Cyanotypes are known to de-colourize with alkalis; however, not much research has been done to regain the lost information. This research examines two possibilities to bring back the information: one is to utilize elemental mapping by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis to regain the image non-invasively, and the second, to treat the cyanotype with acidic solutions. Both methods brought back the image to the extent that the information could be obtained. As photo reproductions, one of their greatest values is the information they convey. This research could be significant in that it opens possibilities to regain the lost information.
众所周知，青花瓷在碱性物质的作用下会脱色，然而，对于如何恢复丢失的信息却没有太多的研究。本研究探讨了恢复信息的两种可能性：一是利用 X 射线荧光光谱分析元素图谱，以非侵入方式恢复图像；二是用酸性溶液处理青花图。这两种方法都能在一定程度上还原图像信息。作为照片复制品，它们的最大价值之一就是所传递的信息。这项研究的意义在于，它为重新获得丢失的信息提供了可能性。
{"title":"Restoration of the Information on De-colourized Architectural Cyanotypes","authors":"Sawako Sentoku, Keiko Kida","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cyanotypes are known to de-colourize with alkalis; however, not much research has been done to regain the lost information. This research examines two possibilities to bring back the information: one is to utilize elemental mapping by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis to regain the image non-invasively, and the second, to treat the cyanotype with acidic solutions. Both methods brought back the image to the extent that the information could be obtained. As photo reproductions, one of their greatest values is the information they convey. This research could be significant in that it opens possibilities to regain the lost information.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140975205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research explores the practical advantages and potential applications of spray adhesives, focusing on testing their suitability for artwork mounting uses. Their solubility in common low-toxicity solvents (ethanol and acetone) was evaluated. Seven commercial spray adhesives from different commercial brands and compositions were applied on paper samples and subjected to different aging conditions. The samples were then immersed in the solvent, and the degree of adhesive removal was measured. One of the most relevant conclusions is that commercial neoprene-based spray adhesives become brittle and fragile in a few weeks, which makes them unsuitable for both long-term and temporary applications in the heritage field. On the other hand, the solubility was high or very high in some cases: up to 98 % of adhesive removal was achieved in acetone wash. These tests and the convenience, cost and availability of spray adhesives suggest that some of them may be safely used in some scenarios such as temporary mountings or transport.
{"title":"On the Reversibility of Spray Adhesives in Paper Conservation","authors":"S. Muñoz-Viñas, María Sobrino-Estalrich","doi":"10.1515/res-2024-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2024-0002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This research explores the practical advantages and potential applications of spray adhesives, focusing on testing their suitability for artwork mounting uses. Their solubility in common low-toxicity solvents (ethanol and acetone) was evaluated. Seven commercial spray adhesives from different commercial brands and compositions were applied on paper samples and subjected to different aging conditions. The samples were then immersed in the solvent, and the degree of adhesive removal was measured. One of the most relevant conclusions is that commercial neoprene-based spray adhesives become brittle and fragile in a few weeks, which makes them unsuitable for both long-term and temporary applications in the heritage field. On the other hand, the solubility was high or very high in some cases: up to 98 % of adhesive removal was achieved in acetone wash. These tests and the convenience, cost and availability of spray adhesives suggest that some of them may be safely used in some scenarios such as temporary mountings or transport.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, Kozo fibres were fibrillated using the stone wet milling method and the wet atomisation method both deriving from nanocellulose production processes. Kozo fibres with a high degree of external fibrillation were obtained by using the stone mill wet grinding method. Although fibres exhibited the same structure as untreated Kozo fibres, their bonding properties improved. Applying the wet atomisation method, fibrillated Kozo fibres with different degrees of fibrillation were obtained depending on the number of treatments. Fibrillated Kozo fibres can be used in conservation as an adhesive for lining and other stabilisation treatments and may in certain cases replace starch paste, which is susceptible to microbiological damage. Only Kozo fibres and water were used in both mechanical fibrillation methods; therefore, the resulting material can be considered a safe alternative to more traditional adhesives.
