Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001
Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, J. Alex Huffman, Simone Scheithauer, Eugene Mikhailov
Knowing the physicochemical properties of exhaled droplets and aerosol particles is a prerequisite for a detailed mechanistic understanding and effective prevention of the airborne transmission of infectious human diseases. This review provides a critical consideration and synthesis of scientific knowledge on the number concentrations, size distributions, composition, mixing state, and related properties of respiratory particles emitted upon breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing. A parametrization of respiratory particle size distributions is derived and presented based on five log-normal modes related to different origins in the respiratory tract, which can be used to trace and localize the sources of infectious particles. This approach may support the medical treatment as well as the risk assessment for aerosol and droplet transmission of infectious diseases. It was applied to analyze which respiratory activities may drive the spread of specific pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The results confirm the high relevance of vocalization for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the usefulness of physical distancing, face masks, room ventilation, and air filtration as preventative measures against coronavirus disease 2019 and other airborne infectious diseases.
{"title":"Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases","authors":"Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, J. Alex Huffman, Simone Scheithauer, Eugene Mikhailov","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the physicochemical properties of exhaled droplets and aerosol particles is a prerequisite for a detailed mechanistic understanding and effective prevention of the airborne transmission of infectious human diseases. This review provides a critical consideration and synthesis of scientific knowledge on the number concentrations, size distributions, composition, mixing state, and related properties of respiratory particles emitted upon breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing. A parametrization of respiratory particle size distributions is derived and presented based on five log-normal modes related to different origins in the respiratory tract, which can be used to trace and localize the sources of infectious particles. This approach may support the medical treatment as well as the risk assessment for aerosol and droplet transmission of infectious diseases. It was applied to analyze which respiratory activities may drive the spread of specific pathogens, such as <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The results confirm the high relevance of vocalization for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the usefulness of physical distancing, face masks, room ventilation, and air filtration as preventative measures against coronavirus disease 2019 and other airborne infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006
Walter Kutschera, A. J. Timothy Jull, Michael Paul, Anton Wallner
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was born in the late 1970s, when it was realized at nuclear physics laboratories that the accelerator systems can be used as a sensitive mass spectrometer to measure ultralow traces of long-lived radioisotopes. It soon became possible to measure radioisotope-to-stable-isotope ratios in the range from to by counting the radioisotope ions “atom by atom” and comparing the count rate with ion currents of stable isotopes ( singly charged ions/s). It turned out that electrostatic tandem accelerators are best suited for this, and there are now worldwide about 160 AMS facilities based on this principle. This review presents the history, technological developments, and research areas of AMS through the 45 yr since its discovery. Many different fields are touched by AMS measurements, including archaeology, astrophysics, atmospheric science, biology, climatology, cosmic-ray physics, environmental physics, forensic science, glaciology, geophormology, hydrology, ice core research, meteoritics, nuclear physics, oceanography, and particle physics. Since it is virtually impossible to discuss all fields in detail in this review, only specific fields with recent advances are highlighted in detail. For the others, an effort is made to provide relevant references for in-depth studies of the respective fields.
