Abstract In this study we will outline the history of paper conservation at the Wien Museum, emphasizing particularly on bleaching methods which were carried out during the period of 1978–1987. Our research is primarily based on conservation protocols kept at the museum during the period studied. Furthermore, theme-centred expert interviews were conducted with conservators who had worked for the collection. A literature review of common bleaching methods in paper conservation helped putting our observations into the larger context of scientific discourse at the time. During the period under study the main bleaching agents were hydrogen peroxide combined with diethyl ether and chloramine T. There were uncertainties regarding pre- and post-treatment options such as washing, deacidification and “anti-chlorine baths”. In general, treatment protocols and interviews reflect the state of published research of that time.
{"title":"Paper Conservation at the Wien Museum from 1978 to 1987 with Particular Emphasis on Bleaching Practices","authors":"Elina Eder, Sigrid Eyb-Green, W. Baatz","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study we will outline the history of paper conservation at the Wien Museum, emphasizing particularly on bleaching methods which were carried out during the period of 1978–1987. Our research is primarily based on conservation protocols kept at the museum during the period studied. Furthermore, theme-centred expert interviews were conducted with conservators who had worked for the collection. A literature review of common bleaching methods in paper conservation helped putting our observations into the larger context of scientific discourse at the time. During the period under study the main bleaching agents were hydrogen peroxide combined with diethyl ether and chloramine T. There were uncertainties regarding pre- and post-treatment options such as washing, deacidification and “anti-chlorine baths”. In general, treatment protocols and interviews reflect the state of published research of that time.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45749601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article is part of the oral history research project at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and discusses the development of mountings and passe-partouts at the Grafische Sammlung Albertina from 1805 until 2018. Based on the history of passe-partouts, the professionalisation of paper conservation in Vienna can be described. Passe-partouts of drawings and prints were chronologically classified. The collection history, the appearance of the passe-partouts as well as inventory catalogues and collection stamps served to classify the passe-partouts. The prints were mounted on back mounts at the beginning of the 19th century, after 1822 they were stored in albums. Since 1900, prints were removed from the albums, from nationalisation in 1919 onwards, they were set in passe-partouts. The drawings, however, were always kept in passe-partouts. At the beginning, these only consisted of back mounts. In the 1860ies, they were supplemented by a window mount. The hinged window mount that appeared in the 1960ies has been complemented with a cover sheet since the 1990ies.
{"title":"The Development of Mounts and Mounting Techniques at the Albertina in Vienna from 1805 to 2018","authors":"Eva-Maria Loh, Sigrid Eyb-Green, W. Baatz","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is part of the oral history research project at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and discusses the development of mountings and passe-partouts at the Grafische Sammlung Albertina from 1805 until 2018. Based on the history of passe-partouts, the professionalisation of paper conservation in Vienna can be described. Passe-partouts of drawings and prints were chronologically classified. The collection history, the appearance of the passe-partouts as well as inventory catalogues and collection stamps served to classify the passe-partouts. The prints were mounted on back mounts at the beginning of the 19th century, after 1822 they were stored in albums. Since 1900, prints were removed from the albums, from nationalisation in 1919 onwards, they were set in passe-partouts. The drawings, however, were always kept in passe-partouts. At the beginning, these only consisted of back mounts. In the 1860ies, they were supplemented by a window mount. The hinged window mount that appeared in the 1960ies has been complemented with a cover sheet since the 1990ies.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42617017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter3-4
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter3-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter3-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49538829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many years, the status of Library and Archive Conservation Education (LACE) in the United States has been in flux. The history of the institutional education of library conservators in the U.S. has been surveyed elsewhere in this issue. This essay will begin by reviewing some recent history and describing current collaborative efforts to educate conservators in this specialty within the three comprehensive graduate programs in cultural heritage conservation in the U.S.: The Conservation Center at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts (IFA), the Winterthur/University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation (WUDPAC), and SUNY Buffalo State’s Garman Art Conservation Department (SUNY Buffalo State), hereafter referred to as the Consortium. This essay will conclude by addressing several ideas for future directions in the education of library and archive conservators. In 2016, the Consortium approached the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to request funding of a survey of library and archive institutions in the U.S. with the stated goal “to determine priorities and identify areas of both strength and weakness regarding the skills and competency of conservators entering the workforce” (Waller and Thomas 2016, i). Concurrently, the Mellon Foundation funded planning grants to explore potential future directions in the education of library and archive conservators. One grant investigated the establishment of a library and archive conservation education program at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) within their Program in Library and Information Science, another considered the continued funding of the collaborative LACE curriculum
