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The Colour of Pine Needles and Nightingales. A Traditional Japanese Copper-based Green Pigment 松针和夜莺的颜色。一种传统的日本铜基绿色颜料
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-11-17 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-0011
Maria Katharina Plate, Sigrid Eyb-Green, W. Baatz
Abstract The article describes a historic Japanese green pigment which was identified in a painting attributed to the Kano school, dating to the Edo period. According to literature, malachite – which is the common translation of the Japanese term rokushō – has been the most widely used green pigment in Japan over a long period of time. Its colour shade could be modified by the use of different degrees of grinding and by heating the pigment. The green paint layer found in the painting was examined using XRF, SEM-EDS and XRPD, and cross sections. Examinations revealed a heterogeneous paint layer which consists of a mixture of various natural copper-containing minerals, some of which also contain arsenic and other elements. A concluding discussion of pigment nomenclature in Japan raises the question if rokushō may in fact be equated with pure malachite.
摘要本文描述了一种历史悠久的日本绿色颜料,它是在一幅可追溯到江户时代的卡诺派绘画中发现的。根据文献,长期以来,孔雀石(日语术语rokushō的常见翻译)一直是日本使用最广泛的绿色颜料。它的色度可以通过使用不同程度的研磨和加热颜料来改变。使用XRF、SEM-EDS和XRPD以及横截面对油漆中发现的绿色油漆层进行了检查。检查发现,一层不均匀的油漆层由各种天然含铜矿物的混合物组成,其中一些还含有砷和其他元素。对日本颜料命名法的总结性讨论提出了一个问题,即rokushō是否真的可以等同于纯孔雀石。
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引用次数: 0
The Gel, the Colour, and the Complexing Agent: An Investigation of a Rigid Gel Application of Benzotriazole for Verdigris-Damaged Paper 凝胶、颜色和络合剂:苯并三唑在铜绿损坏纸上的刚性凝胶应用研究
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-0027
Leah Humenuck
Abstract The aim of this research was an investigation into creating a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, as a new potential way of treating verdigris-damaged paper. Various gel recipes were mixed and tested on historical samples. The gel recipes varied in gellan gel concentration, BTA/solvent solution concentration, and BTA concentration. The recipe effectiveness was assessed using Hulthe’s indicator paper and MQuant™ Test Cu indicator strips, two types of indicator papers which detect free copper ions. The results showed that rigid gel application of BTA is effective in complexing the copper ions which may inhibit further damage to the paper caused by free copper ions. Some of the other effects of the gel were the simultaneous removal of paper discolouration by the gel. Further research is needed to refine the gel recipes as well as the treatment process to prevent or reduce potential tidelines and other possible negative side-effects of gel treatment.
摘要本研究的目的是研究将络合剂苯并三唑(BTA)作为一种新的潜在的治疗铜绿损坏纸张的方法,创造一种坚硬的凝胶应用。将各种凝胶配方混合并在历史样品上进行测试。凝胶配方在结冷凝胶浓度、BTA/溶剂溶液浓度和BTA浓度方面各不相同。使用Hulthe的指示纸和MQuant评估配方的有效性™ 测试Cu指示条,这是两种检测游离铜离子的指示纸。结果表明,BTA的刚性凝胶应用能有效地络合铜离子,从而抑制游离铜离子对纸张的进一步损伤。凝胶的其他一些效果是同时去除了凝胶引起的纸张变色。需要进一步的研究来完善凝胶配方和治疗过程,以预防或减少凝胶治疗的潜在潮差和其他可能的负面副作用。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 社论
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-0014
Sigrid Eyb-Green, U. Henniges
To date, there are still many open questions regarding feasible conservation treatments counteracting paper degradation caused by copper-containing pigments, most notably, verdigris. We are therefore delighted to present this issue of Restaurator dedicated to research related to verdigris. To advance our understanding of the processes taking place during ageing of verdigris, we will first present a paper by Lynn Brostoff and Cynthia Connelly Ryan who explored the natural alteration of both neutral and basic forms of the pigment. We will then progress and introduce two approaches to treating verdigris-damaged paper. Leah Humenuck tested a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, on historical samples, while Jasna Malešič et al. studied the efficacy of several commercially available deacidification agents as well as the antioxidant tetrabutylammoniumbromide (TBAB). Finally,we conclude this volume with amore art technologically focussed contribution. Maria Plate et al. investigated the green paint layer of a Japanese folding screen from the Edoperiod and discuss on this basis the production, use and designation of historic Japanese green pigments. Within the last 10 years, much effort was dedicated to further research verdigris, and one might think that the time has come to compile findings and move forward to recommendations for specific treatments and conservation methodology in general. Recent studies in art technology allow the conclusion that oftentimes, historic recipes and current sample design might not always match. In her study of the alterations of verdigris published in the first volume of Restaurator 2020, Brostoff and Connelly Ryan give an overview of historical recipes for verdigris and the resulting compounds. The manufacture of verdigris typically involved the corrosion of copper sheets with acetic acid. Additives and different production methods not only produce a variety of blue to green copper compounds, but also two structurally distinct types of verdigris: the neutral copper acetate monohydrate and a series of basic copper acetate hydroxide salts.
