Abstract Following pilot testing of the effects of alkaline-based nanoparticles on modern parchment, the treatment was extended to historical parchment. This paper describes the application and impact of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate nanoparticles dispersed in (i) propan-2-ol and (ii) cyclohexane on a parchment book cover dated 1570. The cover showed signs of damage resulting from contact with iron gall inks and low pH values (∼4–5). Protocols for the damage assessment of collagen in parchment as developed in the IDAP project (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment) were used to evaluate the impact of the conservation treatments on parchment. Preliminary results have shown that the application of calcium-based nanoparticles did not produce any adverse effects on the state of preservation of collagen. In addition, positive outcomes emerged: the pH was re-adjusted to a neutral value, a strengthening and consolidation effect was observed, and the nanoparticles exhibited a protective action upon artificial ageing of the treated parchment.
{"title":"Insights From the NANOforArt Project: Application of Calcium-Based Nanoparticle Dispersions for Improved Preservation of Parchment Documents","authors":"A. Bartoletti, M. Odlyha, L. Bozec","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following pilot testing of the effects of alkaline-based nanoparticles on modern parchment, the treatment was extended to historical parchment. This paper describes the application and impact of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate nanoparticles dispersed in (i) propan-2-ol and (ii) cyclohexane on a parchment book cover dated 1570. The cover showed signs of damage resulting from contact with iron gall inks and low pH values (∼4–5). Protocols for the damage assessment of collagen in parchment as developed in the IDAP project (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment) were used to evaluate the impact of the conservation treatments on parchment. Preliminary results have shown that the application of calcium-based nanoparticles did not produce any adverse effects on the state of preservation of collagen. In addition, positive outcomes emerged: the pH was re-adjusted to a neutral value, a strengthening and consolidation effect was observed, and the nanoparticles exhibited a protective action upon artificial ageing of the treated parchment.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48756630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Behrens, U. Henniges, Kerstin Forstmeyer, I. Brückle
Abstract Ink corrosion on parchment is a phenomenon that, unlike its counterpart on paper, has so far been little researched. The same applies to the options for conservation treatment. In order to provide a guide for conservation practice as well as further research, five water-based treatment methods were examined: calcium phytate with pH 5.3 or 3.0, a 0.5% (w/w) solution type B gelatine, a 1% (w/w) solution of phytic acid at pH 2.2 and calcium phytate in combination with gelatine. These were tested on 70 specimens cut from on piece of buffed vellum and 36 specimens from an early modern deed on parchment that showed signs of ink degradation. After treatment and accelerated ageing, the samples were examined with colorimetry and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and tested with bathophenanthroline for free iron ions. None of the tested treatment methods achieved a fully reliable inhibition of ink corrosion, but apart from a moisture-catalysed acceleration of degradation reactions, no adverse effects were observed either. Results from ATR-FTIR suggest that oxidation plays a more important role in damage related to ink corrosion of parchment than hydrolysis.
{"title":"Iron Gall Ink Corrosion on Parchment. Preliminary Evaluation of Treatment Methods Using Aqueous Solutions","authors":"Lisa Behrens, U. Henniges, Kerstin Forstmeyer, I. Brückle","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ink corrosion on parchment is a phenomenon that, unlike its counterpart on paper, has so far been little researched. The same applies to the options for conservation treatment. In order to provide a guide for conservation practice as well as further research, five water-based treatment methods were examined: calcium phytate with pH 5.3 or 3.0, a 0.5% (w/w) solution type B gelatine, a 1% (w/w) solution of phytic acid at pH 2.2 and calcium phytate in combination with gelatine. These were tested on 70 specimens cut from on piece of buffed vellum and 36 specimens from an early modern deed on parchment that showed signs of ink degradation. After treatment and accelerated ageing, the samples were examined with colorimetry and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and tested with bathophenanthroline for free iron ions. None of the tested treatment methods achieved a fully reliable inhibition of ink corrosion, but apart from a moisture-catalysed acceleration of degradation reactions, no adverse effects were observed either. Results from ATR-FTIR suggest that oxidation plays a more important role in damage related to ink corrosion of parchment than hydrolysis.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42348478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article focuses on research into two ways of repairing holes found on parchment of Late Antique manuscripts. Their appearance and the reasons for these repairs are analysed and illustrated using the example of the Vienna Dioscorides, a Byzantine manuscript dated to 512. The reconstruction of the manufacturing method of thin Late Antique parchment prepared from lambskins shows clearly that these repairs were an important part of the production process and not subsequent repairs. Conservation of parchment may in some cases have a serious effect on the perception of this important technological evidence.
