Reviews of Modern Physics最新文献

英文中文

25-Hydroxy vitamin D level is associated with mean platelet volume in patients with acute coronary syndrome. 25-羟基维生素 D 水平与急性冠状动脉综合征患者的平均血小板体积有关。

1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-18 DOI: 10.2174/1871529X22666220418111905

Behzad Hajimoradi, Behnaz Hosseini, Toktam Alirezaei, Fatemeh Pourmotahari

Background and aims: A better identification of the role of vitamin D in the thrombotic process of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) will help increase the therapeutic options for this important clinical condition. There is little published evidence that 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels can associate with platelet function and risk of thrombosis.

Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted on 200 patients with a diagnosis of ACS, including patients with unstable angina (UA), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In addition to demographics and angiographic data, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and MPV were recorded in all patients.

Results: The types of ACS were STEMI (35%), NSTEMI (25%), and UA (40%). The concentrations of 25(OH)D in patients with UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI were 23.53 ± 13.26, 19.25 ± 8.09 and 14.60 ± 8.24 ng/mL respectively (P < 0.001), and the values of MPV were 9.83 ± 1.35, 10.30 ± 1.21, and 11.56 ± 1.38 fL, respectively (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D and MPV (R = -0.320, P < 0.0001). ROC analysis illustrated a moderate predictive value (AUC 0.706; 95% CI, 0.63-0.72) in identifying the discrimination threshold of MPV (≥ 9.90 fL) for vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL).

Conclusion: The current study shows an inverse association between MPV and vitamin D levels in ACS patients, especially in the subgroup of STEMI. These findings propose the effect of vitamin D on platelet size and function, suggesting its role in thrombosis and hemostasis, which might explain the link between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases.

背景和目的：更好地确定维生素 D 在急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）血栓形成过程中的作用将有助于增加这一重要临床病症的治疗选择。目前几乎没有公开发表的证据表明，25-羟基维生素 D（25(OH)D）血清水平与血小板功能和血栓形成风险有关：这项前瞻性研究的对象是 200 名确诊为 ACS 的患者，包括不稳定型心绞痛（UA）、非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）和 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者。除人口统计学和血管造影数据外，还记录了所有患者血清中 25(OH)D 和 MPV 的浓度：ACS的类型为STEMI（35%）、NSTEMI（25%）和UA（40%）。UA、NSTEMI和STEMI患者的25（OH）D浓度分别为（23.53±13.26）、（19.25±8.09）和（14.60±8.24）纳克/毫升（P＜0.001），MPV值分别为（9.83±1.35）、（10.30±1.21）和（11.56±1.38）fL（P＜0.001）。25(OH)D 和 MPV 之间呈负相关（R = -0.320，P <0.0001）。ROC 分析表明，MPV（≥ 9.90 fL）在确定维生素 D 缺乏的鉴别阈值方面具有中等预测价值（AUC 0.706；95% CI，0.63-0.72）：目前的研究显示，ACS 患者的 MPV 与维生素 D 水平呈反向关系，尤其是在 STEMI 亚组中。这些发现提出了维生素 D 对血小板大小和功能的影响，表明其在血栓形成和止血中的作用，这可能解释了维生素 D 缺乏与心血管疾病之间的联系。

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引用次数: 0

Room Temperature Superconductivity: the Roles of Theory and Materials Design 室温超导:理论与材料设计的作用

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.021001

W. Pickett

For half a century after the discovery of superconductivity, materials exploration for better superconductors proceeded without knowledge of the underlying mechanism. The 1957 BCS theory cleared that up: the superconducting state occurs due to pairing of electrons over the Fermi surface. Over the following half century higher critical temperature T$_c$ was achieved only serendipitously as new materials were synthesized. Meanwhile the formal theory of phonon-coupled superconductivity at the material-dependent level became highly developed: given a known compound, its value of T$_c$, the superconducting gap function, and several other properties of the superconducting state became available independent of further experimental input. More recently, density functional theory based computational materials design has progressed to a predictive level -- new materials can be predicted on the basis of various numerical algorithms. Taken together, these capabilities enable theoretical prediction of new superconductors. Here the process that resulted in three new highest temperature superconductors, predicted numerically, confirmed experimentally -- SH$_3$, LaH$_{10}$, and YH$_9$ -- is recounted. These hydrides have T$_c$ in the 200-280K range at megabar pressures, and here the development will be chronicled. Current activities and challenges are discussed, together with Regularities in compressed hydrides that can guide further exploration.