{"title":"Preparation of a Novel Adhesive from Highly Fibrillated Kozo Fibre for Paper Conservation","authors":"Keiko Kida, Masaki Handa, Takayuki Okayama, Ryota Kose, Noriyoshi Nishida, Manato Fujimoto, Yuko Kaseya, Mao Tonoyama, Masamitsu Inaba","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, Kozo fibres were fibrillated using the stone wet milling method and the wet atomisation method both deriving from nanocellulose production processes. Kozo fibres with a high degree of external fibrillation were obtained by using the stone mill wet grinding method. Although fibres exhibited the same structure as untreated Kozo fibres, their bonding properties improved. Applying the wet atomisation method, fibrillated Kozo fibres with different degrees of fibrillation were obtained depending on the number of treatments. Fibrillated Kozo fibres can be used in conservation as an adhesive for lining and other stabilisation treatments and may in certain cases replace starch paste, which is susceptible to microbiological damage. Only Kozo fibres and water were used in both mechanical fibrillation methods; therefore, the resulting material can be considered a safe alternative to more traditional adhesives.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140982088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ejiwoye Oluwole Rasaki, T. Ogunmodede, Akeem Adedayo Adedimeji
The study investigates dust management at the Albert Ilemobade library, The Federal University of Technology Akure. Dust deposition and accumulation poses a major challenge for the university library as all the units, sections, and divisions are affected. Dust not only adversely affects all materials, equipment, and facilities including books, audiovisual collections, and computers, but also constitutes a health hazard to library personnel and users. Major sources of dust include visitor activities and infiltration through openings like windows and doors. Dust mats, special computer enclosures, dusters, dust blowers, and respiratory masks were made available for dust protection and management in the library. The library lacked equipment like High Efficiency Particulate Arresting (HEPA) filters and dust collection, and suppressions systems. Lack of awareness and training, inadequate funding, and lack of equipment were identified as the challenges to dust management in the library.
{"title":"Managing Dust in Academic Libraries","authors":"Ejiwoye Oluwole Rasaki, T. Ogunmodede, Akeem Adedayo Adedimeji","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study investigates dust management at the Albert Ilemobade library, The Federal University of Technology Akure. Dust deposition and accumulation poses a major challenge for the university library as all the units, sections, and divisions are affected. Dust not only adversely affects all materials, equipment, and facilities including books, audiovisual collections, and computers, but also constitutes a health hazard to library personnel and users. Major sources of dust include visitor activities and infiltration through openings like windows and doors. Dust mats, special computer enclosures, dusters, dust blowers, and respiratory masks were made available for dust protection and management in the library. The library lacked equipment like High Efficiency Particulate Arresting (HEPA) filters and dust collection, and suppressions systems. Lack of awareness and training, inadequate funding, and lack of equipment were identified as the challenges to dust management in the library.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In traditional Chinese conservation of historic books and mounted scrolls, the preparation and use of paste is an important process step. The viscosity of the paste is a key factor to consider, taking into account various parameters such as conservation technique, paper condition, or paper thickness. This study aims to determine the viscosity variation of diluted and thick pastes used in traditional Chinese conservation techniques with a rotary viscometer. During conservation treatment, as the number of restored leaves increases, the viscosity of diluted paste tends to increase significantly. The study highlights the different requirements for viscosity depending on its use either in Chinese books or Chinese hanging scrolls and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and adjusting paste viscosity during the conservation process. The use of a rotary viscometer, along with the traditional finger test method, is a significant step forward in improving the accuracy and efficiency of determining paste viscosity.
