Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.015001
R. Caciuffo, G. Lander, G. van der Laan
Research on actinide materials, both basic and applied, has been greatly advanced by the general techniques available from high-intensity photon beams from x-ray synchrotron sources. The most important single reason is that such x-ray sources can work with minute (e.g., microgram) samples, and at this level, the radioactive hazards of actinides are much reduced. We start by discussing the form and encapsulation procedures used for different techniques, then discuss the basic theory for interpreting the results. By reviewing a selection of x-ray diffraction (XRD), resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), resonant and non-resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS, NIXS), dispersive inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS), and conventional and resonant photoemission experiments, we demonstrate the potential of synchrotron radiation techniques in studying lattice and electronic structure, hybridization effects, multipolar order, and lattice dynamics in actinide materials.
{"title":"Synchrotron radiation techniques and their application to actinide materials","authors":"R. Caciuffo, G. Lander, G. van der Laan","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.95.015001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.015001","url":null,"abstract":"Research on actinide materials, both basic and applied, has been greatly advanced by the general techniques available from high-intensity photon beams from x-ray synchrotron sources. The most important single reason is that such x-ray sources can work with minute (e.g., microgram) samples, and at this level, the radioactive hazards of actinides are much reduced. We start by discussing the form and encapsulation procedures used for different techniques, then discuss the basic theory for interpreting the results. By reviewing a selection of x-ray diffraction (XRD), resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), resonant and non-resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS, NIXS), dispersive inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS), and conventional and resonant photoemission experiments, we demonstrate the potential of synchrotron radiation techniques in studying lattice and electronic structure, hybridization effects, multipolar order, and lattice dynamics in actinide materials.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43642382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.045002
Cang Zhao, B. Shi, Shuailei Chen, Dong Du, T. Sun, B. Simonds, K. Fezzaa, A. Rollett
{"title":"Laser melting modes in metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Cang Zhao, B. Shi, Shuailei Chen, Dong Du, T. Sun, B. Simonds, K. Fezzaa, A. Rollett","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.045002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.045002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48346877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.040001
Jessica Thomas, Michael Thoennessen
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.040001
{"title":"Editorial: A Welcoming Home for Applied Science","authors":"Jessica Thomas, Michael Thoennessen","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.040001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.040001","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.040001</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.035003
G. F. Quinteiro Rosen, P. I. Tamborenea, T. Kuhn
{"title":"Interplay between optical vortices and condensed matter","authors":"G. F. Quinteiro Rosen, P. I. Tamborenea, T. Kuhn","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.035003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.035003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48702467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.039901
P. Talkner, P. Hänggi
{"title":"Erratum: \u0000Colloquium\u0000: Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics at strong coupling: Quantum and classical [Rev. Mod. Phys. \u000092\u0000, 041002 (2020)]","authors":"P. Talkner, P. Hänggi","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.039901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.039901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46044363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.035001
Chao-Yang Lu, Yuan Cao, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan
Quantum theory has been successfully validated in numerous laboratory experiments. But would such a theory, which effectively describes the behavior of microscopic physical systems and its predicted phenomena such as quantum entanglement, still be applicable on large length scales? From a practical perspective, how can quantum key distribution (where the security of establishing secret keys between distant parties is ensured by the laws of quantum mechanics) be made technologically useful on a global scale? Owing to photon loss in optical fibers and terrestrial free space, the achievable distance using direct transmission of single photons has been limited to a few hundred kilometers. A promising route to testing quantum physics over long distances and in the relativistic regimes, and thus realizing flexible global-scale quantum networks, is via the use of satellites and space-based technologies, where a significant advantage is that the photon loss and turbulence predominantly occurs in the lower of the atmosphere, and most of the photons’ transmission path in space is virtually in vacuum, with almost zero absorption and decoherence. Progress in free-space quantum experiments, with a focus on the fast-developing Micius satellite–based quantum communications, is reviewed. The perspective of space-ground integrated quantum networks and fundamental quantum optics experiments in space conceivable with satellites are discussed.
{"title":"Micius quantum experiments in space","authors":"Chao-Yang Lu, Yuan Cao, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.035001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.035001","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum theory has been successfully validated in numerous laboratory experiments. But would such a theory, which effectively describes the behavior of microscopic physical systems and its predicted phenomena such as quantum entanglement, still be applicable on large length scales? From a practical perspective, how can quantum key distribution (where the security of establishing secret keys between distant parties is ensured by the laws of quantum mechanics) be made technologically useful on a global scale? Owing to photon loss in optical fibers and terrestrial free space, the achievable distance using direct transmission of single photons has been limited to a few hundred kilometers. A promising route to testing quantum physics over long distances and in the relativistic regimes, and thus realizing flexible global-scale quantum networks, is via the use of satellites and space-based technologies, where a significant advantage is that the photon loss and turbulence predominantly occurs in the lower <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>km</mi></mrow></math> of the atmosphere, and most of the photons’ transmission path in space is virtually in vacuum, with almost zero absorption and decoherence. Progress in free-space quantum experiments, with a focus on the fast-developing Micius satellite–based quantum communications, is reviewed. The perspective of space-ground integrated quantum networks and fundamental quantum optics experiments in space conceivable with satellites are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045004
D. Filippetto, P. Musumeci, R. K. Li, B. Siwick, M. Otto, M. Centurion, J. P. Nunes
Since the discovery of electron-wave duality, electron scattering instrumentation has developed into a powerful array of techniques for revealing the atomic structure of matter. Beyond detecting local lattice variations in equilibrium structures, recent research efforts have been directed towards the long sought-after dream of visualizing the dynamic evolution of matter in real-time. The atomic behavior at ultrafast timescales carries critical information on phase transition and chemical reaction dynamics, the coupling of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in materials and molecules, the correlation between structure, function and previously hidden metastable or nonequilibrium states of matter. Ultrafast electron pulses play an essential role in this scientific endeavor, and their generation has been facilitated by rapid technical advances in both ultrafast laser and particle accelerator technologies. This review presents a summary of the remarkable developments in this field over the last few decades. The physics and technology of ultrafast electron beams is presented with an emphasis on the figures of merit most relevant for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. We discuss recent developments in the generation, manipulation and characterization of ultrashort electron beams aimed at improving the combined spatio-temporal resolution of these measurements. The fundamentals of electron scattering from atomic matter and the theoretical frameworks for retrieving dynamic structural information from solid-state and gas-phase samples are described, together with essential experimental techniques and several landmark works. Ultrafast electron probes with ever improving capabilities, combined with other complementary photon-based or spectroscopic approaches, hold tremendous potential for revolutionizing our ability to observe and understand energy and matter at atomic scales.
