Abstract The article describes a historic Japanese green pigment which was identified in a painting attributed to the Kano school, dating to the Edo period. According to literature, malachite – which is the common translation of the Japanese term rokushō – has been the most widely used green pigment in Japan over a long period of time. Its colour shade could be modified by the use of different degrees of grinding and by heating the pigment. The green paint layer found in the painting was examined using XRF, SEM-EDS and XRPD, and cross sections. Examinations revealed a heterogeneous paint layer which consists of a mixture of various natural copper-containing minerals, some of which also contain arsenic and other elements. A concluding discussion of pigment nomenclature in Japan raises the question if rokushō may in fact be equated with pure malachite.
{"title":"The Colour of Pine Needles and Nightingales. A Traditional Japanese Copper-based Green Pigment","authors":"Maria Katharina Plate, Sigrid Eyb-Green, W. Baatz","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article describes a historic Japanese green pigment which was identified in a painting attributed to the Kano school, dating to the Edo period. According to literature, malachite – which is the common translation of the Japanese term rokushō – has been the most widely used green pigment in Japan over a long period of time. Its colour shade could be modified by the use of different degrees of grinding and by heating the pigment. The green paint layer found in the painting was examined using XRF, SEM-EDS and XRPD, and cross sections. Examinations revealed a heterogeneous paint layer which consists of a mixture of various natural copper-containing minerals, some of which also contain arsenic and other elements. A concluding discussion of pigment nomenclature in Japan raises the question if rokushō may in fact be equated with pure malachite.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"253 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48080953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this research was an investigation into creating a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, as a new potential way of treating verdigris-damaged paper. Various gel recipes were mixed and tested on historical samples. The gel recipes varied in gellan gel concentration, BTA/solvent solution concentration, and BTA concentration. The recipe effectiveness was assessed using Hulthe’s indicator paper and MQuant™ Test Cu indicator strips, two types of indicator papers which detect free copper ions. The results showed that rigid gel application of BTA is effective in complexing the copper ions which may inhibit further damage to the paper caused by free copper ions. Some of the other effects of the gel were the simultaneous removal of paper discolouration by the gel. Further research is needed to refine the gel recipes as well as the treatment process to prevent or reduce potential tidelines and other possible negative side-effects of gel treatment.
{"title":"The Gel, the Colour, and the Complexing Agent: An Investigation of a Rigid Gel Application of Benzotriazole for Verdigris-Damaged Paper","authors":"Leah Humenuck","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this research was an investigation into creating a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, as a new potential way of treating verdigris-damaged paper. Various gel recipes were mixed and tested on historical samples. The gel recipes varied in gellan gel concentration, BTA/solvent solution concentration, and BTA concentration. The recipe effectiveness was assessed using Hulthe’s indicator paper and MQuant™ Test Cu indicator strips, two types of indicator papers which detect free copper ions. The results showed that rigid gel application of BTA is effective in complexing the copper ions which may inhibit further damage to the paper caused by free copper ions. Some of the other effects of the gel were the simultaneous removal of paper discolouration by the gel. Further research is needed to refine the gel recipes as well as the treatment process to prevent or reduce potential tidelines and other possible negative side-effects of gel treatment.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"205 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44483149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To date, there are still many open questions regarding feasible conservation treatments counteracting paper degradation caused by copper-containing pigments, most notably, verdigris. We are therefore delighted to present this issue of Restaurator dedicated to research related to verdigris. To advance our understanding of the processes taking place during ageing of verdigris, we will first present a paper by Lynn Brostoff and Cynthia Connelly Ryan who explored the natural alteration of both neutral and basic forms of the pigment. We will then progress and introduce two approaches to treating verdigris-damaged paper. Leah Humenuck tested a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, on historical samples, while Jasna Malešič et al. studied the efficacy of several commercially available deacidification agents as well as the antioxidant tetrabutylammoniumbromide (TBAB). Finally,we conclude this volume with amore art technologically focussed contribution. Maria Plate et al. investigated the green paint layer of a Japanese folding screen from the Edoperiod and discuss on this basis the production, use and designation of historic Japanese green pigments. Within the last 10 years, much effort was dedicated to further research verdigris, and one might think that the time has come to compile findings and move forward to recommendations for specific treatments and conservation methodology in general. Recent studies in art technology allow the conclusion that oftentimes, historic recipes and current sample design might not always match. In her study of the alterations of verdigris published in the first volume of Restaurator 2020, Brostoff and Connelly Ryan give an overview of historical recipes for verdigris and the resulting compounds. The manufacture of verdigris typically involved the corrosion of copper sheets with acetic acid. Additives and different production methods not only produce a variety of blue to green copper compounds, but also two structurally distinct types of verdigris: the neutral copper acetate monohydrate and a series of basic copper acetate hydroxide salts.
