Dear colleagues, The history of paper conservation has rarely been addressed in research until recent. While conservators are more often than not confronted with previously treated objects, investigations have generally been confined to case studies focusing on the conservation history of single objects. A systematic approach to the development of methods and materials is certainly a rewarding, yet challenging undertaking. For one part, conservators are typically busy facing daily challenges of their institution’s or studio’s operations with little time left to reflect on the past. Furthermore, written or photographic documentation from the early days of conservation is often fragmentary or nonexistent. Knowledge and experience have been passed on orally, and writing, let alone publishing has not been the main form of communication, even within formal University based training programs. Consequently, rather unconventional sources have to be explored when researching conservation practices, including studio journals, notes, accounts of senior colleagues and, last but not least, the objects themselves. This special issue of the RESTAURATOR will broach the subject from different angles. The contributions of Eva Maria Loh and Katarzyna Garczewska-Semka on the history of mounts at the Albertina respectively the National Library of Poland are mainly based on observations of the actual mounted prints and drawings. Conducting interviews with senior conservators who have been working in these collections for many years has proven an immensely valuable source in this regard. Interviews with both employees and contracted conservators were also included in Elina Eder’s study which investigates bleaching practices as documented in conservation protocols at the Wien Museum. It is also interesting to trace the roots of today’s paper conservation in literature published by prints collectors in previous centuries. Eva Hummert focuses her paper on the history of resizing as outlined in conservation literature from the seventeenth century onwards. From its first mentioning in books for collectors of prints on paper to its current application in modern paper conservation, the meaning and frequency of application of resizing have changed
亲爱的同事们：纸张保护的历史直到最近才在研究中得到解决。虽然保育员经常会遇到以前处理过的物体，但调查通常仅限于关注单个物体保护历史的案例研究。对方法和材料的开发采取系统的方法无疑是一项有益但具有挑战性的工作。一方面，保育员通常忙于应对机构或工作室运营的日常挑战，几乎没有时间反思过去。此外，早期保护的书面或照片文件往往是零碎的或根本不存在的。知识和经验都是口头传递的，即使在正式的大学培训项目中，写作，更不用说出版，也不是主要的交流形式。因此，在研究保护实践时，必须探索相当非传统的来源，包括工作室期刊、笔记、高级同事的描述，最后但并非最不重要的是，这些物品本身。本期《餐厅》特刊将从不同角度探讨这个问题。Eva Maria Loh和Katarzyna Garczewska Semka分别对波兰国家图书馆Albertina的装裱历史的贡献主要基于对实际装裱版画和图纸的观察。事实证明，在这方面，采访在这些藏品中工作多年的资深保管人是一个非常有价值的来源。Elina Eder的研究还包括对员工和签约保育员的采访，该研究调查了维也纳博物馆保护协议中记录的漂白做法。在前几个世纪版画收藏家出版的文献中追溯今天纸张保护的根源也很有趣。伊娃·胡默特（Eva Hummert）将她的论文重点放在17世纪以后的保护文献中概述的调整大小的历史上。从它首次在纸质印刷品收藏家的书籍中被提及，到它目前在现代纸张保护中的应用，调整大小的含义和应用频率都发生了变化
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Sigrid Eyb-Green, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Dear colleagues, The history of paper conservation has rarely been addressed in research until recent. While conservators are more often than not confronted with previously treated objects, investigations have generally been confined to case studies focusing on the conservation history of single objects. A systematic approach to the development of methods and materials is certainly a rewarding, yet challenging undertaking. For one part, conservators are typically busy facing daily challenges of their institution’s or studio’s operations with little time left to reflect on the past. Furthermore, written or photographic documentation from the early days of conservation is often fragmentary or nonexistent. Knowledge and experience have been passed on orally, and writing, let alone publishing has not been the main form of communication, even within formal University based training programs. Consequently, rather unconventional sources have to be explored when researching conservation practices, including studio journals, notes, accounts of senior colleagues and, last but not least, the objects themselves. This special issue of the RESTAURATOR will broach the subject from different angles. The contributions of Eva Maria Loh and Katarzyna Garczewska-Semka on the history of mounts at the Albertina respectively the National Library of Poland are mainly based on observations of the actual mounted prints and drawings. Conducting interviews with senior conservators who have been working in these collections for many years has proven an immensely valuable source in this regard. Interviews with both employees and contracted conservators were also included