{"title":"Ultrafast electron diffraction: Visualizing dynamic states of matter","authors":"D. Filippetto, P. Musumeci, R. K. Li, B. Siwick, M. Otto, M. Centurion, J. P. Nunes","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045004","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of electron-wave duality, electron scattering instrumentation has developed into a powerful array of techniques for revealing the atomic structure of matter. Beyond detecting local lattice variations in equilibrium structures, recent research efforts have been directed towards the long sought-after dream of visualizing the dynamic evolution of matter in real-time. The atomic behavior at ultrafast timescales carries critical information on phase transition and chemical reaction dynamics, the coupling of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in materials and molecules, the correlation between structure, function and previously hidden metastable or nonequilibrium states of matter. Ultrafast electron pulses play an essential role in this scientific endeavor, and their generation has been facilitated by rapid technical advances in both ultrafast laser and particle accelerator technologies. This review presents a summary of the remarkable developments in this field over the last few decades. The physics and technology of ultrafast electron beams is presented with an emphasis on the figures of merit most relevant for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. We discuss recent developments in the generation, manipulation and characterization of ultrashort electron beams aimed at improving the combined spatio-temporal resolution of these measurements. The fundamentals of electron scattering from atomic matter and the theoretical frameworks for retrieving dynamic structural information from solid-state and gas-phase samples are described, together with essential experimental techniques and several landmark works. Ultrafast electron probes with ever improving capabilities, combined with other complementary photon-based or spectroscopic approaches, hold tremendous potential for revolutionizing our ability to observe and understand energy and matter at atomic scales.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44651651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501
R. Genzel
{"title":"Nobel Lecture: A forty-year journey","authors":"R. Genzel","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.020501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46073834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901
F. Guo, C. Hanhart, U. Meissner, Qian Wang, Qiang Zhao, B. Zou
{"title":"Erratum: Hadronic molecules [Rev. Mod. Phys. \u000090\u0000, 015004 (2018)]","authors":"F. Guo, C. Hanhart, U. Meissner, Qian Wang, Qiang Zhao, B. Zou","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.94.029901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47292983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003
A. Reiserer
A future quantum network will consist of quantum processors that are connected by quantum channels, just like conventional computers are wired up to form the Internet. In contrast to classical devices, however, the entanglement and non-local correlations available in a quantum-controlled system facilitate novel fundamental tests of quantum theory. In addition, they enable numerous applications in distributed quantum infor- mation processing, quantum communication, and precision measurement. While pioneering experiments have demonstrated the entanglement of two quantum nodes separated by up to 1 . 3km, and three nodes in the same laboratory, accessing the full potential of quantum networks requires scaling of these prototypes to many more nodes and global distances. This is an outstanding challenge, posing high demands on qubit control fidelity, qubit coherence time, and coupling efficiency between stationary and flying qubits. In this work, I will describe how optical resonators facilitate quantum network nodes that achieve the above-mentioned prerequisites in different physical systems — trapped atoms, defect centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors, and rare-earth dopants — by en- abling high-fidelity qubit initialization and readout, efficient generation of qubit-photon and remote qubit-qubit entanglement, as well as quantum gates between stationary and flying qubits. These advances open a realistic perspective towards the implementation of global-scale quantum networks in the near future.
{"title":"Colloquium\u0000: Cavity-enhanced quantum network nodes","authors":"A. Reiserer","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041003","url":null,"abstract":"A future quantum network will consist of quantum processors that are connected by quantum channels, just like conventional computers are wired up to form the Internet. In contrast to classical devices, however, the entanglement and non-local correlations available in a quantum-controlled system facilitate novel fundamental tests of quantum theory. In addition, they enable numerous applications in distributed quantum infor- mation processing, quantum communication, and precision measurement. While pioneering experiments have demonstrated the entanglement of two quantum nodes separated by up to 1 . 3km, and three nodes in the same laboratory, accessing the full potential of quantum networks requires scaling of these prototypes to many more nodes and global distances. This is an outstanding challenge, posing high demands on qubit control fidelity, qubit coherence time, and coupling efficiency between stationary and flying qubits. In this work, I will describe how optical resonators facilitate quantum network nodes that achieve the above-mentioned prerequisites in different physical systems — trapped atoms, defect centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors, and rare-earth dopants — by en- abling high-fidelity qubit initialization and readout, efficient generation of qubit-photon and remote qubit-qubit entanglement, as well as quantum gates between stationary and flying qubits. These advances open a realistic perspective towards the implementation of global-scale quantum networks in the near future.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47948676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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