在超导性发现后的半个世纪里，人们一直在探索更好的超导体材料，却不知道其潜在的机制。1957年的BCS理论澄清了这一点:超导状态是由于费米表面上的电子配对而发生的。在接下来的半个世纪里，随着新材料的合成，更高的临界温度T$_c$只是偶然实现的。与此同时，声子耦合超导的形式理论在材料依赖的水平上得到了高度发展:给定一个已知的化合物，它的T$_c$值、超导间隙函数和超导态的其他几个性质都是独立于进一步的实验输入的。最近，基于密度泛函理论的计算材料设计已经发展到预测水平——可以在各种数值算法的基础上预测新材料。综合起来，这些能力使新的超导体的理论预测成为可能。本文叙述了三种新的高温超导体——SH$_3$、LaH$_{10}$和YH$_9$——的产生过程，并对它们进行了数值预测和实验证实。在兆巴压力下，这些氢化物在200-280K范围内具有T$_c$，这里将记录其发展。讨论了当前的活动和挑战，以及压缩氢化物的规律，可以指导进一步的探索。

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引用次数: 14

Parameter estimation with gravitational waves 引力波参数估计

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-04-08 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.025001

N. Christensen, R. Meyer

The new era of gravitational wave astronomy truly began on September 14, 2015 with the detection of GW150914, the sensational first direct observation of gravitational waves from the inspiral and merger of two black holes by the two Advanced LIGO detectors. In the subsequent first three observing runs of the LIGO/Virgo network, gravitational waves from $sim 50$ compact binary mergers have been announced, with more results to come. The events have mostly been produced by binary black holes, but two binary neutron star mergers have so far been observed, as well as the mergers of two neutron star - black hole systems. Furthermore, gravitational waves emitted by core-collapse supernovae, pulsars and the stochastic gravitational wave background are within the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA sensitivity band and are likely to be observed in future observation runs. Beyond signal detection, a major challenge has been the development of statistical and computational methodology for estimating the physical waveform parameters and quantifying their uncertainties in order to accurately characterise the emitting system. These methods depend on the sources of the gravitational waves and the gravitational waveform model that is used. This article reviews the main waveform models and parameter estimation methods used to extract physical parameters from gravitational wave signals detected to date by LIGO and Virgo and from those expected to be observed in the future, which will include KAGRA, and how these methods interface with various aspects of LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA science. Also presented are the statistical methods used by LIGO and Virgo to estimate detector noise, test general relativity, and draw conclusions about the rates of compact binary mergers in the universe. Furthermore, a summary of major publicly available gravitational wave parameter estimation software packages is given.

引力波天文学的新时代真正开始于2015年9月14日，GW150914的探测，这是两个先进的LIGO探测器首次直接观测到来自两个黑洞的吸气和合并的引力波。在随后的LIGO/Virgo网络的前三次观测中，已经宣布了来自$sim 50$紧凑双星合并的引力波，还有更多的结果。这些事件大多是由双星黑洞产生的，但迄今为止已经观察到两个双星中子星合并，以及两个中子星-黑洞系统的合并。此外，核心坍塌超新星、脉冲星和随机引力波背景发射的引力波在LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA敏感带内，很可能在未来的观测中被观测到。除了信号检测之外，一个主要的挑战是开发统计和计算方法，用于估计物理波形参数并量化其不确定性，以便准确地表征发射系统。这些方法取决于引力波的来源和所使用的引力波形模型。本文回顾了从迄今为止由LIGO和Virgo探测到的引力波信号中提取物理参数的主要波形模型和参数估计方法，以及从未来预计观测到的信号中提取的物理参数，包括KAGRA，以及这些方法如何与LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA科学的各个方面相结合。还介绍了LIGO和Virgo用于估计探测器噪声、测试广义相对论以及得出宇宙中致密双星合并率的结论的统计方法。此外，还对主要公开的引力波参数估计软件包进行了总结。