到目前为止,仍然有许多关于可行的保护处理,以抵消纸的退化,引起的含铜颜料,最显著的铜绿。因此,我们很高兴推出这一期的餐馆专门研究与铜绿有关的。为了促进我们对铜绿老化过程的理解,我们将首先介绍林恩·布罗斯托夫和辛西娅·康纳利·瑞安的一篇论文,他们探索了中性和基本形式的自然变化。然后,我们将进一步介绍两种处理铜绿损坏纸的方法。Leah Humenuck在历史样品上测试了络合剂苯并三唑(BTA)的硬性凝胶应用,而Jasna Malešič等人研究了几种市售脱酸剂以及抗氧化剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)的功效。最后,我们以更多的艺术技术为重点的贡献来总结这一卷。Maria Plate等人研究了一幅日本eedperiod折页的绿色颜料层,并在此基础上讨论了日本历史上绿色颜料的生产、使用和命名。在过去的10年里,人们花了很多精力来进一步研究铜绿,人们可能会认为,现在是时候汇编研究结果,并提出具体处理和保护方法的建议了。最近对艺术技术的研究表明,历史上的食谱和现在的样品设计可能并不总是匹配的。Brostoff和Connelly Ryan在《Restaurator 2020》第一卷中发表了她对铜绿变化的研究,她概述了铜绿的历史配方和由此产生的化合物。铜绿的制造通常涉及到用醋酸腐蚀铜片。添加剂和不同的生产方法不仅可以生产出各种蓝到绿的铜化合物,还可以生产出两种结构上截然不同的铜绿:中性的一水醋酸铜和一系列碱式醋酸铜氢氧化盐。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter Frontmatter
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-10-25 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter3
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Microorganisms Deteriorating Ancient Ola Leaf Manuscripts 古奥拉叶手稿微生物变质的研究
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-0004
Young-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Hwa Choi, Jin-Young Hong, J. Lee, S. Kim, C. Jo, S. Jeong
Abstract Ola leaf manuscripts from Sri Lanka date back to several centuries. While they have been well preserved over the last century, their condition has worsened in recent years when black dots caused by microorganisms started occurring on their surface. In this study, the current state of preservation and the factors causing deterioration are examined using microscopy techniques. Microscopic images clearly show that the manuscripts are contaminated by microorganisms which penetrated deeply into the carrier material, destroying the internal structure. A Penicillium griseofulvum strain was recognized as the most active microorganism in xylan degradation. Sri Lanka’s climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of these fungi. Therefore, it is suggested that temperature and humidity of the archival space should be better controlled in order to ensure the Ola leaf manuscripts’ long-term preservation.