{"title":"Hole Repairs as Proof of a Specific Method of Manufacture of Late Antique Parchment","authors":"Jiří Vnouček","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article focuses on research into two ways of repairing holes found on parchment of Late Antique manuscripts. Their appearance and the reasons for these repairs are analysed and illustrated using the example of the Vienna Dioscorides, a Byzantine manuscript dated to 512. The reconstruction of the manufacturing method of thin Late Antique parchment prepared from lambskins shows clearly that these repairs were an important part of the production process and not subsequent repairs. Conservation of parchment may in some cases have a serious effect on the perception of this important technological evidence.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43458557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Sigrid Eyb-Green, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41980220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Novel approaches for reconstituted parchment from solely collagenous material are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this infill technique are named, existing recipes which exclusively use collagenous material are analysed and modified. In a series of experiments, the possibilities to decrease or replace formaldehyde in existing recipes are explored and physical properties are investigated. As a result, two new recipes for reconstituted parchment are developed: the first one with a decreased amount of formaldehyde, the second one with potassium aluminium sulphate instead of formaldehyde. Their haptic and visual qualities are compared.
{"title":"Novel Approaches for Opaque Reconstituted Parchment","authors":"Charlotte Bretzendorfer, Andrea Pataki-Hundt","doi":"10.1515/res-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Novel approaches for reconstituted parchment from solely collagenous material are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this infill technique are named, existing recipes which exclusively use collagenous material are analysed and modified. In a series of experiments, the possibilities to decrease or replace formaldehyde in existing recipes are explored and physical properties are investigated. As a result, two new recipes for reconstituted parchment are developed: the first one with a decreased amount of formaldehyde, the second one with potassium aluminium sulphate instead of formaldehyde. Their haptic and visual qualities are compared.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43738635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Parchment manuscripts form an important part of many historic collections. They are often found folded, with some displaying multiple fold patterns resulting from changing uses over their history. Parchment is a potentially fragile medium and folding can increase its susceptibility to damage, as well as hampering access and display. Treatment to address these issues may involve the relaxation of the folded structure, using humidification or a solvent such as propanol, and gentle pressing or stretching. However, this presents a dilemma – an inappropriately folded manuscript may be more prone to damage, but treatments require invasive interventions. This preliminary study has employed infrared spectroscopy and shrinkage temperature measurements to better understand the properties of folded parchment. It demonstrates that physicochemical changes can be detected at the fold and, to a lesser extent, in adjacent areas, compared to the bulk material, and that monitoring these changes allows the impact of different treatment methods to be assessed. This provides a basis for further research into the effect of both the original folding and of potential treatment methods, to inform conservation decisions and help ensure appropriate, effective, and sympathetic outcomes.
{"title":"Investigating the Properties of Folded Parchment – A Preliminary Study","authors":"P. Garside, Camille Dekeyser","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Parchment manuscripts form an important part of many historic collections. They are often found folded, with some displaying multiple fold patterns resulting from changing uses over their history. Parchment is a potentially fragile medium and folding can increase its susceptibility to damage, as well as hampering access and display. Treatment to address these issues may involve the relaxation of the folded structure, using humidification or a solvent such as propanol, and gentle pressing or stretching. However, this presents a dilemma – an inappropriately folded manuscript may be more prone to damage, but treatments require invasive interventions. This preliminary study has employed infrared spectroscopy and shrinkage temperature measurements to better understand the properties of folded parchment. It demonstrates that physicochemical changes can be detected at the fold and, to a lesser extent, in adjacent areas, compared to the bulk material, and that monitoring these changes allows the impact of different treatment methods to be assessed. This provides a basis for further research into the effect of both the original folding and of potential treatment methods, to inform conservation decisions and help ensure appropriate, effective, and sympathetic outcomes.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46664994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Objects made of dyed parchment are relatively rare in libraries and archives. When conservators dye parchment, they are essentially concerned with approximating the colour of the aged original material. Various methods are available today for dyeing parchment and other skin-based materials. This overview describes two methods in detail: staining with pastel chalk and dyeing with leather dye. Dyeing can be carried out before or after the application of an infill, the resulting advantages and disadvantages are briefly described. A look at the basis for decision for or against colour matching aims to motivate further discussion on this topic.
