Abstract Copper complexes, also called “copper soaps” when referred to carboxylate compounds, have become a concern in the conservation of historical artefacts. These complexes are suspected to play a significant role in degradation processes such as darkening and cracking of painting layers. Here we propose the Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CW-EPR) as a tool for the identification of these species. EPR spectroscopy is a micro-invasive and non-destructive technique that is highly sensitive to paramagnetic species, including radicals, crystal defects, and transition metal ions, e.g., Cu(II) and Fe(III). We have selected the verdigris (copper acetate) pigment combined with many organic binders, e.g., egg tempera and gum Arabic, as mock-up systems because of the known degradation tendency of the copper-based pigment. We would like to demonstrate that a precise analysis of the experimental spectra assisted with the calculus of the main magnetic quantities could lead to a good characterization of the copper complexes (or “soaps”).
{"title":"Copper Complexes in Verdigris Painting Mixtures: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characterization","authors":"Riccardo Punis, A. Zoleo","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Copper complexes, also called “copper soaps” when referred to carboxylate compounds, have become a concern in the conservation of historical artefacts. These complexes are suspected to play a significant role in degradation processes such as darkening and cracking of painting layers. Here we propose the Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CW-EPR) as a tool for the identification of these species. EPR spectroscopy is a micro-invasive and non-destructive technique that is highly sensitive to paramagnetic species, including radicals, crystal defects, and transition metal ions, e.g., Cu(II) and Fe(III). We have selected the verdigris (copper acetate) pigment combined with many organic binders, e.g., egg tempera and gum Arabic, as mock-up systems because of the known degradation tendency of the copper-based pigment. We would like to demonstrate that a precise analysis of the experimental spectra assisted with the calculus of the main magnetic quantities could lead to a good characterization of the copper complexes (or “soaps”).","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":" 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Influenced by the spreading route of Buddhism, palm leaf manuscripts in China are mostly distributed in Yunnan province and Tibet. The ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan province is left in the incisions, while the ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Tibet is written on the surface. The two inks have different compositions and application techniques, which may lead to varying degrees of flaking and ink loss. Application technique and ink composition are crucial for conservation measures. In this study, non-destructive analysis techniques including a portable digital microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were undertaken to analyse the characteristics and preservation condition of inks applied with different techniques on palm leaf manuscripts. Morphologies indicated that the interaction of ink and support influence the type and extent of ink loss. FTIR and XRF results showed significant differences in ink composition between incised palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan and surface-written manuscripts from Tibet. Manuscripts from different periods within the same region exhibited similarities in ink composition. This paper significantly contributes to understanding properties of inks, offering an essential reference for ink consolidation.
{"title":"Analysis of Two Different Inks and Application Techniques on Palm Leaf Manuscripts Through Non-Invasive Analysis","authors":"Chen Yu, Meifang Zhang, Xin Song","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Influenced by the spreading route of Buddhism, palm leaf manuscripts in China are mostly distributed in Yunnan province and Tibet. The ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan province is left in the incisions, while the ink of palm leaf manuscripts from Tibet is written on the surface. The two inks have different compositions and application techniques, which may lead to varying degrees of flaking and ink loss. Application technique and ink composition are crucial for conservation measures. In this study, non-destructive analysis techniques including a portable digital microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were undertaken to analyse the characteristics and preservation condition of inks applied with different techniques on palm leaf manuscripts. Morphologies indicated that the interaction of ink and support influence the type and extent of ink loss. FTIR and XRF results showed significant differences in ink composition between incised palm leaf manuscripts from Yunnan and surface-written manuscripts from Tibet. Manuscripts from different periods within the same region exhibited similarities in ink composition. This paper significantly contributes to understanding properties of inks, offering an essential reference for ink consolidation.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"15 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The current study conducted in March–April 2021 elucidated the acidification process of books using alkaline text paper and improved the method of pH measurement in a previous study from 2016. The pH was measured on various positions of Japanese books published in 2000–2020 using the same type of pH-indicator strip as used in 2016; however, a wetted pH-indicator strip was kept pressed to the text paper with fingers at approximately 5 kgf for 90 s to secure the transfer of water-extracted components for four times while a 250 g paperweight was mounted and kept for 60 s for two times in the 2016-study. This time, the pH was found to decrease faster in positions more readily exposed to outside air compared to the 2016-study. Immediately after publication of the book, the pH was approximately 7.8 in every position. The pH of the top edge corner and the surface near the top edge corner later decreased to a neutral pH 7.0 4–6 years and 7–9 years after publication, respectively. Approximately 20 years after publication, the centre of the page in the interior of the book also dropped to pH 7.1, suggesting that acidification steadily progressed, albeit slightly, even on alkaline paper.
