Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.025003
Mohamadreza Fazel, Kristin S. Grussmayer, Boris Ferdman, Aleksandra Radenovic, Yoav Shechtman, Jörg Enderlein, Steve Pressé
Fundamental properties of light unavoidably impose features on images collected using fluorescence microscopes. Accounting for these features is often critical in quantitatively interpreting microscopy images, especially those gathering information at scales on par with or smaller than light’s emission wavelength. Here the optics responsible for generating fluorescent images, fluorophore properties, and microscopy modalities leveraging properties of both light and fluorophores, in addition to the necessarily probabilistic modeling tools imposed by the stochastic nature of light and measurement, are reviewed.
{"title":"Fluorescence microscopy: A statistics-optics perspective","authors":"Mohamadreza Fazel, Kristin S. Grussmayer, Boris Ferdman, Aleksandra Radenovic, Yoav Shechtman, Jörg Enderlein, Steve Pressé","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.025003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.025003","url":null,"abstract":"Fundamental properties of light unavoidably impose features on images collected using fluorescence microscopes. Accounting for these features is often critical in quantitatively interpreting microscopy images, especially those gathering information at scales on par with or smaller than light’s emission wavelength. Here the optics responsible for generating fluorescent images, fluorophore properties, and microscopy modalities leveraging properties of both light and fluorophores, in addition to the necessarily probabilistic modeling tools imposed by the stochastic nature of light and measurement, are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.021003
Morten Amundsen, Jacob Linder, Jason W. A. Robinson, Igor Žutić, Niladri Banerjee
Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) relates to the interaction between an electron’s motion and its spin and is ubiquitous in solid-state systems. Although the effect of SOC in normal-state phenomena has been extensively studied, its role in superconducting hybrid structures and devices elicits many unexplored questions. In conjunction with broken symmetries and material inhomogeneities within superconducting hybrid structures, SOC may have contributions beyond its effects in homogeneous materials. Notably, even with well-established magnetic or nonmagnetic materials and conventional -wave spin-singlet superconductors, SOC leads to emergent phenomena including equal-spin-triplet pairing and topological superconductivity (hosting Majorana states), a modified current-phase relationship in Josephson junctions, and nonreciprocal transport, including superconducting diode effects. SOC is also responsible for transforming quasiparticles in superconducting structures, which enhances the spin Hall effect and changes the spin dynamics. Taken together, SOC in superconducting hybrid structures and the potential for electric tuning of the SOC strength create interesting possibilities to advance superconducting spintronic devices for energy-efficient computing and enable topological fault-tolerant quantum computing. By providing a description of experimental techniques and theoretical methods to study SOC, this Colloquium describes the current understanding of resulting phenomena in superconducting structures and offers a framework to select and design a growing class of materials systems where SOC plays an important role.
自旋轨道耦合（SOC）与电子运动及其自旋之间的相互作用有关，在固态系统中无处不在。尽管人们已经广泛研究了自旋轨道耦合在正常状态现象中的影响，但它在超导混合结构和器件中的作用却引发了许多尚未探索的问题。结合超导混合结构中被破坏的对称性和材料不均匀性，SOC 的作用可能超出其在均质材料中的影响。值得注意的是，即使是成熟的磁性或非磁性材料和传统的 s 波自旋小卫星超导体，SOC 也会导致新出现的现象，包括等自旋三胞胎配对和拓扑超导（寄存马约拉纳态）、约瑟夫森结中修正的电流相位关系以及非互惠传输，包括超导二极管效应。SOC 还能改变超导结构中的准粒子，从而增强自旋霍尔效应并改变自旋动力学。综合来看，超导混合结构中的SOC以及SOC强度的电调谐潜力为推进用于高能效计算的超导自旋电子器件和实现拓扑容错量子计算创造了有趣的可能性。通过介绍研究 SOC 的实验技术和理论方法，本次研讨会描述了目前对超导结构中由此产生的现象的理解，并为选择和设计 SOC 发挥重要作用的越来越多的材料系统提供了一个框架。
{"title":"Colloquium: Spin-orbit effects in superconducting hybrid structures","authors":"Morten Amundsen, Jacob Linder, Jason W. A. Robinson, Igor Žutić, Niladri Banerjee","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.021003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.021003","url":null,"abstract":"Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) relates to the interaction between an electron’s motion and its spin and is ubiquitous in solid-state systems. Although the effect of SOC in normal-state phenomena has been extensively studied, its role in superconducting hybrid structures and devices elicits many unexplored questions. In conjunction with broken symmetries and material inhomogeneities within superconducting hybrid structures, SOC may have contributions beyond its effects in homogeneous materials. Notably, even with well-established magnetic or nonmagnetic materials and conventional <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>s</mi></math>-wave spin-singlet superconductors, SOC leads to emergent phenomena including equal-spin-triplet pairing and topological superconductivity (hosting Majorana states), a modified current-phase relationship in Josephson junctions, and nonreciprocal transport, including superconducting diode effects. SOC is also responsible for transforming quasiparticles in superconducting structures, which enhances the spin Hall effect and changes the spin dynamics. Taken together, SOC in superconducting hybrid structures and the potential for electric tuning of the SOC strength create interesting possibilities to advance superconducting spintronic devices for energy-efficient computing and enable topological fault-tolerant quantum computing. By providing a description of experimental techniques and theoretical methods to study SOC, this Colloquium describes the current understanding of resulting phenomena in superconducting structures and offers a framework to select and design a growing class of materials systems where SOC plays an important role.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.025002