{"title":"Atom counting with accelerator mass spectroscopy","authors":"Walter Kutschera, A. J. Timothy Jull, Michael Paul, Anton Wallner","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was born in the late 1970s, when it was realized at nuclear physics laboratories that the accelerator systems can be used as a sensitive mass spectrometer to measure ultralow traces of long-lived radioisotopes. It soon became possible to measure radioisotope-to-stable-isotope ratios in the range from <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> by counting the radioisotope ions “atom by atom” and comparing the count rate with ion currents of stable isotopes (<math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mn>1.6</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">μ</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> singly charged ions/s). It turned out that electrostatic tandem accelerators are best suited for this, and there are now worldwide about 160 AMS facilities based on this principle. This review presents the history, technological developments, and research areas of AMS through the 45 yr since its discovery. Many different fields are touched by AMS measurements, including archaeology, astrophysics, atmospheric science, biology, climatology, cosmic-ray physics, environmental physics, forensic science, glaciology, geophormology, hydrology, ice core research, meteoritics, nuclear physics, oceanography, and particle physics. Since it is virtually impossible to discuss all fields in detail in this review, only specific fields with recent advances are highlighted in detail. For the others, an effort is made to provide relevant references for in-depth studies of the respective fields.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"53 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005
O. Hurricane, P. Patel, R. Betti, D. Froula, S. Regan, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, M. A. Sweeney
{"title":"Physics principles of inertial confinement fusion and U.S. program overview","authors":"O. Hurricane, P. Patel, R. Betti, D. Froula, S. Regan, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, M. A. Sweeney","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45678297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.031001
M. Zaletel, M. Lukin, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, F. Wilczek, N. Yao
The spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry has led to the discovery of a new phase of matter - the discrete time crystal. Discrete time crystals exhibit rigid subharmonic oscillations, which result from a combination of many-body interactions, collective synchronization, and ergodicity breaking. This Colloquium reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of quantum and classical discrete time crystals. We focus on the breaking of ergodicity as the key to discrete time crystals and the delaying of ergodicity as the source of numerous phenomena that share many of the properties of discrete time crystals, including the AC Josephson effect, coupled map lattices, and Faraday waves. Theoretically, there exists a diverse array of strategies to stabilize time crystalline order in both closed and open systems, ranging from localization and prethermalization to dissipation and error correction. Experimentally, many-body quantum simulators provide a natural platform for investigating signatures of time crystalline order; recent work utilizing trapped ions, solid-state spin systems, and superconducting qubits will be reviewed. Finally, this Colloquium concludes by describing outstanding challenges in the field and a vision for new directions on both the experimental and theoretical fronts.
{"title":"Colloquium\u0000: Quantum and classical discrete time crystals","authors":"M. Zaletel, M. Lukin, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, F. Wilczek, N. Yao","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.95.031001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.031001","url":null,"abstract":"The spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry has led to the discovery of a new phase of matter - the discrete time crystal. Discrete time crystals exhibit rigid subharmonic oscillations, which result from a combination of many-body interactions, collective synchronization, and ergodicity breaking. This Colloquium reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of quantum and classical discrete time crystals. We focus on the breaking of ergodicity as the key to discrete time crystals and the delaying of ergodicity as the source of numerous phenomena that share many of the properties of discrete time crystals, including the AC Josephson effect, coupled map lattices, and Faraday waves. Theoretically, there exists a diverse array of strategies to stabilize time crystalline order in both closed and open systems, ranging from localization and prethermalization to dissipation and error correction. Experimentally, many-body quantum simulators provide a natural platform for investigating signatures of time crystalline order; recent work utilizing trapped ions, solid-state spin systems, and superconducting qubits will be reviewed. Finally, this Colloquium concludes by describing outstanding challenges in the field and a vision for new directions on both the experimental and theoretical fronts.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42662129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.025001
J. Junquera, Y. Nahas, S. Prokhorenko, L. Bellaiche, J. Íñiguez, D. Schlom, Long-qing Chen, S. Salahuddin, D. A. Muller, Lane W. Martin, R. Ramesh
{"title":"Topological phases in polar oxide nanostructures","authors":"J. Junquera, Y. Nahas, S. Prokhorenko, L. Bellaiche, J. Íñiguez, D. Schlom, Long-qing Chen, S. Salahuddin, D. A. Muller, Lane W. Martin, R. Ramesh","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.025001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.025001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47934560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.010501
S. Manabe
{"title":"Nobel Lecture: Physical modeling of Earth’s climate","authors":"S. Manabe","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.010501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.010501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47425989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.015002
Alexandra S. Sheremet, Mihail I. Petrov, I. Iorsh, A. Poshakinskiy, A. Poddubny
{"title":"Waveguide quantum electrodynamics: Collective radiance and photon-photon correlations","authors":"Alexandra S. Sheremet, Mihail I. Petrov, I. Iorsh, A. Poshakinskiy, A. Poddubny","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.015002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.015002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47208516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.011006
Justyna P Zwolak, Jacob M Taylor
Arrays of quantum dots (QDs) are a promising candidate system to realize scalable, coupled qubit systems and serve as a fundamental building block for quantum computers. In such semiconductor quantum systems, devices now have tens of individual electrostatic and dynamical voltages that must be carefully set to localize the system into the single-electron regime and to realize good qubit operational performance. The mapping of requisite QD locations and charges to gate voltages presents a challenging classical control problem. With an increasing number of QD qubits, the relevant parameter space grows sufficiently to make heuristic control unfeasible. In recent years, there has been considerable effort to automate device control that combines script-based algorithms with machine learning (ML) techniques. In this Colloquium, a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the automation of QD device control is presented, with a particular emphasis on silicon- and GaAs-based QDs formed in two-dimensional electron gases. Combining physics-based modeling with modern numerical optimization and ML has proven effective in yielding efficient, scalable control. Further integration of theoretical, computational, and experimental efforts with computer science and ML holds vast potential in advancing semiconductor and other platforms for quantum computing.