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Sigrid Eyb-Green, U. Henniges","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-0014","url":null,"abstract":"To date, there are still many open questions regarding feasible conservation treatments counteracting paper degradation caused by copper-containing pigments, most notably, verdigris. We are therefore delighted to present this issue of Restaurator dedicated to research related to verdigris. To advance our understanding of the processes taking place during ageing of verdigris, we will first present a paper by Lynn Brostoff and Cynthia Connelly Ryan who explored the natural alteration of both neutral and basic forms of the pigment. We will then progress and introduce two approaches to treating verdigris-damaged paper. Leah Humenuck tested a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, on historical samples, while Jasna Malešič et al. studied the efficacy of several commercially available deacidification agents as well as the antioxidant tetrabutylammoniumbromide (TBAB). Finally,we conclude this volume with amore art technologically focussed contribution. Maria Plate et al. investigated the green paint layer of a Japanese folding screen from the Edoperiod and discuss on this basis the production, use and designation of historic Japanese green pigments. Within the last 10 years, much effort was dedicated to further research verdigris, and one might think that the time has come to compile findings and move forward to recommendations for specific treatments and conservation methodology in general. Recent studies in art technology allow the conclusion that oftentimes, historic recipes and current sample design might not always match. In her study of the alterations of verdigris published in the first volume of Restaurator 2020, Brostoff and Connelly Ryan give an overview of historical recipes for verdigris and the resulting compounds. The manufacture of verdigris typically involved the corrosion of copper sheets with acetic acid. Additives and different production methods not only produce a variety of blue to green copper compounds, but also two structurally distinct types of verdigris: the neutral copper acetate monohydrate and a series of basic copper acetate hydroxide salts.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"40 1","pages":"173 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41302604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter3
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49463712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Young-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Hwa Choi, Jin-Young Hong, J. Lee, S. Kim, C. Jo, S. Jeong
Abstract Ola leaf manuscripts from Sri Lanka date back to several centuries. While they have been well preserved over the last century, their condition has worsened in recent years when black dots caused by microorganisms started occurring on their surface. In this study, the current state of preservation and the factors causing deterioration are examined using microscopy techniques. Microscopic images clearly show that the manuscripts are contaminated by microorganisms which penetrated deeply into the carrier material, destroying the internal structure. A Penicillium griseofulvum strain was recognized as the most active microorganism in xylan degradation. Sri Lanka’s climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of these fungi. Therefore, it is suggested that temperature and humidity of the archival space should be better controlled in order to ensure the Ola leaf manuscripts’ long-term preservation.
{"title":"Investigation of Microorganisms Deteriorating Ancient Ola Leaf Manuscripts","authors":"Young-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Hwa Choi, Jin-Young Hong, J. Lee, S. Kim, C. Jo, S. Jeong","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ola leaf manuscripts from Sri Lanka date back to several centuries. While they have been well preserved over the last century, their condition has worsened in recent years when black dots caused by microorganisms started occurring on their surface. In this study, the current state of preservation and the factors causing deterioration are examined using microscopy techniques. Microscopic images clearly show that the manuscripts are contaminated by microorganisms which penetrated deeply into the carrier material, destroying the internal structure. A Penicillium griseofulvum strain was recognized as the most active microorganism in xylan degradation. Sri Lanka’s climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of these fungi. Therefore, it is suggested that temperature and humidity of the archival space should be better controlled in order to ensure the Ola leaf manuscripts’ long-term preservation.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"119 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47024761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tali H. Horst, Richard D. Smith, A. Potthast, M. Hubbe
Abstract Three copies of a book that had been optionally deacidified using two different procedures in 1967, and then subjected to accelerated aging, were tested again after 52 years of natural aging. Matched copies of the book Cooking the Greek Way, which had been printed in Czechoslovakia on acidic paper, were evaluated. Nonaqueous treatment of two of the copies with magnesium methoxide dissolved in chlorofluorocarbon solvent had been found in 1967 to have decreased the susceptibility to embrittlement, as evidenced by the results of the accelerated aging, followed by folding endurance tests. Retesting of the same books in 2019, after 52 years of room temperature storage, showed that the deacidification treatments had achieved the following benefits in comparison to the untreated book: (a) higher brightness; (b) higher folding endurance; (c) tensile breaking length higher in the cross-direction of the paper; (d) substantial alkaline reserve content, (e) an alkaline surface pH in the range 7.1–7.4, and (f) higher molecular mass of the cellulose. Remarkably, some of the folding endurance results matched those of unaged samples evaluated in 1967. Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the treated and untreated books.
