Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005
Albert Fert, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Vincent Garcia, Fèlix Casanova, Manuel Bibes
The remanent magnetization of ferromagnets has long been studied and used to store binary information. While early magnetic memory designs relied on magnetization switching by locally generated magnetic fields, key insights in condensed matter physics later suggested the possibility of doing it by electrical means instead. In the 1990s, Slonczewski and Berger formulated the concept of current-induced spin torques in magnetic multilayers through which a spin-polarized current generated by a first ferromagnet may be used to switch the magnetization of a second one. This discovery drove the development of spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memories (MRAMs). More recent fundamental research revealed other types of current-induced torques named spin-orbit torques (SOTs) and will lead to a new generation of devices including SOT MRAMs and skyrmion-based devices. Parallel to these advances, multiferroics and their magnetoelectric coupling, first investigated experimentally in the 1960s, experienced a renaissance. Dozens of multiferroic compounds with new magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms were discovered and high-quality multiferroic films were synthesized (notably of ), also leading to novel device concepts for information and communication technology such as the magnetoelectric spin-orbit (MESO) transistor. The story of the electrical switching of magnetization, which is discussed in this review, is that of a dance between fundamental research (in spintronics, condensed matter physics, and materials science) and technology (MRAMs, MESO transistors, microwave emitters, spin diodes, skyrmion-based devices, components for neuromorphics, etc.). This pas de deux has led to major scientific and technological breakthroughs in recent decades (such as the conceptualization of pure spin currents, the observation of magnetic skyrmions, and the discovery of spin-charge interconversion effects). As a result, this field has not only propelled MRAMs into consumer electronics products but also fueled discoveries in adjacent research areas such as ferroelectrics or magnonics. In this review, recent advances in the control of magnetism by electric fields and by current-induced torques are covered. Fundamental concepts in these two directions are reviewed first, their combination is then discussed, and finally current various families of devices harnessing the electrical control of magnetic properties for various application fields are addressed. The review concludes by giving perspectives in terms of both emerging fundamental physics concepts and new directions in materials science.
{"title":"Electrical control of magnetism by electric field and current-induced torques","authors":"Albert Fert, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Vincent Garcia, Fèlix Casanova, Manuel Bibes","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005","url":null,"abstract":"The remanent magnetization of ferromagnets has long been studied and used to store binary information. While early magnetic memory designs relied on magnetization switching by locally generated magnetic fields, key insights in condensed matter physics later suggested the possibility of doing it by electrical means instead. In the 1990s, Slonczewski and Berger formulated the concept of current-induced spin torques in magnetic multilayers through which a spin-polarized current generated by a first ferromagnet may be used to switch the magnetization of a second one. This discovery drove the development of spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memories (MRAMs). More recent fundamental research revealed other types of current-induced torques named spin-orbit torques (SOTs) and will lead to a new generation of devices including SOT MRAMs and skyrmion-based devices. Parallel to these advances, multiferroics and their magnetoelectric coupling, first investigated experimentally in the 1960s, experienced a renaissance. Dozens of multiferroic compounds with new magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms were discovered and high-quality multiferroic films were synthesized (notably of <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>BiFeO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math>), also leading to novel device concepts for information and communication technology such as the magnetoelectric spin-orbit (MESO) transistor. The story of the electrical switching of magnetization, which is discussed in this review, is that of a dance between fundamental research (in spintronics, condensed matter physics, and materials science) and technology (MRAMs, MESO transistors, microwave emitters, spin diodes, skyrmion-based devices, components for neuromorphics, etc.). This <i>pas de deux</i> has led to major scientific and technological breakthroughs in recent decades (such as the conceptualization of pure spin currents, the observation of magnetic skyrmions, and the discovery of spin-charge interconversion effects). As a result, this field has not only propelled MRAMs into consumer electronics products but also fueled discoveries in adjacent research areas such as ferroelectrics or magnonics. In this review, recent advances in the control of magnetism by electric fields and by current-induced torques are covered. Fundamental concepts in these two directions are reviewed first, their combination is then discussed, and finally current various families of devices harnessing the electrical control of magnetic properties for various application fields are addressed. The review concludes by giving perspectives in terms of both emerging fundamental physics concepts and new directions in materials science.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015004
Daniela D. Doneva, Fethi M. Ramazanoğlu, Hector O. Silva, Thomas P. Sotiriou, Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev
Scalarization is a mechanism that endows strongly self-gravitating bodies, such as neutron stars and black holes, with a scalar-field configuration. It resembles a phase transition in that the scalar configuration appears only when a certain quantity that characterizes the compact object, for example, its compactness or spin, is beyond a threshold. A critical and comprehensive review of scalarization, including the mechanism itself, theories that exhibit it, its manifestation in neutron stars, black holes and their binaries, potential extension to other fields, and a thorough discussion of future perspectives, is provided.