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引用次数: 20

Colloquium: Hydrodynamics and holography of charge density wave phases 学术讨论会：电荷密度波相位的流体力学和全息术

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.011001

M. Baggioli, Blaise Gout'eraux

In this Colloquium, we review recent progress in the effective description of strongly-correlated phases of matter with spontaneously broken translations, such as charge density waves or Wigner crystals. In real materials, disorder is inevitable and pins the Goldstones of broken translations. We describe how pinning can be incorporated in the effective field theory at low energies, without making any assumption on the presence of boost symmetry. We review the essential role played by gauge-gravity duality models in establishing these effective field theories with only approximate symmetries. We close with a discussion on the relevance of these models for the phenomenology of dc and ac transport in strongly-correlated strange and bad metals, such as high temperature superconductors.

在这次研讨会上，我们回顾了最近在有效描述具有自发破缺平移的强相关物质相方面的进展，如电荷密度波或维格纳晶体。在真实的材料中，无序是不可避免的，并且固定了破碎翻译的金石。我们描述了如何在不假设升压对称存在的情况下，在低能量下将钉钉纳入有效场论。我们回顾了规范-重力对偶模型在建立这些仅近似对称的有效场论中所起的重要作用。我们最后讨论了这些模型与强相关的奇怪和坏金属(如高温超导体)中直流和交流输运现象学的相关性。

引用次数: 24

Collective nonlinear dynamics and self-organization in decentralized power grids 分散电网中的集体非线性动力学与自组织

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.94.015005

D. Witthaut, F. Hellmann, Jürgen Kurths, S. Kettemann, H. Meyer-Ortmanns, M. Timme

引用次数: 39

Colloquium: Quantum anomalous Hall effect 讨论会:量子反常霍尔效应

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95.011002

Cui-Zu Chang, Chaoxing Liu, A. Macdonald

The quantum Hall (QH) effect, quantized Hall resistance combined with zero longitudinal resistance, is the characteristic experimental fingerprint of Chern insulators - topologically non-trivial states of two-dimensional matter with broken time-reversal symmetry. In Chern insulators, non-trivial bulk band topology is expressed by chiral states that carry current along sample edges without dissipation. The quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect refers to QH effects that occur in the absence of external magnetic fields due to spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry. The QAH effect has now been realized in four different classes of two-dimensional materials: (i) thin films of magnetically (Cr- and/or V-) doped topological insulators in the (Bi,Sb)2Te3 family, (ii) thin films of the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4, (iii) moir'e materials formed from graphene, and (iv ) moir'e materials formed from transition metal dichalcogenides. In this Article, we review the physical mechanisms responsible for each class of QAH insulator, highlighting both differences and commonalities, and comment on potential applications of the QAH effect.

量子霍尔(QH)效应，即量子化霍尔电阻与零纵向电阻相结合，是陈氏绝缘子的特征实验指纹——具有破缺时间反转对称性的二维物质拓扑非平凡态。在Chern绝缘体中，非平凡体带拓扑由沿样品边缘携带电流而不耗散的手性态表示。量子反常霍尔效应(QAH)是指由于时间反转对称性自发破缺而在没有外部磁场的情况下发生的量子反常霍尔效应。QAH效应现已在四种不同类型的二维材料中实现:(i) (Bi,Sb)2Te3家族中磁性(Cr-和/或V-)掺杂的拓扑绝缘体薄膜，(ii)本征磁性拓扑绝缘体MnBi2Te4薄膜，(iii)由石墨烯形成的moir'e材料，(iv)由过渡金属二硫族化合物形成的moir'e材料。在本文中，我们回顾了每一类QAH绝缘子的物理机制，突出了它们的区别和共同点，并对QAH效应的潜在应用进行了评论。