摘要斯里兰卡的奥拉叶手稿可以追溯到几个世纪前。虽然它们在上个世纪保存得很好,但近年来,当微生物引起的黑点开始出现在它们的表面时,它们的状况恶化了。在这项研究中,使用显微镜技术检查了目前的保存状态和导致变质的因素。显微镜图像清楚地显示,手稿被微生物污染,微生物深入载体材料,破坏了内部结构。灰黄青霉菌株被认为是木聚糖降解最活跃的微生物。斯里兰卡的气候为这些真菌的生长提供了有利的条件。因此,建议更好地控制档案空间的温度和湿度,以确保奥拉叶手稿的长期保存。
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引用次数: 1
Accelerated Aging of Deacidified and Untreated Book Paper in 1967 Compared with 52 Years of Natural Aging 1967年脱酸和未处理书纸的加速老化与52年的自然老化比较
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-0006
Tali H. Horst, Richard D. Smith, A. Potthast, M. Hubbe
Abstract Three copies of a book that had been optionally deacidified using two different procedures in 1967, and then subjected to accelerated aging, were tested again after 52 years of natural aging. Matched copies of the book Cooking the Greek Way, which had been printed in Czechoslovakia on acidic paper, were evaluated. Nonaqueous treatment of two of the copies with magnesium methoxide dissolved in chlorofluorocarbon solvent had been found in 1967 to have decreased the susceptibility to embrittlement, as evidenced by the results of the accelerated aging, followed by folding endurance tests. Retesting of the same books in 2019, after 52 years of room temperature storage, showed that the deacidification treatments had achieved the following benefits in comparison to the untreated book: (a) higher brightness; (b) higher folding endurance; (c) tensile breaking length higher in the cross-direction of the paper; (d) substantial alkaline reserve content, (e) an alkaline surface pH in the range 7.1–7.4, and (f) higher molecular mass of the cellulose. Remarkably, some of the folding endurance results matched those of unaged samples evaluated in 1967. Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the treated and untreated books.
摘要一本书的三本在1967年使用两种不同的程序进行了选择性脱酸,然后进行了加速老化,在自然老化52年后再次进行了测试。对捷克斯洛伐克用酸性纸印刷的《用希腊方式烹饪》一书的配套副本进行了评估。1967年发现,用溶解在氯氟碳溶剂中的甲醇镁对其中两个副本进行非水处理降低了脆化的易感性,加速老化和耐折性测试的结果证明了这一点。经过52年的室温储存,2019年对同一本书的重新测试表明,与未经处理的书相比,脱酸处理获得了以下好处:(a)更高的亮度;(b) 较高的耐折性;(c) 在纸张的横向方向上的拉伸断裂长度较高;(d) 基本的碱性储备含量,(e)碱性表面pH在7.1-7.4范围内,以及(f)纤维素的较高分子量。值得注意的是,一些耐折叠性的结果与1967年评估的未老化样品的结果相匹配。扫描电子显微照片显示,经过处理和未经处理的书籍之间没有差异。
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引用次数: 5
Mechanism of Acidification that Progresses in Library Collections of Books Made of Alkaline Paper 图书馆碱性纸制藏书的酸化机理
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-0008
Y. Mochizuki, Hiroshi Itsumura, T. Enomae
Abstract Acidification mechanisms of paper were examined, studying 120 pairs of identical copies of books published from 1971 to 2010 housed in two Japanese university libraries. The pH at the edges of the alkaline paper lowered from 7.5 to 6.4 after 5–10 years and to 5.8 after 10–15 years after publication. The pH bottomed at 5.4 at the edges and at 7.0 in the centre of the sheet. Acid paper showed higher pH at the edges than in the centre of the sheet. The edge pH of the alkaline paper of books stored on an above-ground floor was lower due to more exposure to incoming open air with pollutants compared to paper stored in the basement. Elemental analysis suggested nitrogen oxide deposition, but could not prove sulphur oxide deposition at the edges of the paper. The position-dependent acidification is presumed to relate to the deposition tendency of air pollutants contained in open air, and accordingly the edge pH dropped dramatically. In the 1980s, alkaline paper was increasingly used in the production of books, and it was assumed that no more book acidification was to occur; however, this study concludes that even in alkaline paper, acidification processes will take place over time.