{"title":"Spontaneous scalarization","authors":"Daniela D. Doneva, Fethi M. Ramazanoğlu, Hector O. Silva, Thomas P. Sotiriou, Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015004","url":null,"abstract":"Scalarization is a mechanism that endows strongly self-gravitating bodies, such as neutron stars and black holes, with a scalar-field configuration. It resembles a phase transition in that the scalar configuration appears only when a certain quantity that characterizes the compact object, for example, its compactness or spin, is beyond a threshold. A critical and comprehensive review of scalarization, including the mechanism itself, theories that exhibit it, its manifestation in neutron stars, black holes and their binaries, potential extension to other fields, and a thorough discussion of future perspectives, is provided.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140067618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015003
Fabio Boschini, Marta Zonno, Andrea Damascelli
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), with its exceptional sensitivity to both the binding energy and the momentum of valence electrons in solids, provides unparalleled insight into the electronic structure of quantum materials. Over the past two decades, the advent of femtosecond lasers, which can deliver ultrashort and coherent light pulses, has ushered the ARPES technique into the time domain. Currently time-resolved ARPES (TR-ARPES) can probe ultrafast electron dynamics and the out-of-equilibrium electronic structure, providing a wealth of information that is otherwise unattainable in conventional ARPES experiments. This review begins with an introduction to the theoretical underpinnings of TR-ARPES followed by a description of recent advances in state-of-the-art ultrafast sources and optical excitation schemes. It then reviews paradigmatic phenomena investigated by TR-ARPES thus far, such as out-of-equilibrium electronic states and their spin dynamics, Floquet-Volkov states, photoinduced phase transitions, electron-phonon coupling, and surface photovoltage effects. Each section highlights TR-ARPES data from diverse classes of quantum materials, including semiconductors, charge-ordered systems, topological materials, excitonic insulators, Van der Waals materials, and unconventional superconductors. These examples demonstrate how TR-ARPES has played a critical role in unraveling the complex dynamical properties of quantum materials. The conclusion outlines possible future directions and opportunities.
{"title":"Time-resolved ARPES studies of quantum materials","authors":"Fabio Boschini, Marta Zonno, Andrea Damascelli","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015003","url":null,"abstract":"Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), with its exceptional sensitivity to both the binding energy and the momentum of valence electrons in solids, provides unparalleled insight into the electronic structure of quantum materials. Over the past two decades, the advent of femtosecond lasers, which can deliver ultrashort and coherent light pulses, has ushered the ARPES technique into the time domain. Currently time-resolved ARPES (TR-ARPES) can probe ultrafast electron dynamics and the out-of-equilibrium electronic structure, providing a wealth of information that is otherwise unattainable in conventional ARPES experiments. This review begins with an introduction to the theoretical underpinnings of TR-ARPES followed by a description of recent advances in state-of-the-art ultrafast sources and optical excitation schemes. It then reviews paradigmatic phenomena investigated by TR-ARPES thus far, such as out-of-equilibrium electronic states and their spin dynamics, Floquet-Volkov states, photoinduced phase transitions, electron-phonon coupling, and surface photovoltage effects. Each section highlights TR-ARPES data from diverse classes of quantum materials, including semiconductors, charge-ordered systems, topological materials, excitonic insulators, Van der Waals materials, and unconventional superconductors. These examples demonstrate how TR-ARPES has played a critical role in unraveling the complex dynamical properties of quantum materials. The conclusion outlines possible future directions and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139976835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.019901
S. S. Harilal, M. C. Phillips, D. H. Froula, K. K. Anoop, R. C. Issac, F. N. Beg
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.019901
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.019901
{"title":"Erratum: Optical diagnostics of laser-produced plasmas [Rev. Mod. Phys.94, 035002 (2022)]","authors":"S. S. Harilal, M. C. Phillips, D. H. Froula, K. K. Anoop, R. C. Issac, F. N. Beg","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.019901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.019901","url":null,"abstract":"<span>DOI:</span><span>https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.96.019901</span>","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diffusion driven by temperature or concentration gradients is a fundamental mechanism of energy and mass transport that inherently differs from wave propagation in both physical foundations and application prospects. Compared with conventional schemes, metamaterials provide an unprecedented potential for governing diffusion processes, based on emerging theories like the transformation and the scattering-cancellation theory that expanded the original concepts and suggested innovative metamaterial-based devices. The term diffusionics is used in the review to generalize these noteworthy achievements in various energy and mass diffusion systems. Examples include heat diffusion systems and particle and plasma diffusion systems. For clarity the numerous studies published over the past decade are categorized by diffusion field (i.e., heat, particles, and plasmas) and discussed from three different perspectives: the theoretical perspective, to detail how the transformation principle is applied to each diffusion field; the application perspective, to introduce various interesting metamaterial-based devices, such as cloaks and radiative coolers; and the physics perspective, to connect them with concepts of recent concern, such as non-Hermitian topology, nonreciprocal transport, and spatiotemporal modulation. The possibility of controlling diffusion processes beyond metamaterials is also discussed. Finally, several future directions for diffusion metamaterial research, including the integration of metamaterials with artificial intelligence and topology concepts, are examined.