in Elina Eder’s study which investigates bleaching practices as documented in conservation protocols at the Wien Museum. It is also interesting to trace the roots of today’s paper conservation in literature published by prints collectors in previous centuries. Eva Hummert focuses her paper on the history of resizing as outlined in conservation literature from the seventeenth century onwards. From its first mentioning in books for collectors of prints on paper to its current application in modern paper conservation, the meaning and frequency of application of resizing have changed","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"139 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract High performance daylight LED lamps are compared with HID lamps for light bleaching of paper. The LED can be placed in closer proximity to the object than the HID lamps, causing a significantly increased, uniform light exposure. Two commercial LED systems with 4000 K and 6500 K colour temperature were installed in a convertible test device with a polypropylene tray in default exposure distance of 10 cm and 20 cm. A HID lamp in 60 cm and 120 cm distance served as a reference. Samples of two naturally aged rag papers were bleached with both LED systems and with the HID while immersed in water. All three light sources increased brightness (CIELAB L*), though the LEDs with 4000 K colour temperature were most effective. They had no negative effect on the molar mass and the cellulose carbonyl group content while LEDs with 6500 K colour temperature caused molar mass decrease and carbonyl group increase. LEDs of a 4000 K or similar colour temperature are a promising option for improved light bleaching of paper, reducing the treatment and aqueous exposure time and eliminating UV radiation.
{"title":"Light Emitting Diodes (LED) for Aqueous Light Bleaching of Paper","authors":"Benjamin Kirschner, I. Brückle, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/RES-2018-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2018-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High performance daylight LED lamps are compared with HID lamps for light bleaching of paper. The LED can be placed in closer proximity to the object than the HID lamps, causing a significantly increased, uniform light exposure. Two commercial LED systems with 4000 K and 6500 K colour temperature were installed in a convertible test device with a polypropylene tray in default exposure distance of 10 cm and 20 cm. A HID lamp in 60 cm and 120 cm distance served as a reference. Samples of two naturally aged rag papers were bleached with both LED systems and with the HID while immersed in water. All three light sources increased brightness (CIELAB L*), though the LEDs with 4000 K colour temperature were most effective. They had no negative effect on the molar mass and the cellulose carbonyl group content while LEDs with 6500 K colour temperature caused molar mass decrease and carbonyl group increase. LEDs of a 4000 K or similar colour temperature are a promising option for improved light bleaching of paper, reducing the treatment and aqueous exposure time and eliminating UV radiation.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"69 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2018-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44249534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flash storage media such as memory cards and USB flash drives are now commonly used to transfer and store information. However, little is known about the long-term stability of this type of media and this is a concern for archives and other institutions as they begin to receive content stored on these devices. In this study, the stabilities of a variety of different flash media were examined. The evaluation was performed by using accelerated ageing at 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (RH) and 125 °C for ageing intervals up to 2000 hours. Measurements were also performed on samples previously subjected to accelerated ageing and then naturally aged for five years to verify the results from the accelerated ageing experiments. Overall, the stability of flash media was very good. For many of the samples, no read errors were encountered after accelerated or natural ageing. However, for several of the high capacity flash card samples and USB flash drives, significant decreases in read speed were noted. This can be problematic because it will eventually lead to read errors. It was established that for the USB samples this instability was likely attributed to the use of the less stable TLC (triple-level cell) memory chip.
