Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.039901
P. Talkner, P. Hänggi
{"title":"Erratum: \u0000Colloquium\u0000: Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics at strong coupling: Quantum and classical [Rev. Mod. Phys. \u000092\u0000, 041002 (2020)]","authors":"P. Talkner, P. Hänggi","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.039901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.039901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46044363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.035001
Chao-Yang Lu, Yuan Cao, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan
Quantum theory has been successfully validated in numerous laboratory experiments. But would such a theory, which effectively describes the behavior of microscopic physical systems and its predicted phenomena such as quantum entanglement, still be applicable on large length scales? From a practical perspective, how can quantum key distribution (where the security of establishing secret keys between distant parties is ensured by the laws of quantum mechanics) be made technologically useful on a global scale? Owing to photon loss in optical fibers and terrestrial free space, the achievable distance using direct transmission of single photons has been limited to a few hundred kilometers. A promising route to testing quantum physics over long distances and in the relativistic regimes, and thus realizing flexible global-scale quantum networks, is via the use of satellites and space-based technologies, where a significant advantage is that the photon loss and turbulence predominantly occurs in the lower of the atmosphere, and most of the photons’ transmission path in space is virtually in vacuum, with almost zero absorption and decoherence. Progress in free-space quantum experiments, with a focus on the fast-developing Micius satellite–based quantum communications, is reviewed. The perspective of space-ground integrated quantum networks and fundamental quantum optics experiments in space conceivable with satellites are discussed.
{"title":"Micius quantum experiments in space","authors":"Chao-Yang Lu, Yuan Cao, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.035001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.035001","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum theory has been successfully validated in numerous laboratory experiments. But would such a theory, which effectively describes the behavior of microscopic physical systems and its predicted phenomena such as quantum entanglement, still be applicable on large length scales? From a practical perspective, how can quantum key distribution (where the security of establishing secret keys between distant parties is ensured by the laws of quantum mechanics) be made technologically useful on a global scale? Owing to photon loss in optical fibers and terrestrial free space, the achievable distance using direct transmission of single photons has been limited to a few hundred kilometers. A promising route to testing quantum physics over long distances and in the relativistic regimes, and thus realizing flexible global-scale quantum networks, is via the use of satellites and space-based technologies, where a significant advantage is that the photon loss and turbulence predominantly occurs in the lower <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>km</mi></mrow></math> of the atmosphere, and most of the photons’ transmission path in space is virtually in vacuum, with almost zero absorption and decoherence. Progress in free-space quantum experiments, with a focus on the fast-developing Micius satellite–based quantum communications, is reviewed. The perspective of space-ground integrated quantum networks and fundamental quantum optics experiments in space conceivable with satellites are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"304 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045004
D. Filippetto, P. Musumeci, R. K. Li, B. Siwick, M. Otto, M. Centurion, J. P. Nunes
Since the discovery of electron-wave duality, electron scattering instrumentation has developed into a powerful array of techniques for revealing the atomic structure of matter. Beyond detecting local lattice variations in equilibrium structures, recent research efforts have been directed towards the long sought-after dream of visualizing the dynamic evolution of matter in real-time. The atomic behavior at ultrafast timescales carries critical information on phase transition and chemical reaction dynamics, the coupling of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in materials and molecules, the correlation between structure, function and previously hidden metastable or nonequilibrium states of matter. Ultrafast electron pulses play an essential role in this scientific endeavor, and their generation has been facilitated by rapid technical advances in both ultrafast laser and particle accelerator technologies. This review presents a summary of the remarkable developments in this field over the last few decades. The physics and technology of ultrafast electron beams is presented with an emphasis on the figures of merit most relevant for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. We discuss recent developments in the generation, manipulation and characterization of ultrashort electron beams aimed at improving the combined spatio-temporal resolution of these measurements. The fundamentals of electron scattering from atomic matter and the theoretical frameworks for retrieving dynamic structural information from solid-state and gas-phase samples are described, together with essential experimental techniques and several landmark works. Ultrafast electron probes with ever improving capabilities, combined with other complementary photon-based or spectroscopic approaches, hold tremendous potential for revolutionizing our ability to observe and understand energy and matter at atomic scales.