{"title":"Controlling mass and energy diffusion with metamaterials","authors":"Fubao Yang, Zeren Zhang, Liujun Xu, Zhoufei Liu, Peng Jin, Pengfei Zhuang, Min Lei, Jinrong Liu, Jian-Hua Jiang, Xiaoping Ouyang, Fabio Marchesoni, Jiping Huang","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015002","url":null,"abstract":"Diffusion driven by temperature or concentration gradients is a fundamental mechanism of energy and mass transport that inherently differs from wave propagation in both physical foundations and application prospects. Compared with conventional schemes, metamaterials provide an unprecedented potential for governing diffusion processes, based on emerging theories like the transformation and the scattering-cancellation theory that expanded the original concepts and suggested innovative metamaterial-based devices. The term <i>diffusionics</i> is used in the review to generalize these noteworthy achievements in various energy and mass diffusion systems. Examples include heat diffusion systems and particle and plasma diffusion systems. For clarity the numerous studies published over the past decade are categorized by diffusion field (i.e., heat, particles, and plasmas) and discussed from three different perspectives: the theoretical perspective, to detail how the transformation principle is applied to each diffusion field; the application perspective, to introduce various interesting metamaterial-based devices, such as cloaks and radiative coolers; and the physics perspective, to connect them with concepts of recent concern, such as non-Hermitian topology, nonreciprocal transport, and spatiotemporal modulation. The possibility of controlling diffusion processes beyond metamaterials is also discussed. Finally, several future directions for diffusion metamaterial research, including the integration of metamaterials with artificial intelligence and topology concepts, are examined.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139733496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.011002
Jin Wang, Ali Khosravi, Andrea Vanossi, Erio Tosatti
A plethora of two-dimensional (2D) materials have been introduced in physics and engineering in the past two decades. Their robust, membranelike sheets permit (mostly require) deposition, giving rise to solid-solid dry interfaces whose mobility, pinning, and general tribological properties under shear stress are currently being understood and controlled, both experimentally and theoretically. In this Colloquium simulated case studies of twisted graphene systems are used as a prototype workhorse tool to demonstrate and discuss the general picture of 2D material interface sliding. First highlighted is the crucial mechanical difference, often overlooked, between small and large incommensurabilities, which corresponds to, for example, small and large twist angles in graphene interfaces. In both cases, focusing on flat, structurally lubric or “superlubric” geometries, the generally separate scalings with the area of static friction in pinned states and of kinetic friction during sliding are elucidated and reviewed, tangled as they are with the effects of velocity, temperature, load, and defects. The roles of island boundaries and elasticity are also discussed, and compared when possible to results in the literature for systems other than graphene. It is proposed that the resulting picture of pinning and sliding should be applicable to interfaces in generic 2D materials that are of importance for the physics and technology of existing and future bilayer and multilayer systems.
{"title":"Colloquium: Sliding and pinning in structurally lubric 2D material interfaces","authors":"Jin Wang, Ali Khosravi, Andrea Vanossi, Erio Tosatti","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.011002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.011002","url":null,"abstract":"A plethora of two-dimensional (2D) materials have been introduced in physics and engineering in the past two decades. Their robust, membranelike sheets permit (mostly require) deposition, giving rise to solid-solid dry interfaces whose mobility, pinning, and general tribological properties under shear stress are currently being understood and controlled, both experimentally and theoretically. In this Colloquium simulated case studies of twisted graphene systems are used as a prototype workhorse tool to demonstrate and discuss the general picture of 2D material interface sliding. First highlighted is the crucial mechanical difference, often overlooked, between small and large incommensurabilities, which corresponds to, for example, small and large twist angles in graphene interfaces. In both cases, focusing on flat, structurally lubric or “superlubric” geometries, the generally separate scalings with the area of static friction in pinned states and of kinetic friction during sliding are elucidated and reviewed, tangled as they are with the effects of velocity, temperature, load, and defects. The roles of island boundaries and elasticity are also discussed, and compared when possible to results in the literature for systems other than graphene. It is proposed that the resulting picture of pinning and sliding should be applicable to interfaces in generic 2D materials that are of importance for the physics and technology of existing and future bilayer and multilayer systems.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139715325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.015001
K. Pachucki, V. Lensky, F. Hagelstein, S. S. Li Muli, S. Bacca, R. Pohl
A comprehensive theory of the Lamb shift in light muonic atoms such as , , , and is presented, with all quantum electrodynamic corrections included at the precision level constrained by the uncertainty of nuclear structure effects. This analysis can be used in the global adjustment of fundamental constants and in the determination of nuclear charge radii. Further improvements in the understanding of electromagnetic interactions of light nuclei will allow for a promising test of fundamental interactions by comparison with “normal” atomic spectroscopy, in particular, with H-D and isotope shifts.