{"title":"Suitability of Flash Media for the Long-Term Storage of Information","authors":"J. Iraci","doi":"10.1515/RES-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flash storage media such as memory cards and USB flash drives are now commonly used to transfer and store information. However, little is known about the long-term stability of this type of media and this is a concern for archives and other institutions as they begin to receive content stored on these devices. In this study, the stabilities of a variety of different flash media were examined. The evaluation was performed by using accelerated ageing at 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (RH) and 125 °C for ageing intervals up to 2000 hours. Measurements were also performed on samples previously subjected to accelerated ageing and then naturally aged for five years to verify the results from the accelerated ageing experiments. Overall, the stability of flash media was very good. For many of the samples, no read errors were encountered after accelerated or natural ageing. However, for several of the high capacity flash card samples and USB flash drives, significant decreases in read speed were noted. This can be problematic because it will eventually lead to read errors. It was established that for the USB samples this instability was likely attributed to the use of the less stable TLC (triple-level cell) memory chip.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"97 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2019-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43567715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An etching that was visibly damaged as a result of previous bleaching with a 5.6 % aqueous sodium borohydride solution underwent retreatment involving washing to stabilize the embrittled paper and to remove potentially present bleaching residues. During a final immersion in a dilute calcium hydrogen carbonate solution administered for deacidification, an unexpected and severe blistering occurred that is explained as a recurrence of previous bleaching-related blistering. The blisters were laid down. The treatment concluded with a consolidation of the bleach-damaged paper surface using a 0.5 % gelatine solution applied by misting.
{"title":"Retreatment of a Print Damaged by Excessive Sodium Borohydride Bleaching","authors":"Emily M. K. Müller, U. Henniges, I. Brückle","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An etching that was visibly damaged as a result of previous bleaching with a 5.6 % aqueous sodium borohydride solution underwent retreatment involving washing to stabilize the embrittled paper and to remove potentially present bleaching residues. During a final immersion in a dilute calcium hydrogen carbonate solution administered for deacidification, an unexpected and severe blistering occurred that is explained as a recurrence of previous bleaching-related blistering. The blisters were laid down. The treatment concluded with a consolidation of the bleach-damaged paper surface using a 0.5 % gelatine solution applied by misting.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"123 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47648395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The ability to determine the condition of paper (e.g. its brittleness) and its permanence is a need in libraries and archives. This study investigates various bend tests and applies these tests to aged paper with the goal of finding easy, non-destructive tests to determine the mechanical properties of paper. The cantilever test was previously shown to accurately assess mechanical properties of paper-based materials, such as elastic and bending moduli as well as the bending length. This work investigates the hanging pear loop and clamped fold tests and compares the results with those found with the cantilever test. The results show that the strain and curvature induced by the two tests are much larger than those experienced in the cantilever test. This large strain and curvature induce plastic behaviour and make the hanging pear loop and clamped fold tests inappropriate for use on paper-based materials.
{"title":"Comparing Non-destructive Mechanical Testing Methods for the Assessment of Brittle Papers – The Cantilever, Hanging Pear Loop, and Clamped Fold Tests","authors":"Andrea K. I. Hall, R. Plaut, P. McGuiggan","doi":"10.1515/RES-2018-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2018-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ability to determine the condition of paper (e.g. its brittleness) and its permanence is a need in libraries and archives. This study investigates various bend tests and applies these tests to aged paper with the goal of finding easy, non-destructive tests to determine the mechanical properties of paper. The cantilever test was previously shown to accurately assess mechanical properties of paper-based materials, such as elastic and bending moduli as well as the bending length. This work investigates the hanging pear loop and clamped fold tests and compares the results with those found with the cantilever test. The results show that the strain and curvature induced by the two tests are much larger than those experienced in the cantilever test. This large strain and curvature induce plastic behaviour and make the hanging pear loop and clamped fold tests inappropriate for use on paper-based materials.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"15 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2018-0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48072076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
António João Cruz, Luciana Barros, Leonor Loureiro
Abstract Perforated cardboards were common and economic supports for embroidery in the Victorian Era. Despite their popularity, they had a brief life and are almost forgotten today. Different types of cardboard were chosen according to the materials and techniques to be applied. This article presents nineteenth century documentary sources on perforated cardboard and its use in various objects of everyday life. The types of cardboard, commercialization, decorative techniques and motifs and applied materials will be discussed.