Qijin Chen, Zhiqiang Wang, Rufus Boyack, Shuolong Yang, K. Levin
New developments in superconductivity, particularly through unexpected and often surprising forms of superconducting materials, continue to excite the community and stimulate theory. It is now becoming clear that there are two distinct platforms for superconductivity: natural and synthetic materials. The study of these artificial materials has greatly expanded in the past decade or so, with the discoveries of new forms of superfluidity in artificial heterostructures and the exploitation of proximitization. Natural superconductors continue to surprise through Fe-based pnictides and chalcogenides, and nickelates as well as others. This review presents a two-pronged investigation into such superconductors, with an emphasis on those that have come to be understood to belong somewhere between the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) regimes. The nature of this “crossover” superconductivity, which is to be distinguished from crossover superfluidity in atomic Fermi gases, is a focus here. Multiple ways of promoting a system out of the BCS and into the BCS-BEC crossover regime are addressed in the context of concrete experimental realizations. These involve natural materials, such as organic conductors, as well as artificial, mostly two-dimensional materials, such as magic-angle twisted bilayer and trilayer graphene, or gate-controlled devices, as well as one-layer and interfacial superconducting films. Such developments should be viewed as a celebration of BCS theory, as it is now clear that, even though this theory was initially implemented with the special case of weak correlations in mind, it can be extended in a natural way to treat the case of these more exotic strongly correlated superconductors.
{"title":"When superconductivity crosses over: From BCS to BEC","authors":"Qijin Chen, Zhiqiang Wang, Rufus Boyack, Shuolong Yang, K. Levin","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.025002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.025002","url":null,"abstract":"New developments in superconductivity, particularly through unexpected and often surprising forms of superconducting materials, continue to excite the community and stimulate theory. It is now becoming clear that there are two distinct platforms for superconductivity: natural and synthetic materials. The study of these artificial materials has greatly expanded in the past decade or so, with the discoveries of new forms of superfluidity in artificial heterostructures and the exploitation of proximitization. Natural superconductors continue to surprise through Fe-based pnictides and chalcogenides, and nickelates as well as others. This review presents a two-pronged investigation into such superconductors, with an emphasis on those that have come to be understood to belong somewhere between the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) regimes. The nature of this “crossover” superconductivity, which is to be distinguished from crossover superfluidity in atomic Fermi gases, is a focus here. Multiple ways of promoting a system out of the BCS and into the BCS-BEC crossover regime are addressed in the context of concrete experimental realizations. These involve natural materials, such as organic conductors, as well as artificial, mostly two-dimensional materials, such as magic-angle twisted bilayer and trilayer graphene, or gate-controlled devices, as well as one-layer and interfacial superconducting films. Such developments should be viewed as a celebration of BCS theory, as it is now clear that, even though this theory was initially implemented with the special case of weak correlations in mind, it can be extended in a natural way to treat the case of these more exotic strongly correlated superconductors.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141091771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.020001
Randall D. Kamien, Daniel Ucko
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.020001
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.020001
{"title":"Editorial: Coauthor! Coauthor!","authors":"Randall D. Kamien, Daniel Ucko","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.020001","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.020001</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.025001
Jiangfeng Du, Fazhan Shi, Xi Kong, Fedor Jelezko, Jörg Wrachtrup
Single-molecule technology stands as a powerful tool, enabling the characterization of intricate structural and dynamic information that would otherwise remain concealed within the averaged behaviors of numerous molecules. This technology finds extensive application across diverse fields including physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Quantum sensing, particularly leveraging nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers within diamond structures, presents a promising avenue for single-molecule magnetic resonance, offering prospects for sensing and imaging technology at the single-molecule level. Notably, while significant strides have been made in single-molecule scale magnetic resonance using NV centers over the past two decades, current approaches still exhibit limitations in magnetic sensitivity, spectral resolution, and spatial resolution. In particular, the full reconstruction of three-dimensional positions of nuclear spins within single molecules remains an unattained goal. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in single-molecule scale magnetic resonance encompassing an analysis of various relevant techniques involving NV centers. Additionally, it explores the optimization of technical parameters associated with these methods. This detailed analysis serves as a foundation for the development of new technologies and the exploration of potential applications.