引用次数: 41

Colloquium: Geometric phases of light: Insights from fiber bundle theory 学术讨论会：光的几何相位：来自纤维束理论的见解

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.031001

C. Cisowski, J. Götte, S. Franke-Arnold

Geometric phases are ubiquitous in physics; they act as memories of the transformation of a physical system. In optics, the most prominent examples are the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and the spin-redirection phase. Recent technological advances in phase and polarization structuring have led to the discovery of additional geometric phases of light. The underlying mechanism for all of these is provided by ﬁbre bundle theory. In this colloquium, we review how ﬁbre bundle theory does not only shed light on the origin of geometric phases of light, but also lays the foundations for the exploration of high dimensional state spaces, with implications for topological photonics and quantum communications.

几何相位在物理学中无处不在；它们充当着物理系统转换的记忆。在光学中，最突出的例子是Pancharatnam-Berry相位和自旋重定向相位。相位和偏振结构方面的最新技术进步导致了光的额外几何相位的发现。纤维束理论提供了所有这些的潜在机制。在本次学术讨论会上，我们回顾了光纤束理论如何不仅阐明光的几何相位的起源，而且为探索高维状态空间奠定了基础，对拓扑光子学和量子通信具有重要意义。

引用次数: 14

Mesoscopic physics of nanomechanical systems 纳米力学系统的介观物理学

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-02-03 DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.94.045005

A. Bachtold, J. Moser, M. Dykman

Nanomechanics has brought mesoscopic physics into the world of vibrations. Because nanomechanical systems are small, fluctuations are significant, the vibrations become nonlinear already for comparatively small amplitudes, and new mechanisms of dissipation come into play. At the same time, the exquisite control of these systems makes them a platform for studying many problems of classical and quantum physics far from thermal equilibrium in a well-characterized setting. This review describes, at a conceptual level, basic theoretical ideas and explicative experiments pertaining to mesoscopic physics of nanomechanical systems. Major applications of nanomechanics in science and technology are also outlined. A broad range of phenomena related to the conservative as well as dissipative nonlinearity and fluctuations are discussed within a unifying framework. They include the linear response of single and coupled vibrational modes as well as nonlinear effects of periodic driving. Such driving breaks the continuous time-translation symmetry and the detailed balance, with conspicuous consequences for fluctuations, particularly in the presence of the driving-induced bi- and multistability. Mathematical techniques are described in the appendices to streamline the reading, but also to provide an introduction to the theory. The goal of the review is to show the richness of the physics at work. The continuous experimental and theoretical advances make nanomechanical systems a vibrant area of research, with many new phenomena to discover.

纳米力学将介观物理学带入了振动的世界。由于纳米机械系统很小，波动很大，振动在相对较小的振幅下已经变成非线性，并且新的耗散机制开始发挥作用。同时，这些系统的精细控制使它们成为一个平台，用于研究许多远离热平衡的经典和量子物理问题。这篇综述在概念层面上描述了纳米力学系统介观物理的基本理论思想和解释性实验。概述了纳米力学在科学技术中的主要应用。在一个统一的框架内讨论了与保守和耗散非线性和波动有关的广泛现象。它们包括单振动模式和耦合振动模式的线性响应以及周期驱动的非线性效应。这种驱动破坏了连续时间平移对称性和细节平衡，对波动产生了明显的后果，特别是在驱动引起的双稳定性和多稳定性存在的情况下。在附录中描述了数学技巧，以简化阅读，同时也提供了对理论的介绍。这篇综述的目的是展示物理学的丰富性。实验和理论的不断进步使纳米力学系统成为一个充满活力的研究领域，有许多新的现象有待发现。

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引用次数: 41

Your First Quantum Experiment 你的第一个量子实验

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1142/9789811242212_0010

引用次数: 0

Another Symmetry that Is Not 另一种不对称

IF 44.1 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Reviews of Modern Physics

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1142/9789811242212_0038

引用次数: 0

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