{"title":"Latent Acidification of Books Composed of Alkaline Text Papers","authors":"Yukiko Mochizuki, Hiroshi Itsumura, Toshiharu Enomae","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current study conducted in March–April 2021 elucidated the acidification process of books using alkaline text paper and improved the method of pH measurement in a previous study from 2016. The pH was measured on various positions of Japanese books published in 2000–2020 using the same type of pH-indicator strip as used in 2016; however, a wetted pH-indicator strip was kept pressed to the text paper with fingers at approximately 5 kgf for 90 s to secure the transfer of water-extracted components for four times while a 250 g paperweight was mounted and kept for 60 s for two times in the 2016-study. This time, the pH was found to decrease faster in positions more readily exposed to outside air compared to the 2016-study. Immediately after publication of the book, the pH was approximately 7.8 in every position. The pH of the top edge corner and the surface near the top edge corner later decreased to a neutral pH 7.0 4–6 years and 7–9 years after publication, respectively. Approximately 20 years after publication, the centre of the page in the interior of the book also dropped to pH 7.1, suggesting that acidification steadily progressed, albeit slightly, even on alkaline paper.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"28 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135874144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter3
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135150985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Due to equipment limitations in the early shooting of video files, and the damage and aging in the later file storage process, some historic video materials in video archives can easily suffer from defects such as poor action coherence. This paper proposes an intelligent enhanced repair method of archival videos. The method first obtains the frame rate of the input video, then calculates the dynamic coefficient of the video according to the frame rate and duration number, uses the artificial intelligence algorithm Super-SloMo technology to fix the problematic digital video to the required frame rate, improves the video's dynamic coefficient, and finally achieves the purpose of getting the enhanced repaired digital copies of the original video materials from video archives. This paper also proposes an intelligent enhanced repair prototype system based on the method. The experiment shows that the enhanced repair effect is effective and improves the clarity and coherence of the video. Users get more coherent copies of historic video materials. This solves the problem of the poor perception caused by the loss of frames, preserves the original information, and makes the information obtained from archival videos intuitive.
{"title":"Intelligent Repair Method for Archival Videos Based on the Super-SloMo Technology","authors":"Hui Li","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Due to equipment limitations in the early shooting of video files, and the damage and aging in the later file storage process, some historic video materials in video archives can easily suffer from defects such as poor action coherence. This paper proposes an intelligent enhanced repair method of archival videos. The method first obtains the frame rate of the input video, then calculates the dynamic coefficient of the video according to the frame rate and duration number, uses the artificial intelligence algorithm Super-SloMo technology to fix the problematic digital video to the required frame rate, improves the video's dynamic coefficient, and finally achieves the purpose of getting the enhanced repaired digital copies of the original video materials from video archives. This paper also proposes an intelligent enhanced repair prototype system based on the method. The experiment shows that the enhanced repair effect is effective and improves the clarity and coherence of the video. Users get more coherent copies of historic video materials. This solves the problem of the poor perception caused by the loss of frames, preserves the original information, and makes the information obtained from archival videos intuitive.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45441390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate barriers faced by Pakistani university libraries to implement digital preservation programs. A questionnaire was developed and pilot tested before being sent to 70 libraries of the public sector universities and degree awarding institutions to measure the phenomena. Out of the targeted 70 libraries, 63 responded to the survey (90 % response rate). The results highlighted that a lack of institutional/national policies, financial and technological resources, and administrative support are key barriers that hinder the implementation of digital preservation practices in Pakistani university libraries. The findings of this novel study emphasize devising a national policy for digital preservation in Pakistan. Results point out key barriers to digital preservation and help designing knowledge-based systems in order to meet information and knowledge needs of library users around the clock.
{"title":"Barriers to Preservation for Digital Information Resources in University Libraries of Pakistan","authors":"Rafique Ahmad, Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Arif","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate barriers faced by Pakistani university libraries to implement digital preservation programs. A questionnaire was developed and pilot tested before being sent to 70 libraries of the public sector universities and degree awarding institutions to measure the phenomena. Out of the targeted 70 libraries, 63 responded to the survey (90 % response rate). The results highlighted that a lack of institutional/national policies, financial and technological resources, and administrative support are key barriers that hinder the implementation of digital preservation practices in Pakistani university libraries. The findings of this novel study emphasize devising a national policy for digital preservation in Pakistan. Results point out key barriers to digital preservation and help designing knowledge-based systems in order to meet information and knowledge needs of library users around the clock.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47890718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), commonly referred to as nanocellulose, is an emerging conservation material with significant potential for application in a wide range of conservation treatments. Due to its properties of transparency and mechanical strength, nanocellulose film offers novel potential when thin tissues may not be suitable. However, when water or aqueous adhesives are applied to nanocellulose, it loses stability and becomes pulpy, making practical use problematic. Additionally, nanocellulose film can shrink upon drying, causing planar deformation. For these reasons, adhesives used with nanocellulose are limited in published treatments to date. The nanocellulose film used in this study was characterized and expansion and shrinking tests were conducted to better understand how nanocellulose film reacts when water and ethanol are introduced. The potential of using nanocellulose film in a remoistenable form is also explored. Results found that nanocellulose film behaved differently than Japanese tissue when water was introduced. While each expanded when water was introduced, the nanocellulose film shrunk 11 % from its initial size when dry, whereas the Japanese tissue returned to its initial size. Practical techniques are recommended to create remoistenable nanocellulose film with a selection of adhesives. Notably, remoistenable nanocellulose films created with methylcellulose and gelatine showed promising initial results.