{"title":"Perforated Cardboards: A Support for Embroidery Used for Various Everyday Objects in the Victorian Age","authors":"António João Cruz, Luciana Barros, Leonor Loureiro","doi":"10.1515/RES-2018-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2018-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Perforated cardboards were common and economic supports for embroidery in the Victorian Era. Despite their popularity, they had a brief life and are almost forgotten today. Different types of cardboard were chosen according to the materials and techniques to be applied. This article presents nineteenth century documentary sources on perforated cardboard and its use in various objects of everyday life. The types of cardboard, commercialization, decorative techniques and motifs and applied materials will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"35 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2018-0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42116937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter1
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-frontmatter1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44567980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Galushkin, S. L. Gonobobleva, V. Parfenov, A. Zhuravlev
Abstract This article discusses the creation of a 3D archive and physical copies of paper reliefs (estamages). A matrix of the estampage is fabricated by the combined use of 3D scanning technology and additive technologies which can then be used for the documentation and conservation of the original estampage. In order to digitize the relief, an optical 3D scanner based on structured light was used and the processing of the 3D model is discussed in detail. Scanning data is uploaded into the microprocessor of a 3D laser printer using stereolithography technology which then creates a conservation matrix. The accuracy of relief reproduction is assessed by comparing its 3D model with 3D models of replicas obtained with the help of 3D printers. The experimental research showed that it is possible to create 3D archives and reproduction of reliefs. This approach is fundamentally new in the practice of museums and archives.
{"title":"Application of 3D Scanning for Documentation and Creation of Physical Copies of Estampages","authors":"A. Galushkin, S. L. Gonobobleva, V. Parfenov, A. Zhuravlev","doi":"10.1515/RES-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/RES-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article discusses the creation of a 3D archive and physical copies of paper reliefs (estamages). A matrix of the estampage is fabricated by the combined use of 3D scanning technology and additive technologies which can then be used for the documentation and conservation of the original estampage. In order to digitize the relief, an optical 3D scanner based on structured light was used and the processing of the 3D model is discussed in detail. Scanning data is uploaded into the microprocessor of a 3D laser printer using stereolithography technology which then creates a conservation matrix. The accuracy of relief reproduction is assessed by comparing its 3D model with 3D models of replicas obtained with the help of 3D printers. The experimental research showed that it is possible to create 3D archives and reproduction of reliefs. This approach is fundamentally new in the practice of museums and archives.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/RES-2018-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42385698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aims of this research were to identify deterioriation processes of lontar (palm leaf) manuscripts and to describe traditional handling and care of such manuscripts stored in the library of Rekso Pustoko, Surakarta. Environmental conditions were monitored and interviews regarding handling and preservation practices were conducted; furthermore, the current physical condition of lontar manuscripts was documented within a survey. Librarians still use some traditional methods to clean and improve the flexibility of palm leaves such as applying a mixture of minyak sereh (lemon grass oil) and bubuk kemiri (candlenut powder) to the surface of the leaves. This paper recommends some further preservation me-thods in order to prevent deterioration and damage in the future.
{"title":"Palm Leaf Manuscripts from Royal Surakarta, Indonesia: Deterioration Phenomena and Care Practices","authors":"Y. Rachman","doi":"10.1515/res-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aims of this research were to identify deterioriation processes of lontar (palm leaf) manuscripts and to describe traditional handling and care of such manuscripts stored in the library of Rekso Pustoko, Surakarta. Environmental conditions were monitored and interviews regarding handling and preservation practices were conducted; furthermore, the current physical condition of lontar manuscripts was documented within a survey. Librarians still use some traditional methods to clean and improve the flexibility of palm leaves such as applying a mixture of minyak sereh (lemon grass oil) and bubuk kemiri (candlenut powder) to the surface of the leaves. This paper recommends some further preservation me-thods in order to prevent deterioration and damage in the future.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"39 1","pages":"235 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2018-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42876463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：