{"title":"Ultrafast electron diffraction: Visualizing dynamic states of matter","authors":"D. Filippetto, P. Musumeci, R. K. Li, B. Siwick, M. Otto, M. Centurion, J. P. Nunes","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045004","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of electron-wave duality, electron scattering instrumentation has developed into a powerful array of techniques for revealing the atomic structure of matter. Beyond detecting local lattice variations in equilibrium structures, recent research efforts have been directed towards the long sought-after dream of visualizing the dynamic evolution of matter in real-time. The atomic behavior at ultrafast timescales carries critical information on phase transition and chemical reaction dynamics, the coupling of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in materials and molecules, the correlation between structure, function and previously hidden metastable or nonequilibrium states of matter. Ultrafast electron pulses play an essential role in this scientific endeavor, and their generation has been facilitated by rapid technical advances in both ultrafast laser and particle accelerator technologies. This review presents a summary of the remarkable developments in this field over the last few decades. The physics and technology of ultrafast electron beams is presented with an emphasis on the figures of merit most relevant for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. We discuss recent developments in the generation, manipulation and characterization of ultrashort electron beams aimed at improving the combined spatio-temporal resolution of these measurements. The fundamentals of electron scattering from atomic matter and the theoretical frameworks for retrieving dynamic structural information from solid-state and gas-phase samples are described, together with essential experimental techniques and several landmark works. Ultrafast electron probes with ever improving capabilities, combined with other complementary photon-based or spectroscopic approaches, hold tremendous potential for revolutionizing our ability to observe and understand energy and matter at atomic scales.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44651651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501
R. Genzel
{"title":"Nobel Lecture: A forty-year journey","authors":"R. Genzel","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46073834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901
F. Guo, C. Hanhart, U. Meissner, Qian Wang, Qiang Zhao, B. Zou
{"title":"Erratum: Hadronic molecules [Rev. Mod. Phys. \u000090\u0000, 015004 (2018)]","authors":"F. Guo, C. Hanhart, U. Meissner, Qian Wang, Qiang Zhao, B. Zou","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47292983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003
A. Reiserer
A future quantum network will consist of quantum processors that are connected by quantum channels, just like conventional computers are wired up to form the Internet. In contrast to classical devices, however, the entanglement and non-local correlations available in a quantum-controlled system facilitate novel fundamental tests of quantum theory. In addition, they enable numerous applications in distributed quantum infor- mation processing, quantum communication, and precision measurement. While pioneering experiments have demonstrated the entanglement of two quantum nodes separated by up to 1 . 3km, and three nodes in the same laboratory, accessing the full potential of quantum networks requires scaling of these prototypes to many more nodes and global distances. This is an outstanding challenge, posing high demands on qubit control fidelity, qubit coherence time, and coupling efficiency between stationary and flying qubits. In this work, I will describe how optical resonators facilitate quantum network nodes that achieve the above-mentioned prerequisites in different physical systems — trapped atoms, defect centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors, and rare-earth dopants — by en- abling high-fidelity qubit initialization and readout, efficient generation of qubit-photon and remote qubit-qubit entanglement, as well as quantum gates between stationary and flying qubits. These advances open a realistic perspective towards the implementation of global-scale quantum networks in the near future.
{"title":"Colloquium\u0000: Cavity-enhanced quantum network nodes","authors":"A. Reiserer","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003","url":null,"abstract":"A future quantum network will consist of quantum processors that are connected by quantum channels, just like conventional computers are wired up to form the Internet. In contrast to classical devices, however, the entanglement and non-local correlations available in a quantum-controlled system facilitate novel fundamental tests of quantum theory. In addition, they enable numerous applications in distributed quantum infor- mation processing, quantum communication, and precision measurement. While pioneering experiments have demonstrated the entanglement of two quantum nodes separated by up to 1 . 3km, and three nodes in the same laboratory, accessing the full potential of quantum networks requires scaling of these prototypes to many more nodes and global distances. This is an outstanding challenge, posing high demands on qubit control fidelity, qubit coherence time, and coupling efficiency between stationary and flying qubits. In this work, I will describe how optical resonators facilitate quantum network nodes that achieve the above-mentioned prerequisites in different physical systems — trapped atoms, defect centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors, and rare-earth dopants — by en- abling high-fidelity qubit initialization and readout, efficient generation of qubit-photon and remote qubit-qubit entanglement, as well as quantum gates between stationary and flying qubits. These advances open a realistic perspective towards the implementation of global-scale quantum networks in the near future.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47948676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025004
F. García-Vidal, A. Fernández-Domínguez, L. Martín-Moreno, Hao Chi Zhang, W. Tang, Ruwen Peng, T. Cui
{"title":"Spoof surface plasmon photonics","authors":"F. García-Vidal, A. Fernández-Domínguez, L. Martín-Moreno, Hao Chi Zhang, W. Tang, Ruwen Peng, T. Cui","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.025004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.025004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47495705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Gastric cancer rarely metastasizes to the gallbladder. Furthermore, there has never been a case report of simultaneous gallbladder metastasis from residual gastric cancer. Here, we report a case of synchronous gallbladder metastasis originating from a residual gastric cancer.