{"title":"Single-molecule scale magnetic resonance spectroscopy using quantum diamond sensors","authors":"Jiangfeng Du, Fazhan Shi, Xi Kong, Fedor Jelezko, Jörg Wrachtrup","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.025001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.025001","url":null,"abstract":"Single-molecule technology stands as a powerful tool, enabling the characterization of intricate structural and dynamic information that would otherwise remain concealed within the averaged behaviors of numerous molecules. This technology finds extensive application across diverse fields including physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Quantum sensing, particularly leveraging nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers within diamond structures, presents a promising avenue for single-molecule magnetic resonance, offering prospects for sensing and imaging technology at the single-molecule level. Notably, while significant strides have been made in single-molecule scale magnetic resonance using NV centers over the past two decades, current approaches still exhibit limitations in magnetic sensitivity, spectral resolution, and spatial resolution. In particular, the full reconstruction of three-dimensional positions of nuclear spins within single molecules remains an unattained goal. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in single-molecule scale magnetic resonance encompassing an analysis of various relevant techniques involving NV centers. Additionally, it explores the optimization of technical parameters associated with these methods. This detailed analysis serves as a foundation for the development of new technologies and the exploration of potential applications.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140895419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.021002
Tirth Shah, Christian Brendel, Vittorio Peano, Florian Marquardt
Mechanical vibrations are being harnessed for a variety of purposes and at many length scales, from the macroscopic world down to the nanoscale. The considerable design freedom in mechanical structures allows one to engineer new functionalities. In recent years, this has been exploited to generate setups that offer topologically protected transport of vibrational waves (topological phonon transport), both in the solid state and in fluids. Borrowing concepts from electronic physics and being cross fertilized by concurrent studies for cold atoms and electromagnetic waves, this field of topological transport in engineered mechanical systems offers a rich variety of phenomena and platforms. In this Colloquium, a unifying overview of the various ideas employed in this area is provided, different approaches and experimental implementations are summarized, and the challenges as well as the prospects are commented upon.
{"title":"Colloquium: Topologically protected transport in engineered mechanical systems","authors":"Tirth Shah, Christian Brendel, Vittorio Peano, Florian Marquardt","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.021002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.021002","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical vibrations are being harnessed for a variety of purposes and at many length scales, from the macroscopic world down to the nanoscale. The considerable design freedom in mechanical structures allows one to engineer new functionalities. In recent years, this has been exploited to generate setups that offer topologically protected transport of vibrational waves (topological phonon transport), both in the solid state and in fluids. Borrowing concepts from electronic physics and being cross fertilized by concurrent studies for cold atoms and electromagnetic waves, this field of topological transport in engineered mechanical systems offers a rich variety of phenomena and platforms. In this Colloquium, a unifying overview of the various ideas employed in this area is provided, different approaches and experimental implementations are summarized, and the challenges as well as the prospects are commented upon.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140620370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.021001
M. Marmol, E. Gachon, D. Faivre
Magnetotactic bacteria are swimming microorganisms able to follow magnetic field lines with the help of an organelle called the magnetosome that is made of biomineralized magnetic crystals assembled in a chain. In combination with this ability, these bacteria perform active oxygen sensing to reach the oxic-anoxic transition zone, which is often located in the upper part of the sediment. From a physicist’s perspective, magnetotactic bacteria can be seen at the interface between bacterial active matter and magnetic colloids, which gives them unique properties at both the individual and collective levels. In crowded media and/or when they are submitted to external flows, their motion can be efficiently driven by magnetic fields, which leads to surprising effects. In this Colloquium, the different features of magnetotactic bacteria at are reviewed at every scale, from single cell to collective motion, from simple to complex environments, and by emphasizing the differences from other bacterial species or passive magnetic colloids. The Colloquium concludes with a discussion of perspectives on using magnetotactic bacteria in active magnetorheology.