{"title":"Current Status and Future Directions for Library and Archive Conservation Education in the United States","authors":"Theresa J. Smith","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0025","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, the status of Library and Archive Conservation Education (LACE) in the United States has been in flux. The history of the institutional education of library conservators in the U.S. has been surveyed elsewhere in this issue. This essay will begin by reviewing some recent history and describing current collaborative efforts to educate conservators in this specialty within the three comprehensive graduate programs in cultural heritage conservation in the U.S.: The Conservation Center at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts (IFA), the Winterthur/University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation (WUDPAC), and SUNY Buffalo State’s Garman Art Conservation Department (SUNY Buffalo State), hereafter referred to as the Consortium. This essay will conclude by addressing several ideas for future directions in the education of library and archive conservators. In 2016, the Consortium approached the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to request funding of a survey of library and archive institutions in the U.S. with the stated goal “to determine priorities and identify areas of both strength and weakness regarding the skills and competency of conservators entering the workforce” (Waller and Thomas 2016, i). Concurrently, the Mellon Foundation funded planning grants to explore potential future directions in the education of library and archive conservators. One grant investigated the establishment of a library and archive conservation education program at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) within their Program in Library and Information Science, another considered the continued funding of the collaborative LACE curriculum","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47670271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In conservation, the practical ability to implement treatment on objects of cultural heritage requires skills as an essential part of conservation expertise and constitutes an fundamental part of learning in conservation education. The acquisition of practical skills, which include cognitive and practical elements, is governed by laws that are primarily explained by means of organizational psychology and medicine where they have evolved in the form of step models. Stages of explicit and implicit knowledge are distinguished as well as factual-theoretical and practical-performative knowledge. Forms of learning are, in addition to guided learning, the experiment, the emergency, case studies and implicit forms of problem solving. The development of the expert can also be traced by the development of practical skills in five stages from beginner to expert. The stages of skills acquisition can be explained by reference to the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) and the skill levels defined by the European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers’ Organizations (E.C.C.O.).
{"title":"The Development of Skill Knowledge in Conservation","authors":"I. Brückle","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In conservation, the practical ability to implement treatment on objects of cultural heritage requires skills as an essential part of conservation expertise and constitutes an fundamental part of learning in conservation education. The acquisition of practical skills, which include cognitive and practical elements, is governed by laws that are primarily explained by means of organizational psychology and medicine where they have evolved in the form of step models. Stages of explicit and implicit knowledge are distinguished as well as factual-theoretical and practical-performative knowledge. Forms of learning are, in addition to guided learning, the experiment, the emergency, case studies and implicit forms of problem solving. The development of the expert can also be traced by the development of practical skills in five stages from beginner to expert. The stages of skills acquisition can be explained by reference to the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) and the skill levels defined by the European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers’ Organizations (E.C.C.O.).","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43089379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear colleagues, The history of paper conservation has rarely been addressed in research until recent. While conservators are more often than not confronted with previously treated objects, investigations have generally been confined to case studies focusing on the conservation history of single objects. A systematic approach to the development of methods and materials is certainly a rewarding, yet challenging undertaking. For one part, conservators are typically busy facing daily challenges of