{"title":"Viscosity of Wheat Starch Paste Used in Traditional Chinese Conservation Techniques","authors":"Rong Yu, Zhewei Shen, Qianru Ye, Peng Liu","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In traditional Chinese conservation of historic books and mounted scrolls, the preparation and use of paste is an important process step. The viscosity of the paste is a key factor to consider, taking into account various parameters such as conservation technique, paper condition, or paper thickness. This study aims to determine the viscosity variation of diluted and thick pastes used in traditional Chinese conservation techniques with a rotary viscometer. During conservation treatment, as the number of restored leaves increases, the viscosity of diluted paste tends to increase significantly. The study highlights the different requirements for viscosity depending on its use either in Chinese books or Chinese hanging scrolls and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and adjusting paste viscosity during the conservation process. The use of a rotary viscometer, along with the traditional finger test method, is a significant step forward in improving the accuracy and efficiency of determining paste viscosity.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Jembrih-Simbürger, Wilfried Vetter, Christa Hofmann, Maurizio Aceto, Thomas Rainer
The Dagulf Psalter is a precious Carolingian manuscript on calf parchment, dated to 793–795. Its unique and high historical value required a non-invasive, multi-analytical approach to gain insights into the material composition of gold and silver inks, pigments, and dyes used for writing and illuminations. Elemental mapping based on X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) measurements, and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) gave complementary information on colour media and their brilliant shades. Knowledge of the material composition of inks, dyes, and pigments is of crucial importance not only for art historical research, but also for the preservation of the manuscript, as it is known that among other factors, silver inks and some pigments can lead to deterioration of parchment supports. The purple dye orchil and blue indigo were used for painted backgrounds on the initial folios. Lapis lazuli was found in decorative frames on these folios. Orchil, indigo, and lapis lazuli also appear in decorations of small initials throughout the manuscript. Red lead, ochre, cinnabar, orpiment, and lead white were also found in various painted details. Gold and silver inks of high purity were identified. The proof of chlorine in the silver ink indicates the presence of corrosion products.
{"title":"The Dagulf Psalter (Austrian National Library Cod. 1861): A Multi-Analytical Approach to Study Inks, Dyes, and Pigments of this Early Carolingian Manuscript","authors":"D. Jembrih-Simbürger, Wilfried Vetter, Christa Hofmann, Maurizio Aceto, Thomas Rainer","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Dagulf Psalter is a precious Carolingian manuscript on calf parchment, dated to 793–795. Its unique and high historical value required a non-invasive, multi-analytical approach to gain insights into the material composition of gold and silver inks, pigments, and dyes used for writing and illuminations. Elemental mapping based on X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) measurements, and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) gave complementary information on colour media and their brilliant shades. Knowledge of the material composition of inks, dyes, and pigments is of crucial importance not only for art historical research, but also for the preservation of the manuscript, as it is known that among other factors, silver inks and some pigments can lead to deterioration of parchment supports. The purple dye orchil and blue indigo were used for painted backgrounds on the initial folios. Lapis lazuli was found in decorative frames on these folios. Orchil, indigo, and lapis lazuli also appear in decorations of small initials throughout the manuscript. Red lead, ochre, cinnabar, orpiment, and lead white were also found in various painted details. Gold and silver inks of high purity were identified. The proof of chlorine in the silver ink indicates the presence of corrosion products.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140715676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Copper complexes, also called “copper soaps” when referred to carboxylate compounds, have become a concern in the conservation of historical artefacts. These complexes are suspected to play a significant role in degradation processes such as darkening and cracking of painting layers. Here we propose the Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CW-EPR) as a tool for the identification of these species. EPR spectroscopy is a micro-invasive and non-destructive technique that is highly sensitive to paramagnetic species, including radicals, crystal defects, and transition metal ions, e.g., Cu(II) and Fe(III). We have selected the verdigris (copper acetate) pigment combined with many organic binders, e.g., egg tempera and gum Arabic, as mock-up systems because of the known degradation tendency of the copper-based pigment. We would like to demonstrate that a precise analysis of the experimental spectra assisted with the calculus of the main magnetic quantities could lead to a good characterization of the copper complexes (or “soaps”).
