been examined in relation to addictive behaviors. The present study aims to: (1) examine gender differences in self-compassion, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and problematic Internet and smartphone use; (2) analyze the relationships among these variables; and (3) determine whether self-compassion moderates the association between anxiety and depressive symptomatology and problematic Internet and smartphone use. The sample consisted of 953 Spanish secondary school students aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.42, SD = 1.17; 55.0% females). Significant gender differences were found in all study variables except problematic Internet use, with females reporting higher levels of anxiety, depression, and problematic smartphone use, and males scoring higher in self-compassion. Moderation analyses revealed that depression and anxiety were positively associated with both problematic Internet smartphone use, while self-compassion showed negative associations with both outcomes. Significant interactions were observed, with stronger positive associations between anxiety and depression and both problematic Internet and smartphone use at higher levels of self-compassion. Our results underscore that association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and problematic Internet and smartphone use in adolescents varied across levels of self-compassion, supporting its consideration in interventions targeting behavioral addictions.

Duolingo, a gamified educational digital platform, has received significant popularity in EFL education. In this context, the study purposes to explores how Algerian EFL learners respond to using Duolingo as a digital technology learning tool. Specifically, the study sought to investigate the role of Self-Efficacy (SE) and Intrinsic Motivation (IM) in shaping Algerian EFL learners' behavioral intention (BI) to use Duolingo within an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. Both direct and indirect effects were tested alongside the moderating roles of Digital Resource Access and Institutional Support using structural equation modeling approach. Data were collected from 319 EFL undergraduate students through a validated questionnaire. Findings revealed significant direct effect of both Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation on BI. In addition, Self-Efficacy indirectly influenced BI through perceived usefulness (PU), while Intrinsic Motivation had an indirect effect via Perceived Ease of Use (PEU). Furthermore, Institutional Support and Digital Resource access has significantly moderate the PU and PEU on BI pathways respectively. The study highlights the need for Algerian higher education to adopt local pedagogical and infrastructural strategies to optimize the use of digital language tools in EFL education.

Digital forms of communication afford users unprecedented access to supportive others during times of need. Yet there has been little experimental research that compares the nature and effectiveness of informal support provided through digital communication. In this lab-based experiment, 348 female young adults took part in a stressful task and were randomly assigned to receive support from a close female friend through (1) in-person communication, (2) video calling, (3) voice calling, (4) text messaging, or (5) a no-support control condition. In-person, video and voice communication resulted in similar perceived levels of received support, satisfaction with support, and affective outcomes of support. However, participants who received support through texting reported significantly lower positive affect and less laughter and smiling (compared to all other forms of communication). Text message support was also perceived as less empathetic and resulted in lower satisfaction (compared to in-person communication). The present study replicates and extends past research by identifying specific ways in which text-based support may fall short. In both research and clinical contexts, more work is needed to optimize this popular and convenient platform for the provision of social support.

Professionalism and goal-oriented behavior are essential constructs within psychological and educational growth of medical residents. Based on self-determination theory and achievement goal theory, the present research explored the relationship between professionalism dimensions and goal-oriented behaviors within postgraduate residents in Pakistan. A cross-sectional quantitative design was used with 150 medical residents of CMH Multan Institute of Medical Sciences. Professionalism was determined with the Professionalism Assessment Tool (PAT), and motivational orientation was determined with the General Achievement Goal Orientation Scale (GAGOS). High professionalism was found, with ethics and altruism as the highest rated, followed by communication as the lowest. Mastery and global motivation were the most prominent goal orientations. Pearson correlation revealed a moderately positive and significant association between goal-oriented behavior and professionalism (r = 0.656, p < .001). Linear regression indicated that goal-oriented behavior accounted for 43% of the variance in professionalism (R² = 0.43). Regression analysis showed that goal-oriented behavior was moderately positively correlated with professionalism, and global motivation was the best predictor. The results highlight the significance of intrinsic motivation and self-regulated learning to promote professionalism and justify the integration of psychological concepts in medical training. The current research adds to the psychological body of knowledge in motivation and identity formation in clinical education settings.