论文的酸化机制进行了研究,研究了日本两所大学图书馆1971年至2010年间出版的120对相同的书籍。碱性纸张边缘的pH值在出版后5-10年从7.5下降到6.4,10-15年下降到5.8。薄片边缘的pH值为5.4,中间的pH值为7.0。酸性纸的边缘pH值高于纸张的中心。与存放在地下室的纸张相比,存放在地上一层的碱性纸张的边缘pH值较低,因为它们更多地暴露在带有污染物的室外空气中。元素分析表明有氮氧化物沉积,但不能证明在纸的边缘有硫氧化物沉积。假定位置依赖性酸化与露天空气中所含空气污染物的沉积倾向有关,因此边缘pH值急剧下降。在20世纪80年代,碱性纸张越来越多地用于书籍的生产,人们认为不会再发生书籍酸化;然而,这项研究得出的结论是,即使在碱性纸中,酸化过程也会随着时间的推移而发生。
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引用次数: 4
Frontmatter
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-06-04 DOI: 10.1515/res-2020-frontmatter2
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引用次数: 0
Eliminating Hydrogen Peroxide Volatiles after Lead White Conversion Treatment Via Sorption Agents 通过吸附剂去除铅白转化处理后的过氧化氢挥发物
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-05-26 DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-0022
Luise Raab, U. Henniges, I. Brückle
Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (HP) residues that remain after the conversion of blackened lead white may cause unwanted paper discolouration and degradation. Four VOCs sorption materials were tested for their ability to eliminate HP gas evolving from the treated substrate. This was tested by measuring the change in HP concentration in aqueous solution and in an enclosed air space in the presence of MicroChamber® Interleaving Paper, Corrosion Intercept® film, Zorflex® activated carbon cloth (ACC) and iron sulphate-impregnated paper. Detection with the colour indicator Quantofix® test strips and a Dräger X-am® 5100 single gas detection device showed that ACC is by far most efficient in decreasing the HP concentration. ACC was also effective in preventing paper discolouration in test objects that had been HP-treated for lead white conversion and then were stored sandwiched between ACC. Although ACC may not eliminate all HP from the substrate, it can diminish its negative effects on the treated object and protect other objects in the vicinity.
摘要黑化铅白转化后残留的过氧化氢(HP)残留物可能会导致纸张变色和降解。测试了四种挥发性有机物吸附材料消除处理后基质中HP气体的能力。在MicroChamber®交织纸、Corrosion Intercept®薄膜、Zorflex®活性炭布(ACC)和硫酸铁浸渍纸存在的情况下,通过测量水溶液和封闭空气空间中HP浓度的变化来进行测试。用彩色指示剂Quantofix®测试条和Dräger X-am®5100单气体检测设备进行检测表明,ACC在降低HP浓度方面是迄今为止最有效的。ACC也能有效防止经过HP处理的铅白色转换测试对象的纸张变色,然后将其夹在ACC之间储存。虽然ACC可能无法消除基底中的所有HP,但它可以减少其对处理对象的负面影响,并保护附近的其他对象。
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引用次数: 2
Identification tags for archival documents based on oxides of transition and inner transition metals – influence on paper supports 基于过渡金属和内部过渡金属氧化物的档案文件识别标签——对纸张支撑的影响
IF 0.4 4区 管理学 Q3 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-05-20 DOI: 10.1515/res-2019-0017
J. Krejčí, B. Benetková, K. Drábková, M. Ďurovič
Abstract Theft of archival documents constitutes a serious problem for archives. A possible solution to this problem lies in labelling these documents with codes that are invisible to the naked eye. A possible method could involve use, e.g. of the oxides of lanthanum, dysprosium, samarium, gadolinium and niobium, which have good responses in the XRF spectrum and are normally not present in archival materials. This study is concerned with the impact of these oxides on the properties of lignocellulosic materials. The identification tags were printed on three different kinds of paper supports (Whatman No. 1 filter paper, paper according to ISO 9706 and sulphite pulp). The colour change, average degree of polymerisation, the pH values of an aqueous extract and selected mechanical properties after application of the tag and artificial ageing were studied on all the samples. The measurements showed that the studied oxides do not have a negative effect on the monitored properties of the paper supports and do not affect their long-term ageing behaviour.
摘要档案文件被盗是档案馆面临的一个严重问题。这个问题的一个可能解决方案是用肉眼看不见的代码给这些文件贴上标签。一种可能的方法可能涉及使用,例如镧、镝、钐、钆和铌的氧化物,它们在XRF光谱中具有良好的响应,并且通常不存在于档案材料中。本研究关注这些氧化物对木质纤维素材料性能的影响。识别标签打印在三种不同类型的纸载体上(Whatman 1号滤纸、符合ISO 9706的纸和亚硫酸盐浆)。在应用标签和人工老化后,对所有样品的颜色变化、平均聚合度、水提取物的pH值和选定的机械性能进行了研究。测量结果表明,所研究的氧化物对纸载体的监测性能没有负面影响,也不会影响其长期老化行为。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material
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