量子点阵列（QDs）是实现可扩展耦合量子比特系统的理想候选系统，也是量子计算机的基本构件。在这种半导体量子系统中，器件现在有数十个单独的静电和动态电压，必须仔细设置才能将系统定位到单电子系统，并实现良好的量子比特操作性能。将所需的 QD 位置和电荷映射到栅极电压是一个具有挑战性的经典控制问题。随着 QD 量子比特数量的增加，相关参数空间也在不断扩大，使得启发式控制变得不可行。近年来，人们一直致力于将基于脚本的算法与机器学习（ML）技术相结合，实现器件控制的自动化。在本次研讨会上，将全面介绍 QD 器件控制自动化的最新进展，重点介绍在二维电子气体中形成的硅基和砷化镓基 QD。事实证明，将基于物理的建模与现代数值优化和 ML 相结合，能有效实现高效、可扩展的控制。进一步将理论、计算和实验工作与计算机科学和 ML 相结合，将为推动半导体和其他量子计算平台的发展带来巨大潜力。
{"title":"<i>Colloquium:</i> Advances in automation of quantum dot devices control.","authors":"Justyna P Zwolak, Jacob M Taylor","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.011006","DOIUrl":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.011006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arrays of quantum dots (QDs) are a promising candidate system to realize scalable, coupled qubit systems and serve as a fundamental building block for quantum computers. In such semiconductor quantum systems, devices now have tens of individual electrostatic and dynamical voltages that must be carefully set to localize the system into the single-electron regime and to realize good qubit operational performance. The mapping of requisite QD locations and charges to gate voltages presents a challenging classical control problem. With an increasing number of QD qubits, the relevant parameter space grows sufficiently to make heuristic control unfeasible. In recent years, there has been considerable effort to automate device control that combines script-based algorithms with machine learning (ML) techniques. In this Colloquium, a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the automation of QD device control is presented, with a particular emphasis on silicon- and GaAs-based QDs formed in two-dimensional electron gases. Combining physics-based modeling with modern numerical optimization and ML has proven effective in yielding efficient, scalable control. Further integration of theoretical, computational, and experimental efforts with computer science and ML holds vast potential in advancing semiconductor and other platforms for quantum computing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":45.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10088060/pdf/nihms-1877609.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9364107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.045002
Cang Zhao, B. Shi, Shuailei Chen, Dong Du, T. Sun, B. Simonds, K. Fezzaa, A. Rollett
{"title":"Laser melting modes in metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Cang Zhao, B. Shi, Shuailei Chen, Dong Du, T. Sun, B. Simonds, K. Fezzaa, A. Rollett","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.045002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.045002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48346877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.035003
G. F. Quinteiro Rosen, P. I. Tamborenea, T. Kuhn
{"title":"Interplay between optical vortices and condensed matter","authors":"G. F. Quinteiro Rosen, P. I. Tamborenea, T. Kuhn","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.035003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.035003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48702467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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