Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006
Walter Kutschera, A. J. Timothy Jull, Michael Paul, Anton Wallner
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was born in the late 1970s, when it was realized at nuclear physics laboratories that the accelerator systems can be used as a sensitive mass spectrometer to measure ultralow traces of long-lived radioisotopes. It soon became possible to measure radioisotope-to-stable-isotope ratios in the range from to by counting the radioisotope ions “atom by atom” and comparing the count rate with ion currents of stable isotopes ( singly charged ions/s). It turned out that electrostatic tandem accelerators are best suited for this, and there are now worldwide about 160 AMS facilities based on this principle. This review presents the history, technological developments, and research areas of AMS through the 45 yr since its discovery. Many different fields are touched by AMS measurements, including archaeology, astrophysics, atmospheric science, biology, climatology, cosmic-ray physics, environmental physics, forensic science, glaciology, geophormology, hydrology, ice core research, meteoritics, nuclear physics, oceanography, and particle physics. Since it is virtually impossible to discuss all fields in detail in this review, only specific fields with recent advances are highlighted in detail. For the others, an effort is made to provide relevant references for in-depth studies of the respective fields.
{"title":"Atom counting with accelerator mass spectroscopy","authors":"Walter Kutschera, A. J. Timothy Jull, Michael Paul, Anton Wallner","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035006","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was born in the late 1970s, when it was realized at nuclear physics laboratories that the accelerator systems can be used as a sensitive mass spectrometer to measure ultralow traces of long-lived radioisotopes. It soon became possible to measure radioisotope-to-stable-isotope ratios in the range from <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> to <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> by counting the radioisotope ions “atom by atom” and comparing the count rate with ion currents of stable isotopes (<math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mn>1.6</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">μ</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> singly charged ions/s). It turned out that electrostatic tandem accelerators are best suited for this, and there are now worldwide about 160 AMS facilities based on this principle. This review presents the history, technological developments, and research areas of AMS through the 45 yr since its discovery. Many different fields are touched by AMS measurements, including archaeology, astrophysics, atmospheric science, biology, climatology, cosmic-ray physics, environmental physics, forensic science, glaciology, geophormology, hydrology, ice core research, meteoritics, nuclear physics, oceanography, and particle physics. Since it is virtually impossible to discuss all fields in detail in this review, only specific fields with recent advances are highlighted in detail. For the others, an effort is made to provide relevant references for in-depth studies of the respective fields.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"53 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.031003
Gadi Afek, Nir Davidson, David A. Kessler, Eli Barkai
The standard central limit theorem does not apply to sums of many random variables with heavy-tailed probability distributions. The anomalous statistics for such sums have exotic properties and they are applied phenomenologically across the natural sciences, economics, and the social sciences. This Colloquium reviews how anomalous statistics can be derived from first principles and how they govern the observed diffusive motion of ultracold atoms in laser fields.
{"title":"<i>Colloquium</i> : Anomalous statistics of laser-cooled atoms in dissipative optical lattices","authors":"Gadi Afek, Nir Davidson, David A. Kessler, Eli Barkai","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.031003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.031003","url":null,"abstract":"The standard central limit theorem does not apply to sums of many random variables with heavy-tailed probability distributions. The anomalous statistics for such sums have exotic properties and they are applied phenomenologically across the natural sciences, economics, and the social sciences. This Colloquium reviews how anomalous statistics can be derived from first principles and how they govern the observed diffusive motion of ultracold atoms in laser fields.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135471209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.030001
Randall D. Kamien
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.030001
{"title":"Editorial: To Review Is to Be","authors":"Randall D. Kamien","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.030001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.030001","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.030001</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138494441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035005
Bing Zhang
Fast radio bursts, milliseconds-duration radio bursts predominantly originating from cosmological distances, figure among the unsolved puzzles of contemporary astrophysics. The rapid accumulation of observational data has generated an equally intense theoretical activity toward the understanding of the physical processes at the origin of these events. This review presents a thorough survey of the current knowledge about fast radio bursts, starting with the generic constraints that can be placed on theoretical models based on current observations and plasma physics considerations, then moving to a critical discussion of coherent radiation mechanisms and source models currently debated in the scientific community.
{"title":"The physics of fast radio bursts","authors":"Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035005","url":null,"abstract":"Fast radio bursts, milliseconds-duration radio bursts predominantly originating from cosmological distances, figure among the unsolved puzzles of contemporary astrophysics. The rapid accumulation of observational data has generated an equally intense theoretical activity toward the understanding of the physical processes at the origin of these events. This review presents a thorough survey of the current knowledge about fast radio bursts, starting with the generic constraints that can be placed on theoretical models based on current observations and plasma physics considerations, then moving to a critical discussion of coherent radiation mechanisms and source models currently debated in the scientific community.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135768891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.031002
Michael Smidman, Oliver Stockert, Emilian M. Nica, Yang Liu, Huiqiu Yuan, Qimiao Si, Frank Steglich
The heavy-fermion compound CeCu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ has long been known to be an unconventional superconductor with $d$-wave symmetry. Ordinarily, this would imply that the gap function has nodes on the Fermi surface. This Colloquium explains that recent experiments have shown that the gap is nonzero everywhere, if small where a single-band wave gap would vanish. The Colloquium discusses theoretical scenarios to explain these observations, as well as the implications for other unconventional superconductors.