Case presentation: A 67-year-old man underwent a follow-up upper endoscopy 18 months after a partial gastrectomy for gastric cancer; an ulcerative lesion was found in the remnant stomach at the gastrojejunal anastomosis. A biopsy revealed gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). A full-body examination revealed no abnormalities other than gallstones in the gallbladder. With a diagnosis of residual gastric cancer (cT2N0M0 cStage I), the patient underwent open total gastrectomy and cholecystectomy. Macroscopic findings of the resected specimen revealed thickening of the gallbladder wall; however, no obvious neoplastic lesions were found on the mucosal surface of the gallbladder. The pathological findings showed that the SRCC had invaded the submucosa of the gastrojejunostomy site with a high degree of lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastases. SRCCs were also found in the lymphatic vessels of the gallbladder wall. These findings suggested the possibility of gallbladder metastasis through lymphatic vessels. The patient and his family members refused postoperative chemotherapy. Ten months after the operation, the patient experienced respiratory failure due to lymphangitis carcinomatosa and died.
Conclusions: At present, it is difficult to determine whether resection of the gallbladder contributes to an improved prognosis of gastric cancer patients. However, reports in such cases demonstrate that gallbladder metastasis could be a poor predictor of prognosis for gastric cancer.
{"title":"Synchronous gallbladder metastasis originating from residual gastric cancer: a case report and the review of literature.","authors":"Ami Kawamoto, Koichi Kimura, Kosuke Hirose, Takuma Izumi, Daisuke Taniguchi, Hiroko Yano, Yuichiro Kajiwara, Ryosuke Minagawa, Kazuhito Minami, Yumi Oshiro, Takashi Nishizaki","doi":"10.1186/s40792-022-01442-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40792-022-01442-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gastric cancer rarely metastasizes to the gallbladder. Furthermore, there has never been a case report of simultaneous gallbladder metastasis from residual gastric cancer. Here, we report a case of synchronous gallbladder metastasis originating from a residual gastric cancer.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 67-year-old man underwent a follow-up upper endoscopy 18 months after a partial gastrectomy for gastric cancer; an ulcerative lesion was found in the remnant stomach at the gastrojejunal anastomosis. A biopsy revealed gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). A full-body examination revealed no abnormalities other than gallstones in the gallbladder. With a diagnosis of residual gastric cancer (cT2N0M0 cStage I), the patient underwent open total gastrectomy and cholecystectomy. Macroscopic findings of the resected specimen revealed thickening of the gallbladder wall; however, no obvious neoplastic lesions were found on the mucosal surface of the gallbladder. The pathological findings showed that the SRCC had invaded the submucosa of the gastrojejunostomy site with a high degree of lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastases. SRCCs were also found in the lymphatic vessels of the gallbladder wall. These findings suggested the possibility of gallbladder metastasis through lymphatic vessels. The patient and his family members refused postoperative chemotherapy. Ten months after the operation, the patient experienced respiratory failure due to lymphangitis carcinomatosa and died.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>At present, it is difficult to determine whether resection of the gallbladder contributes to an improved prognosis of gastric cancer patients. However, reports in such cases demonstrate that gallbladder metastasis could be a poor predictor of prognosis for gastric cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"51 1","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9079201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83965575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-06DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025003
M. Torbati, Kosar Mozaffari, Liping Liu, P. Sharma
{"title":"Coupling of mechanical deformation and electromagnetic fields in biological cells","authors":"M. Torbati, Kosar Mozaffari, Liping Liu, P. Sharma","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.025003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.025003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48866907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025002
Jie Chen, Xiangfan Xu, Jun Zhou, Baowen Li
{"title":"Interfacial thermal resistance: Past, present, and future","authors":"Jie Chen, Xiangfan Xu, Jun Zhou, Baowen Li","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.025002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.025002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45428441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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