{"title":"Accelerated Aging of Deacidified and Untreated Book Paper in 1967 Compared with 52 Years of Natural Aging","authors":"Tali H. Horst, Richard D. Smith, A. Potthast, M. Hubbe","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three copies of a book that had been optionally deacidified using two different procedures in 1967, and then subjected to accelerated aging, were tested again after 52 years of natural aging. Matched copies of the book Cooking the Greek Way, which had been printed in Czechoslovakia on acidic paper, were evaluated. Nonaqueous treatment of two of the copies with magnesium methoxide dissolved in chlorofluorocarbon solvent had been found in 1967 to have decreased the susceptibility to embrittlement, as evidenced by the results of the accelerated aging, followed by folding endurance tests. Retesting of the same books in 2019, after 52 years of room temperature storage, showed that the deacidification treatments had achieved the following benefits in comparison to the untreated book: (a) higher brightness; (b) higher folding endurance; (c) tensile breaking length higher in the cross-direction of the paper; (d) substantial alkaline reserve content, (e) an alkaline surface pH in the range 7.1–7.4, and (f) higher molecular mass of the cellulose. Remarkably, some of the folding endurance results matched those of unaged samples evaluated in 1967. Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the treated and untreated books.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"131 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43864929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Acidification mechanisms of paper were examined, studying 120 pairs of identical copies of books published from 1971 to 2010 housed in two Japanese university libraries. The pH at the edges of the alkaline paper lowered from 7.5 to 6.4 after 5–10 years and to 5.8 after 10–15 years after publication. The pH bottomed at 5.4 at the edges and at 7.0 in the centre of the sheet. Acid paper showed higher pH at the edges than in the centre of the sheet. The edge pH of the alkaline paper of books stored on an above-ground floor was lower due to more exposure to incoming open air with pollutants compared to paper stored in the basement. Elemental analysis suggested nitrogen oxide deposition, but could not prove sulphur oxide deposition at the edges of the paper. The position-dependent acidification is presumed to relate to the deposition tendency of air pollutants contained in open air, and accordingly the edge pH dropped dramatically. In the 1980s, alkaline paper was increasingly used in the production of books, and it was assumed that no more book acidification was to occur; however, this study concludes that even in alkaline paper, acidification processes will take place over time.