The study aims to explore the stakeholders' perspectives on punitive disciplinary forms and positive behavioral adjustment measures for adolescent rebellions of secondary school students. The mixed-method research involves the participation of 351 people, including 93 teachers, 72 parents and 186 students from secondary schools in Vietnam. Questionnaires, and interviews are the primary research instruments for data collection. The results indicate that the application of positive measures is more supported by students and tends to change behavior more positively. Student learning motivation is enhanced with different behavioral adjustment measures. Although there are differences in assessment, students, teachers and parents all highly appreciate the effectiveness of this method. Additionally, barriers to implementing measures to prevent "rebellious" behavior of students were found to include: Cultural barriers; low awareness of students; achievement pressure from families and schools; the downside of the technology explosion. Some recommendations were also proposed for students, families, schools and society to overcome the challenges of adolescent rebellion.

We propose the "low-profile effect," suggesting that individuals awaiting uncertain outcomes of significant life events exhibit behavioral inhibition and adopt a low-profile demeanor in public to manage anxiety and social scrutiny. Through four experiments, we provide robust evidence for this hypothesis. Experiment 1 showed that participants reflecting on important, uncontrollable outcomes were less inclined to seek public attention or engage in self-promotion. Experiments 2 and 3 further demonstrated reduced preferences for conspicuous brands and a reluctance to publicly correct others' mistakes, respectively, highlighting restrained social behaviors. Behavioral inhibition was identified as a potential mediator of these effects. Experiment 4, conducted in a field setting, revealed that the low-profile effect intensifies as the temporal proximity of the anticipated outcome increases, underscoring the role of uncertainty's immediacy. This research contributes to the literature on decision-making under uncertainty by introducing the low-profile effect as a novel behavioral response, offering insights into how individuals navigate social environments during periods of personal uncertainty. These findings have implications for understanding self-presentation, social behavior, and coping mechanisms in uncertain contexts.

Perceivers use men's facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) in coalitional decision-making, weighing the costs and benefits associated with formidable men based upon this cue. Nonetheless, inferences of coalitional utility remain multimodal. Interpersonal signals connoting affiliative intent could implicate formidable men as valuable when otherwise seen as liabilities in these coalitional processes. This study considers this possibility with a replication and extension of previous research indicating the contexts in which high-fWHR men are (un)desirable by considering signals of affiliative and aggressive intent through humor. We recruited a nationally representative U.S. adult sample (N = 1,385) to evaluate a series of high-fWHR and low-fWHR male targets described as employing aggressive or affiliative humor. Participants indicated the effectiveness of the targets in high-status roles (i.e., intergroup representation and intragroup enforcement) and tasks that require physical strength or mental finesse to solve complex problems. High-fWHR men were perceived as more effective in tasks requiring strength. The inferred costs of formidability for tasks requiring finesse were mitigated when high-fWHR men used affiliative humor. Low-fWHR men and affiliative humorists were further preferred for diplomacy. Results reflect the importance of multimodal inferences in coalition decision-making.

Anxiety and depression are disorders that affect thousands of people annually. Among those affected, cancer patients stand out, as they frequently develop these conditions during the pre-and post-operative periods and throughout chemotherapy treatment. These conditions can hinder recovery and quality of life, especially in cases of metastatic neoplasms. The aim was to evaluate anxiety and depression levels in cancer patients during the pre-and post-surgical phases and while undergoing treatment at the oncology clinic of a University Hospital and to collect sociodemographic information on tumor sites and metastasis. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) were used for analysis. The study included 338 patients aged between 16 and 95 years, and statistical tests were conducted to assess normality and compare anxiety and depression levels between genders. The most common types of cancer were breast (24.85%), colorectal (22.78%), and prostate (18.34%). It was observed that 55.62% of the patients had metastases, primarily in the bones (15.08%) and lymph nodes (14.20%). The comparison of anxiety levels showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) between men and women, with women exhibiting higher levels. Depression was also more prevalent among women (P = 0.0001). No significant differences were found in anxiety and depression levels between surgical and chemotherapy treatment groups. In conclusion, patients undergoing clinical and surgical oncology treatments experience varying levels of anxiety and depression, with female patients having a higher prevalence of both.