{"title":"Colloquium : Unconventional fully gapped superconductivity in the heavy-fermion metal CeCu2Si2","authors":"Michael Smidman, Oliver Stockert, Emilian M. Nica, Yang Liu, Huiqiu Yuan, Qimiao Si, Frank Steglich","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.031002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.031002","url":null,"abstract":"The heavy-fermion compound CeCu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ has long been known to be an unconventional superconductor with $d$-wave symmetry. Ordinarily, this would imply that the gap function has nodes on the Fermi surface. This Colloquium explains that recent experiments have shown that the gap is nonzero everywhere, if small where a single-band wave gap would vanish. The Colloquium discusses theoretical scenarios to explain these observations, as well as the implications for other unconventional superconductors.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.035004
Attila Szilva, Yaroslav Kvashnin, Evgeny A. Stepanov, Lars Nordström, Olle Eriksson, Alexander I. Lichtenstein, Mikhail I. Katsnelson
{"title":"Quantitative theory of magnetic interactions in solids","authors":"Attila Szilva, Yaroslav Kvashnin, Evgeny A. Stepanov, Lars Nordström, Olle Eriksson, Alexander I. Lichtenstein, Mikhail I. Katsnelson","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.035004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.035004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135936885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005
O. Hurricane, P. Patel, R. Betti, D. Froula, S. Regan, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, M. A. Sweeney
{"title":"Physics principles of inertial confinement fusion and U.S. program overview","authors":"O. Hurricane, P. Patel, R. Betti, D. Froula, S. Regan, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, M. A. Sweeney","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.025005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45678297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.031001
M. Zaletel, M. Lukin, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, F. Wilczek, N. Yao
The spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry has led to the discovery of a new phase of matter - the discrete time crystal. Discrete time crystals exhibit rigid subharmonic oscillations, which result from a combination of many-body interactions, collective synchronization, and ergodicity breaking. This Colloquium reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of quantum and classical discrete time crystals. We focus on the breaking of ergodicity as the key to discrete time crystals and the delaying of ergodicity as the source of numerous phenomena that share many of the properties of discrete time crystals, including the AC Josephson effect, coupled map lattices, and Faraday waves. Theoretically, there exists a diverse array of strategies to stabilize time crystalline order in both closed and open systems, ranging from localization and prethermalization to dissipation and error correction. Experimentally, many-body quantum simulators provide a natural platform for investigating signatures of time crystalline order; recent work utilizing trapped ions, solid-state spin systems, and superconducting qubits will be reviewed. Finally, this Colloquium concludes by describing outstanding challenges in the field and a vision for new directions on both the experimental and theoretical fronts.
{"title":"Colloquium\u0000: Quantum and classical discrete time crystals","authors":"M. Zaletel, M. Lukin, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, F. Wilczek, N. Yao","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.95.031001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.031001","url":null,"abstract":"The spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry has led to the discovery of a new phase of matter - the discrete time crystal. Discrete time crystals exhibit rigid subharmonic oscillations, which result from a combination of many-body interactions, collective synchronization, and ergodicity breaking. This Colloquium reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of quantum and classical discrete time crystals. We focus on the breaking of ergodicity as the key to discrete time crystals and the delaying of ergodicity as the source of numerous phenomena that share many of the properties of discrete time crystals, including the AC Josephson effect, coupled map lattices, and Faraday waves. Theoretically, there exists a diverse array of strategies to stabilize time crystalline order in both closed and open systems, ranging from localization and prethermalization to dissipation and error correction. Experimentally, many-body quantum simulators provide a natural platform for investigating signatures of time crystalline order; recent work utilizing trapped ions, solid-state spin systems, and superconducting qubits will be reviewed. Finally, this Colloquium concludes by describing outstanding challenges in the field and a vision for new directions on both the experimental and theoretical fronts.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42662129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.025001
J. Junquera, Y. Nahas, S. Prokhorenko, L. Bellaiche, J. Íñiguez, D. Schlom, Long-qing Chen, S. Salahuddin, D. A. Muller, Lane W. Martin, R. Ramesh
{"title":"Topological phases in polar oxide nanostructures","authors":"J. Junquera, Y. Nahas, S. Prokhorenko, L. Bellaiche, J. Íñiguez, D. Schlom, Long-qing Chen, S. Salahuddin, D. A. Muller, Lane W. Martin, R. Ramesh","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.025001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.025001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47934560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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