their institution’s or studio’s operations with little time left to reflect on the past. Furthermore, written or photographic documentation from the early days of conservation is often fragmentary or nonexistent. Knowledge and experience have been passed on orally, and writing, let alone publishing has not been the main form of communication, even within formal University based training programs. Consequently, rather unconventional sources have to be explored when researching conservation practices, including studio journals, notes, accounts of senior colleagues and, last but not least, the objects themselves. This special issue of the RESTAURATOR will broach the subject from different angles. The contributions of Eva Maria Loh and Katarzyna Garczewska-Semka on the history of mounts at the Albertina respectively the National Library of Poland are mainly based on observations of the actual mounted prints and drawings. Conducting interviews with senior conservators who have been working in these collections for many years has proven an immensely valuable source in this regard. Interviews with both employees and contracted conservators were also included in Elina Eder’s study which investigates bleaching practices as documented in conservation protocols at the Wien Museum. It is also interesting to trace the roots of today’s paper conservation in literature published by prints collectors in previous centuries. Eva Hummert focuses her paper on the history of resizing as outlined in conservation literature from the seventeenth century onwards. From its first mentioning in books for collectors of prints on paper to its current application in modern paper conservation, the meaning and frequency of application of resizing have changed
亲爱的同事们：纸张保护的历史直到最近才在研究中得到解决。虽然保育员经常会遇到以前处理过的物体，但调查通常仅限于关注单个物体保护历史的案例研究。对方法和材料的开发采取系统的方法无疑是一项有益但具有挑战性的工作。一方面，保育员通常忙于应对机构或工作室运营的日常挑战，几乎没有时间反思过去。此外，早期保护的书面或照片文件往往是零碎的或根本不存在的。知识和经验都是口头传递的，即使在正式的大学培训项目中，写作，更不用说出版，也不是主要的交流形式。因此，在研究保护实践时，必须探索相当非传统的来源，包括工作室期刊、笔记、高级同事的描述，最后但并非最不重要的是，这些物品本身。本期《餐厅》特刊将从不同角度探讨这个问题。Eva Maria Loh和Katarzyna Garczewska Semka分别对波兰国家图书馆Albertina的装裱历史的贡献主要基于对实际装裱版画和图纸的观察。事实证明，在这方面，采访在这些藏品中工作多年的资深保管人是一个非常有价值的来源。Elina Eder的研究还包括对员工和签约保育员的采访，该研究调查了维也纳博物馆保护协议中记录的漂白做法。在前几个世纪版画收藏家出版的文献中追溯今天纸张保护的根源也很有趣。伊娃·胡默特（Eva Hummert）将她的论文重点放在17世纪以后的保护文献中概述的调整大小的历史上。从它首次在纸质印刷品收藏家的书籍中被提及，到它目前在现代纸张保护中的应用，调整大小的含义和应用频率都发生了变化
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Sigrid Eyb-Green, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Dear colleagues, The history of paper conservation has rarely been addressed in research until recent. While conservators are more often than not confronted with previously treated objects, investigations have generally been confined to case studies focusing on the conservation history of single objects. A systematic approach to the development of methods and materials is certainly a rewarding, yet challenging undertaking. For one part, conservators are typically busy facing daily challenges of their institution’s or studio’s operations with little time left to reflect on the past. Furthermore, written or photographic documentation from the early days of conservation is often fragmentary or nonexistent. Knowledge and experience have been passed on orally, and writing, let alone publishing has not been the main form of communication, even within formal University based training programs. Consequently, rather unconventional sources have to be explored when researching conservation practices, including studio journals, notes, accounts of senior colleagues and, last but not least, the objects themselves. This special issue of the RESTAURATOR will broach the subject from different angles. The contributions of Eva Maria Loh and Katarzyna Garczewska-Semka on the history of mounts at the Albertina respectively the National Library of Poland are mainly based on observations of the actual mounted prints and drawings. Conducting interviews with senior conservators who have been working in these collections for many years has proven an immensely valuable source in this regard. Interviews with both employees and contracted conservators were also included in Elina Eder’s study which investigates bleaching practices as documented in conservation protocols at the Wien Museum. It is also interesting to trace the roots of today’s paper conservation in literature published by prints collectors in previous centuries. Eva Hummert focuses her paper on the history of resizing as outlined in conservation literature from the seventeenth century onwards. From its first mentioning in books for collectors of prints on paper to its current application in modern paper conservation, the meaning and frequency of application of resizing have changed","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The restorer Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855), famous in the early nineteenth century, has long fallen into oblivion. A recent discovery of his work associated with old master prints at the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München has allowed a close study of his methods and skills as well as those of his pupil Ludwig Albert von Montmorillon (1794–1854), providing a fresh perspective on the early history of paper conservation. Von Hermann’s method of facsimile inserts was praised by his contemporaries, before Max Schweidler (1885–1953) described these methods in 1938. The present article provides biographical notes on both nineteenth century restorers, gives examples of prints treated by them and adds a chapter of conservation history crediting them with a place in the history of the discipline. In summary, this offers a surprising insight on how works of art used to be almost untraceably restored by this team of Munich-based restorers more than 150 years before Schweidler.