{"title":"Colloquium: Magnetotactic bacteria: From flagellar motor to collective effects","authors":"M. Marmol, E. Gachon, D. Faivre","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.021001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.021001","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetotactic bacteria are swimming microorganisms able to follow magnetic field lines with the help of an organelle called the magnetosome that is made of biomineralized magnetic crystals assembled in a chain. In combination with this ability, these bacteria perform active oxygen sensing to reach the oxic-anoxic transition zone, which is often located in the upper part of the sediment. From a physicist’s perspective, magnetotactic bacteria can be seen at the interface between bacterial active matter and magnetic colloids, which gives them unique properties at both the individual and collective levels. In crowded media and/or when they are submitted to external flows, their motion can be efficiently driven by magnetic fields, which leads to surprising effects. In this Colloquium, the different features of magnetotactic bacteria at are reviewed at every scale, from single cell to collective motion, from simple to complex environments, and by emphasizing the differences from other bacterial species or passive magnetic colloids. The Colloquium concludes with a discussion of perspectives on using magnetotactic bacteria in active magnetorheology.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140349443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015006
Gino Isidori, Felix Wilsch, Daniel Wyler
The striking success of the standard model in explaining precision data and, at the same time, its lack of explanations for various fundamental phenomena, such as dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, suggest new physics at an energy scale that greatly exceeds the electroweak scale. In the absence of a short-range–long-range conspiracy, the standard model can be viewed as the leading term of an effective “remnant” theory (referred to as the SMEFT) of a more fundamental structure. In recent years, many aspects of the SMEFT have been investigated, and it has become a standard tool for analyzing experimental results in an integral way. In this review, after a presentation of the salient features of the standard model, the construction of the SMEFT is reviewed. The range of its applicability and bounds on its coefficients imposed by general theoretical considerations are discussed. Since new-physics models are likely to exhibit exact or approximate accidental global symmetries, especially in the flavor sector, their implications for the SMEFT are also discussed. The main focus of the review is the phenomenological analysis of experimental results. How to use various effective field theories to study the phenomenology of theories beyond the standard model is explicitly shown. Descriptions of the matching procedure and the use of the renormalization group equations are given, allowing one to connect multiple effective theories that are valid at different energy scales. Explicit examples from low-energy experiments and from high- physics illustrate the workflow. Also commented upon are the nonlinear realization of electroweak symmetry breaking and its phenomenological implications.
{"title":"The standard model effective field theory at work","authors":"Gino Isidori, Felix Wilsch, Daniel Wyler","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015006","url":null,"abstract":"The striking success of the standard model in explaining precision data and, at the same time, its lack of explanations for various fundamental phenomena, such as dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, suggest new physics at an energy scale that greatly exceeds the electroweak scale. In the absence of a short-range–long-range conspiracy, the standard model can be viewed as the leading term of an effective “remnant” theory (referred to as the SMEFT) of a more fundamental structure. In recent years, many aspects of the SMEFT have been investigated, and it has become a standard tool for analyzing experimental results in an integral way. In this review, after a presentation of the salient features of the standard model, the construction of the SMEFT is reviewed. The range of its applicability and bounds on its coefficients imposed by general theoretical considerations are discussed. Since new-physics models are likely to exhibit exact or approximate accidental global symmetries, especially in the flavor sector, their implications for the SMEFT are also discussed. The main focus of the review is the phenomenological analysis of experimental results. How to use various effective field theories to study the phenomenology of theories beyond the standard model is explicitly shown. Descriptions of the matching procedure and the use of the renormalization group equations are given, allowing one to connect multiple effective theories that are valid at different energy scales. Explicit examples from low-energy experiments and from high-<math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math> physics illustrate the workflow. Also commented upon are the nonlinear realization of electroweak symmetry breaking and its phenomenological implications.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140183041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005
Albert Fert, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Vincent Garcia, Fèlix Casanova, Manuel Bibes
The remanent magnetization of ferromagnets has long been studied and used to store binary information. While early magnetic memory designs relied on magnetization switching by locally generated magnetic fields, key insights in condensed matter physics later suggested the possibility of doing it by electrical means instead. In the 1990s, Slonczewski and Berger formulated the concept of current-induced spin torques in magnetic multilayers through which a spin-polarized current generated by a first ferromagnet may be used to switch the magnetization of a second one. This discovery drove the development of spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memories (MRAMs). More recent fundamental research revealed other types of current-induced torques named spin-orbit torques (SOTs) and will lead to a new generation of devices including SOT MRAMs and skyrmion-based devices. Parallel to these advances, multiferroics and their magnetoelectric coupling, first investigated experimentally in the 1960s, experienced a renaissance. Dozens of multiferroic compounds with new magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms were discovered and high-quality multiferroic films were synthesized (notably of ), also leading to novel device concepts for information and communication technology such as the magnetoelectric spin-orbit (MESO) transistor. The story of the electrical switching of magnetization, which is discussed in this review, is that of a dance between fundamental research (in spintronics, condensed matter physics, and materials science) and technology (MRAMs, MESO transistors, microwave emitters, spin diodes, skyrmion-based devices, components for neuromorphics, etc.). This pas de deux has led to major scientific and technological breakthroughs in recent decades (such as the conceptualization of pure spin currents, the observation of magnetic skyrmions, and the discovery of spin-charge interconversion effects). As a result, this field has not only propelled MRAMs into consumer electronics products but also fueled discoveries in adjacent research areas such as ferroelectrics or magnonics. In this review, recent advances in the control of magnetism by electric fields and by current-induced torques are covered. Fundamental concepts in these two directions are reviewed first, their combination is then discussed, and finally current various families of devices harnessing the electrical control of magnetic properties for various application fields are addressed. The review concludes by giving perspectives in terms of both emerging fundamental physics concepts and new directions in materials science.