{"title":"Dyeing Parchment Infills","authors":"Kerstin Forstmeyer","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objects made of dyed parchment are relatively rare in libraries and archives. When conservators dye parchment, they are essentially concerned with approximating the colour of the aged original material. Various methods are available today for dyeing parchment and other skin-based materials. This overview describes two methods in detail: staining with pastel chalk and dyeing with leather dye. Dyeing can be carried out before or after the application of an infill, the resulting advantages and disadvantages are briefly described. A look at the basis for decision for or against colour matching aims to motivate further discussion on this topic.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45866154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This work will give an overview of the scientific approach used for the study of written heritage on parchment. Elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) together with compound-specific analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy can be applied in a non-invasive way, without the need for sampling and without inducing changes to the object. Physico-chemical investigations are complemented and further deepened by DNA- and biological analyses for the identification of the biological origin of materials and the identification of microorganisms, insects and viruses that might be present on the object which may add valuable information about its history and conservation state.
{"title":"Non-Invasive Physico-Chemical and Biological Analysis of Parchment Manuscripts – An Overview","authors":"F. Cappa, K. Sterflinger","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work will give an overview of the scientific approach used for the study of written heritage on parchment. Elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) together with compound-specific analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy can be applied in a non-invasive way, without the need for sampling and without inducing changes to the object. Physico-chemical investigations are complemented and further deepened by DNA- and biological analyses for the identification of the biological origin of materials and the identification of microorganisms, insects and viruses that might be present on the object which may add valuable information about its history and conservation state.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43723197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract D5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane), a non-polar solvent that evaporates slowly, was tested for its suitability as a temporary masking agent for water-sensitive media on paper objects undergoing aqueous treatment. Three different treatment-related settings were tested on five different paper types, some prepared with water-soluble inks. In 10-min water immersion treatments, D5 proved largely ineffectual in protecting the water-soluble inks. In conjunction with melt-applications of cyclododecane, the addition of D5 enhanced its barrier function only in one case. To test the ability of D5 to prevent tideline formation, the test samples received applications of water, acetone, and a water-ethanol-mixture, creating an interface with freshly D5-impregnated areas. The papers were evaluated visually (VIS, UVA), some after artificial aging. D5 diminished the formation of visible tidelines in the two internally sized papers with low water absorbency in contact with acetone and the ethanol-water mixture, but did not prevent tidelines in contact with water. It also did not protect water-absorbent paper. The results indicate that D5, which is miscible with ethanol and acetone, may disperse tidelines caused by these solvents, but it proved largely insufficient for protecting media during water immersion.
{"title":"Cyclopentasiloxane (D5) as a Non-Polar Masking Agent for Water-Sensitive Substrates During Polar Solvent Treatment","authors":"K. Köhler, I. Brückle, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/res-2021-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2021-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract D5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane), a non-polar solvent that evaporates slowly, was tested for its suitability as a temporary masking agent for water-sensitive media on paper objects undergoing aqueous treatment. Three different treatment-related settings were tested on five different paper types, some prepared with water-soluble inks. In 10-min water immersion treatments, D5 proved largely ineffectual in protecting the water-soluble inks. In conjunction with melt-applications of cyclododecane, the addition of D5 enhanced its barrier function only in one case. To test the ability of D5 to prevent tideline formation, the test samples received applications of water, acetone, and a water-ethanol-mixture, creating an interface with freshly D5-impregnated areas. The papers were evaluated visually (VIS, UVA), some after artificial aging. D5 diminished the formation of visible tidelines in the two internally sized papers with low water absorbency in contact with acetone and the ethanol-water mixture, but did not prevent tidelines in contact with water. It also did not protect water-absorbent paper. The results indicate that D5, which is miscible with ethanol and acetone, may disperse tidelines caused by these solvents, but it proved largely insufficient for protecting media during water immersion.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43955762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2022-frontmatter4
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-frontmatter4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-frontmatter4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45002486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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