19世纪早期著名的修复大师约翰·迈克尔·冯·赫尔曼(1793-1855)早已被人遗忘。最近，在Sammlung m nchen国家图形博物馆发现了他与古代大师版画有关的作品，这使得人们可以仔细研究他的方法和技巧，以及他的学生路德维希·阿尔伯特·冯·蒙莫里永(1794-1854)的方法和技巧，为纸张保护的早期历史提供了一个新的视角。冯·赫尔曼(Von Hermann)的传真插页方法受到了同时代人的赞扬，直到马克斯·施魏德勒(Max Schweidler, 1885-1953)在1938年描述了这些方法。本文提供了两位十九世纪修复者的传记笔记，给出了他们处理过的版画的例子，并增加了保护历史的一章，在该学科的历史上赋予了他们一席之地。总而言之，这为我们提供了一个令人惊讶的视角，让我们了解到150多年前，慕尼黑的这支修复团队是如何几乎无法追踪地修复艺术品的。
{"title":"Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855): A predecessor of Max Schweidler?","authors":"Susanne Wagini, Katrin Holzherr","doi":"10.1515/res-2018-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2018-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The restorer Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855), famous in the early nineteenth century, has long fallen into oblivion. A recent discovery of his work associated with old master prints at the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München has allowed a close study of his methods and skills as well as those of his pupil Ludwig Albert von Montmorillon (1794–1854), providing a fresh perspective on the early history of paper conservation. Von Hermann’s method of facsimile inserts was praised by his contemporaries, before Max Schweidler (1885–1953) described these methods in 1938. The present article provides biographical notes on both nineteenth century restorers, gives examples of prints treated by them and adds a chapter of conservation history crediting them with a place in the history of the discipline. In summary, this offers a surprising insight on how works of art used to be almost untraceably restored by this team of Munich-based restorers more than 150 years before Schweidler.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2018-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41571820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract High performance daylight LED lamps are compared with HID lamps for light bleaching of paper. The LED can be placed in closer proximity to the object than the HID lamps, causing a significantly increased, uniform light exposure. Two commercial LED systems with 4000 K and 6500 K colour temperature were installed in a convertible test device with a polypropylene tray in default exposure distance of 10 cm and 20 cm. A HID lamp in 60 cm and 120 cm distance served as a reference. Samples of two naturally aged rag papers were bleached with both LED systems and with the HID while immersed in water. All three light sources increased brightness (CIELAB L*), though the LEDs with 4000 K colour temperature were most effective. They had no negative effect on the molar mass and the cellulose carbonyl group content while LEDs with 6500 K colour temperature caused molar mass decrease and carbonyl group increase. LEDs of a 4000 K or similar colour temperature are a promising option for improved light bleaching of paper, reducing the treatment and aqueous exposure time and eliminating UV radiation.
{"title":"Light Emitting Diodes (LED) for Aqueous Light Bleaching of Paper","authors":"Benjamin Kirschner, I. Brückle, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/RES-2018-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2018-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High performance daylight LED lamps are compared with HID lamps for light bleaching of paper. The LED can be placed in closer proximity to the object than the HID lamps, causing a significantly increased, uniform light exposure. Two commercial LED systems with 4000 K and 6500 K colour temperature were installed in a convertible test device with a polypropylene tray in default exposure distance of 10 cm and 20 cm. A HID lamp in 60 cm and 120 cm distance served as a reference. Samples of two naturally aged rag papers were bleached with both LED systems and with the HID while immersed in water. All three light sources increased brightness (CIELAB L*), though the LEDs with 4000 K colour temperature were most effective. They had no negative effect on the molar mass and the cellulose carbonyl group content while LEDs with 6500 K colour temperature caused molar mass decrease and carbonyl group increase. LEDs of a 4000 K or similar colour temperature are a promising option for improved light bleaching of paper, reducing the treatment and aqueous exposure time and eliminating UV radiation.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2018-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44249534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flash storage media such as memory cards and USB flash drives are now commonly used to transfer and store information. However, little is known about the long-term stability of this type of media and this is a concern for archives and other institutions as they begin to receive content stored on these devices. In this study, the stabilities of a variety of different flash media were examined. The evaluation was performed by using accelerated ageing at 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (RH) and 125 °C for ageing intervals up to 2000 hours. Measurements were also performed on samples previously subjected to accelerated ageing and then naturally aged for five years to verify the results from the accelerated ageing experiments. Overall, the stability of flash media was very good. For many of the samples, no read errors were encountered after accelerated or natural ageing. However, for several of the high capacity flash card samples and USB flash drives, significant decreases in read speed were noted. This can be problematic because it will eventually lead to read errors. It was established that for the USB samples this instability was likely attributed to the use of the less stable TLC (triple-level cell) memory chip.
{"title":"Suitability of Flash Media for the Long-Term Storage of Information","authors":"J. Iraci","doi":"10.1515/RES-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flash storage media such as memory cards and USB flash drives are now commonly used to transfer and store information. However, little is known about the long-term stability of this type of media and this is a concern for archives and other institutions as they begin to receive content stored on these devices. In this study, the stabilities of a variety of different flash media were examined. The evaluation was performed by using accelerated ageing at 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (RH) and 125 °C for ageing intervals up to 2000 hours. Measurements were also performed on samples previously subjected to accelerated ageing and then naturally aged for five years to verify the results from the accelerated ageing experiments. Overall, the stability of flash media was very good. For many of the samples, no read errors were encountered after accelerated or natural ageing. However, for several of the high capacity flash card samples and USB flash drives, significant decreases in read speed were noted. This can be problematic because it will eventually lead to read errors. It was established that for the USB samples this instability was likely attributed to the use of the less stable TLC (triple-level cell) memory chip.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2019-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43567715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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