{"title":"Copper Complexes in Verdigris Painting Mixtures: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characterization","authors":"Riccardo Punis, A. Zoleo","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Copper complexes, also called “copper soaps” when referred to carboxylate compounds, have become a concern in the conservation of historical artefacts. These complexes are suspected to play a significant role in degradation processes such as darkening and cracking of painting layers. Here we propose the Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CW-EPR) as a tool for the identification of these species. EPR spectroscopy is a micro-invasive and non-destructive technique that is highly sensitive to paramagnetic species, including radicals, crystal defects, and transition metal ions, e.g., Cu(II) and Fe(III). We have selected the verdigris (copper acetate) pigment combined with many organic binders, e.g., egg tempera and gum Arabic, as mock-up systems because of the known degradation tendency of the copper-based pigment. We would like to demonstrate that a precise analysis of the experimental spectra assisted with the calculus of the main magnetic quantities could lead to a good characterization of the copper complexes (or “soaps”).","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Influenced by the spreading route of Buddhism, palm leaf manuscripts in China are mostly distributed in Yunnan province and Tibet. The ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan province is left in the incisions, while the ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Tibet is written on the surface. The two inks have different compositions and application techniques, which may lead to varying degrees of flaking and ink loss. Application technique and ink composition are crucial for conservation measures. In this study, non-destructive analysis techniques including a portable digital microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were undertaken to analyse the characteristics and preservation condition of inks applied with different techniques on palm leaf manuscripts. Morphologies indicated that the interaction of ink and support influence the type and extent of ink loss. FTIR and XRF results showed significant differences in ink composition between incised palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan and surface-written manuscripts from Tibet. Manuscripts from different periods within the same region exhibited similarities in ink composition. This paper significantly contributes to understanding properties of inks, offering an essential reference for ink consolidation.
{"title":"Analysis of Two Different Inks and Application Techniques on Palm Leaf Manuscripts Through Non-Invasive Analysis","authors":"Chen Yu, Meifang Zhang, Xin Song","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Influenced by the spreading route of Buddhism, palm leaf manuscripts in China are mostly distributed in Yunnan province and Tibet. The ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan province is left in the incisions, while the ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Tibet is written on the surface. The two inks have different compositions and application techniques, which may lead to varying degrees of flaking and ink loss. Application technique and ink composition are crucial for conservation measures. In this study, non-destructive analysis techniques including a portable digital microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were undertaken to analyse the characteristics and preservation condition of inks applied with different techniques on palm leaf manuscripts. Morphologies indicated that the interaction of ink and support influence the type and extent of ink loss. FTIR and XRF results showed significant differences in ink composition between incised palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan and surface-written manuscripts from Tibet. Manuscripts from different periods within the same region exhibited similarities in ink composition. This paper significantly contributes to understanding properties of inks, offering an essential reference for ink consolidation.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The current study conducted in March–April 2021 elucidated the acidification process of books using alkaline text paper and improved the method of pH measurement in a previous study from 2016. The pH was measured on various positions of Japanese books published in 2000–2020 using the same type of pH-indicator strip as used in 2016; however, a wetted pH-indicator strip was kept pressed to the text paper with fingers at approximately 5 kgf for 90 s to secure the transfer of water-extracted components for four times while a 250 g paperweight was mounted and kept for 60 s for two times in the 2016-study. This time, the pH was found to decrease faster in positions more readily exposed to outside air compared to the 2016-study. Immediately after publication of the book, the pH was approximately 7.8 in every position. The pH of the top edge corner and the surface near the top edge corner later decreased to a neutral pH 7.0 4–6 years and 7–9 years after publication, respectively. Approximately 20 years after publication, the centre of the page in the interior of the book also dropped to pH 7.1, suggesting that acidification steadily progressed, albeit slightly, even on alkaline paper.
{"title":"Latent Acidification of Books Composed of Alkaline Text Papers","authors":"Yukiko Mochizuki, Hiroshi Itsumura, Toshiharu Enomae","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current study conducted in March–April 2021 elucidated the acidification process of books using alkaline text paper and improved the method of pH measurement in a previous study from 2016. The pH was measured on various positions of Japanese books published in 2000–2020 using the same type of pH-indicator strip as used in 2016; however, a wetted pH-indicator strip was kept pressed to the text paper with fingers at approximately 5 kgf for 90 s to secure the transfer of water-extracted components for four times while a 250 g paperweight was mounted and kept for 60 s for two times in the 2016-study. This time, the pH was found to decrease faster in positions more readily exposed to outside air compared to the 2016-study. Immediately after publication of the book, the pH was approximately 7.8 in every position. The pH of the top edge corner and the surface near the top edge corner later decreased to a neutral pH 7.0 4–6 years and 7–9 years after publication, respectively. Approximately 20 years after publication, the centre of the page in the interior of the book also dropped to pH 7.1, suggesting that acidification steadily progressed, albeit slightly, even on alkaline paper.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter3
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135150985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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