{"title":"Some Practical Aspects of Nanocellulose Film: Characterization, Expansion and Shrinking Tests, and Techniques to Create Remoistenable Nanocellulose","authors":"Robin Canham, A. Murray, R. Hill","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), commonly referred to as nanocellulose, is an emerging conservation material with significant potential for application in a wide range of conservation treatments. Due to its properties of transparency and mechanical strength, nanocellulose film offers novel potential when thin tissues may not be suitable. However, when water or aqueous adhesives are applied to nanocellulose, it loses stability and becomes pulpy, making practical use problematic. Additionally, nanocellulose film can shrink upon drying, causing planar deformation. For these reasons, adhesives used with nanocellulose are limited in published treatments to date. The nanocellulose film used in this study was characterized and expansion and shrinking tests were conducted to better understand how nanocellulose film reacts when water and ethanol are introduced. The potential of using nanocellulose film in a remoistenable form is also explored. Results found that nanocellulose film behaved differently than Japanese tissue when water was introduced. While each expanded when water was introduced, the nanocellulose film shrunk 11 % from its initial size when dry, whereas the Japanese tissue returned to its initial size. Practical techniques are recommended to create remoistenable nanocellulose film with a selection of adhesives. Notably, remoistenable nanocellulose films created with methylcellulose and gelatine showed promising initial results.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"0 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43376192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter2
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-frontmatter2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Paper nails constitute a unique and important structure in Chinese double-leaved books. This technique may have existed as early as the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D.1127–1279) when wrapped-back bindings developed. Creating and applying paper nails is a basic skill for conservators in China. Although paper nails have always been used, there is not much literature discussing their manufacture and application. This article details the use of single and double-ended nails in China, including how to make, attach, and remove them, and provides illustrative examples of the role of paper nails in thread binding, rough binding, wrapped-back binding, and “Jade Set in Gold” (“jinxiangyu”, 金镶玉) binding. This work will be a reference for the conservation of Chinese double-leaved books and other documents.
{"title":"Hidden Players: Small Paper Nails—Manufacture and Application of Paper Nails in Chinese Double-Leaved Books","authors":"Rong Yu, Zhewei Shen, Peng Liu","doi":"10.1515/res-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Paper nails constitute a unique and important structure in Chinese double-leaved books. This technique may have existed as early as the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D.1127–1279) when wrapped-back bindings developed. Creating and applying paper nails is a basic skill for conservators in China. Although paper nails have always been used, there is not much literature discussing their manufacture and application. This article details the use of single and double-ended nails in China, including how to make, attach, and remove them, and provides illustrative examples of the role of paper nails in thread binding, rough binding, wrapped-back binding, and “Jade Set in Gold” (“jinxiangyu”, 金镶玉) binding. This work will be a reference for the conservation of Chinese double-leaved books and other documents.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48391313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper provides a discussion about the conservation profession in the Jakarta area of Indonesia. The study, which uses descriptive and qualitative research, was conducted among three public, cultural institutions: a museum, a conservation center, and a library. These institutions were chosen because of their collection of ancient manuscripts and their employment of professional conservators. The study’s findings show that conservators are concerned about the visibility of their profession in terms of lack of appreciation from the government as well as the status of their profession and that they believe they need professional associations and more comprehensive legal instruments to strengthen their profession’s visibility and the public’s opinion of them. This paper contributes to the discussion of the conservation profession, especially in the Indonesian context.
{"title":"Conservators’ Professional Visibility in Public Cultural Institutions in Jakarta: A Case Study","authors":"Windri Sunarno, Y. Rachman","doi":"10.1515/res-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides a discussion about the conservation profession in the Jakarta area of Indonesia. The study, which uses descriptive and qualitative research, was conducted among three public, cultural institutions: a museum, a conservation center, and a library. These institutions were chosen because of their collection of ancient manuscripts and their employment of professional conservators. The study’s findings show that conservators are concerned about the visibility of their profession in terms of lack of appreciation from the government as well as the status of their profession and that they believe they need professional associations and more comprehensive legal instruments to strengthen their profession’s visibility and the public’s opinion of them. This paper contributes to the discussion of the conservation profession, especially in the Indonesian context.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"44 1","pages":"167 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44655130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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