{"title":"Electrical control of magnetism by electric field and current-induced torques","authors":"Albert Fert, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Vincent Garcia, Fèlix Casanova, Manuel Bibes","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005","url":null,"abstract":"The remanent magnetization of ferromagnets has long been studied and used to store binary information. While early magnetic memory designs relied on magnetization switching by locally generated magnetic fields, key insights in condensed matter physics later suggested the possibility of doing it by electrical means instead. In the 1990s, Slonczewski and Berger formulated the concept of current-induced spin torques in magnetic multilayers through which a spin-polarized current generated by a first ferromagnet may be used to switch the magnetization of a second one. This discovery drove the development of spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memories (MRAMs). More recent fundamental research revealed other types of current-induced torques named spin-orbit torques (SOTs) and will lead to a new generation of devices including SOT MRAMs and skyrmion-based devices. Parallel to these advances, multiferroics and their magnetoelectric coupling, first investigated experimentally in the 1960s, experienced a renaissance. Dozens of multiferroic compounds with new magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms were discovered and high-quality multiferroic films were synthesized (notably of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>BiFeO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math>), also leading to novel device concepts for information and communication technology such as the magnetoelectric spin-orbit (MESO) transistor. The story of the electrical switching of magnetization, which is discussed in this review, is that of a dance between fundamental research (in spintronics, condensed matter physics, and materials science) and technology (MRAMs, MESO transistors, microwave emitters, spin diodes, skyrmion-based devices, components for neuromorphics, etc.). This <i>pas de deux</i> has led to major scientific and technological breakthroughs in recent decades (such as the conceptualization of pure spin currents, the observation of magnetic skyrmions, and the discovery of spin-charge interconversion effects). As a result, this field has not only propelled MRAMs into consumer electronics products but also fueled discoveries in adjacent research areas such as ferroelectrics or magnonics. In this review, recent advances in the control of magnetism by electric fields and by current-induced torques are covered. Fundamental concepts in these two directions are reviewed first, their combination is then discussed, and finally current various families of devices harnessing the electrical control of magnetic properties for various application fields are addressed. The review concludes by giving perspectives in terms of both emerging fundamental physics concepts and new directions in materials science.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015004
Daniela D. Doneva, Fethi M. Ramazanoğlu, Hector O. Silva, Thomas P. Sotiriou, Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev
Scalarization is a mechanism that endows strongly self-gravitating bodies, such as neutron stars and black holes, with a scalar-field configuration. It resembles a phase transition in that the scalar configuration appears only when a certain quantity that characterizes the compact object, for example, its compactness or spin, is beyond a threshold. A critical and comprehensive review of scalarization, including the mechanism itself, theories that exhibit it, its manifestation in neutron stars, black holes and their binaries, potential extension to other fields, and a thorough discussion of future perspectives, is provided.
{"title":"Spontaneous scalarization","authors":"Daniela D. Doneva, Fethi M. Ramazanoğlu, Hector O. Silva, Thomas P. Sotiriou, Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015004","url":null,"abstract":"Scalarization is a mechanism that endows strongly self-gravitating bodies, such as neutron stars and black holes, with a scalar-field configuration. It resembles a phase transition in that the scalar configuration appears only when a certain quantity that characterizes the compact object, for example, its compactness or spin, is beyond a threshold. A critical and comprehensive review of scalarization, including the mechanism itself, theories that exhibit it, its manifestation in neutron stars, black holes and their binaries, potential extension to other fields, and a thorough discussion of future perspectives, is provided.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140067618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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