{"title":"Mechanism of Acidification that Progresses in Library Collections of Books Made of Alkaline Paper","authors":"Y. Mochizuki, Hiroshi Itsumura, T. Enomae","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Acidification mechanisms of paper were examined, studying 120 pairs of identical copies of books published from 1971 to 2010 housed in two Japanese university libraries. The pH at the edges of the alkaline paper lowered from 7.5 to 6.4 after 5–10 years and to 5.8 after 10–15 years after publication. The pH bottomed at 5.4 at the edges and at 7.0 in the centre of the sheet. Acid paper showed higher pH at the edges than in the centre of the sheet. The edge pH of the alkaline paper of books stored on an above-ground floor was lower due to more exposure to incoming open air with pollutants compared to paper stored in the basement. Elemental analysis suggested nitrogen oxide deposition, but could not prove sulphur oxide deposition at the edges of the paper. The position-dependent acidification is presumed to relate to the deposition tendency of air pollutants contained in open air, and accordingly the edge pH dropped dramatically. In the 1980s, alkaline paper was increasingly used in the production of books, and it was assumed that no more book acidification was to occur; however, this study concludes that even in alkaline paper, acidification processes will take place over time.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"153 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47240447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter2
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44418334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (HP) residues that remain after the conversion of blackened lead white may cause unwanted paper discolouration and degradation. Four VOCs sorption materials were tested for their ability to eliminate HP gas evolving from the treated substrate. This was tested by measuring the change in HP concentration in aqueous solution and in an enclosed air space in the presence of MicroChamber® Interleaving Paper, Corrosion Intercept® film, Zorflex® activated carbon cloth (ACC) and iron sulphate-impregnated paper. Detection with the colour indicator Quantofix® test strips and a Dräger X-am® 5100 single gas detection device showed that ACC is by far most efficient in decreasing the HP concentration. ACC was also effective in preventing paper discolouration in test objects that had been HP-treated for lead white conversion and then were stored sandwiched between ACC. Although ACC may not eliminate all HP from the substrate, it can diminish its negative effects on the treated object and protect other objects in the vicinity.
{"title":"Eliminating Hydrogen Peroxide Volatiles after Lead White Conversion Treatment Via Sorption Agents","authors":"Luise Raab, U. Henniges, I. Brückle","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (HP) residues that remain after the conversion of blackened lead white may cause unwanted paper discolouration and degradation. Four VOCs sorption materials were tested for their ability to eliminate HP gas evolving from the treated substrate. This was tested by measuring the change in HP concentration in aqueous solution and in an enclosed air space in the presence of MicroChamber® Interleaving Paper, Corrosion Intercept® film, Zorflex® activated carbon cloth (ACC) and iron sulphate-impregnated paper. Detection with the colour indicator Quantofix® test strips and a Dräger X-am® 5100 single gas detection device showed that ACC is by far most efficient in decreasing the HP concentration. ACC was also effective in preventing paper discolouration in test objects that had been HP-treated for lead white conversion and then were stored sandwiched between ACC. Although ACC may not eliminate all HP from the substrate, it can diminish its negative effects on the treated object and protect other objects in the vicinity.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"101 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47542456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Theft of archival documents constitutes a serious problem for archives. A possible solution to this problem lies in labelling these documents with codes that are invisible to the naked eye. A possible method could involve use, e.g. of the oxides of lanthanum, dysprosium, samarium, gadolinium and niobium, which have good responses in the XRF spectrum and are normally not present in archival materials. This study is concerned with the impact of these oxides on the properties of lignocellulosic materials. The identification tags were printed on three different kinds of paper supports (Whatman No. 1 filter paper, paper according to ISO 9706 and sulphite pulp). The colour change, average degree of polymerisation, the pH values of an aqueous extract and selected mechanical properties after application of the tag and artificial ageing were studied on all the samples. The measurements showed that the studied oxides do not have a negative effect on the monitored properties of the paper supports and do not affect their long-term ageing behaviour.
{"title":"Identification tags for archival documents based on oxides of transition and inner transition metals – influence on paper supports","authors":"J. Krejčí, B. Benetková, K. Drábková, M. Ďurovič","doi":"10.1515/res-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Theft of archival documents constitutes a serious problem for archives. A possible solution to this problem lies in labelling these documents with codes that are invisible to the naked eye. A possible method could involve use, e.g. of the oxides of lanthanum, dysprosium, samarium, gadolinium and niobium, which have good responses in the XRF spectrum and are normally not present in archival materials. This study is concerned with the impact of these oxides on the properties of lignocellulosic materials. The identification tags were printed on three different kinds of paper supports (Whatman No. 1 filter paper, paper according to ISO 9706 and sulphite pulp). The colour change, average degree of polymerisation, the pH values of an aqueous extract and selected mechanical properties after application of the tag and artificial ageing were studied on all the samples. The measurements showed that the studied oxides do not have a negative effect on the monitored properties of the paper supports and do not affect their long-term ageing behaviour.","PeriodicalId":21154,"journal":{"name":"Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material","volume":"41 1","pages":"87 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/res-2019-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45261482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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