{"title":"Comprehensive theory of the Lamb shift in light muonic atoms","authors":"K. Pachucki, V. Lensky, F. Hagelstein, S. S. Li Muli, S. Bacca, R. Pohl","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.015001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015001","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive theory of the Lamb shift in light muonic atoms such as <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mi></mrow></math>, <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</mi></mrow></math>, <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mi>μ</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>He</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, and <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mi>μ</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>He</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math> is presented, with all quantum electrodynamic corrections included at the precision level constrained by the uncertainty of nuclear structure effects. This analysis can be used in the global adjustment of fundamental constants and in the determination of nuclear charge radii. Further improvements in the understanding of electromagnetic interactions of light nuclei will allow for a promising test of fundamental interactions by comparison with “normal” atomic spectroscopy, in particular, with H-D and <math display=\"inline\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>He</mi></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow><mtext>−</mtext><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>He</mi></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow></mrow></math> isotope shifts.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139550795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.96.011001
Andrey Gromov, Leo Radzihovsky
The burgeoning field of “fractons,” a class of models where quasiparticles are strictly immobile or display restricted mobility that can be understood through generalized multipolar symmetries and associated conservation laws, is reviewed. With a focus on merely a corner of this fast-growing subject, it is demonstrated how one class of such theories, symmetric tensor and coupled-vector gauge theories, surprisingly emerge from familiar elasticity of a two-dimensional quantum crystal. The disclination and dislocation crystal defects, respectively, map onto charges and dipoles of the fracton gauge theory. This fracton-elasticity duality leads to predictions of fractonic phases and quantum phase transitions to their descendants that are duals of the commensurate crystal, supersolid, smectic, and hexatic liquid crystals, as well as amorphous solids, quasicrystals, and elastic membranes. It is shown how these dual gauge theories provide a field-theoretic description of quantum melting transitions through a generalized Higgs mechanism. It is demonstrated how they can be equivalently constructed as gauged models with global multipole symmetries. Extensions of such gauge-elasticity dualities to generalized elasticity theories are expected to provide a route to the discovery of new fractonic models and their potential experimental realizations.
{"title":"Colloquium: Fracton matter","authors":"Andrey Gromov, Leo Radzihovsky","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.96.011001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.011001","url":null,"abstract":"The burgeoning field of “fractons,” a class of models where quasiparticles are strictly immobile or display restricted mobility that can be understood through generalized multipolar symmetries and associated conservation laws, is reviewed. With a focus on merely a corner of this fast-growing subject, it is demonstrated how one class of such theories, symmetric tensor and coupled-vector gauge theories, surprisingly emerge from familiar elasticity of a two-dimensional quantum crystal. The disclination and dislocation crystal defects, respectively, map onto charges and dipoles of the fracton gauge theory. This fracton-elasticity duality leads to predictions of fractonic phases and quantum phase transitions to their descendants that are duals of the commensurate crystal, supersolid, smectic, and hexatic liquid crystals, as well as amorphous solids, quasicrystals, and elastic membranes. It is shown how these dual gauge theories provide a field-theoretic description of quantum melting transitions through a generalized Higgs mechanism. It is demonstrated how they can be equivalently constructed as gauged models with global multipole symmetries. Extensions of such gauge-elasticity dualities to generalized elasticity theories are expected to provide a route to the discovery of new fractonic models and their potential experimental realizations.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.045007
Derek B. Schaeffer, Archie F. A. Bott, Marco Borghesi, Kirk A. Flippo, William Fox, Julien Fuchs, Chikang Li, Fredrick H. Séguin, Hye-Sook Park, Petros Tzeferacos, Louise Willingale
Proton imaging has become a key diagnostic for measuring electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density (HED) laboratory plasmas. Compared to other techniques for diagnosing fields, proton imaging is a measurement that can simultaneously offer high spatial and temporal resolution and the ability to distinguish between electric and magnetic fields without the protons perturbing the plasma of interest. Consequently, proton imaging has been used in a wide range of HED experiments, from inertial-confinement fusion to laboratory astrophysics. An overview is provided on the state of the art of proton imaging, including a discussion of experimental considerations like proton sources and detectors, the theory of proton-imaging analysis, and a survey of experimental results demonstrating the breadth of applications. Topics at the frontiers of proton-imaging development are also described, along with an outlook on the future of the field.
{"title":"Proton imaging of high-energy-density laboratory plasmas","authors":"Derek B. Schaeffer, Archie F. A. Bott, Marco Borghesi, Kirk A. Flippo, William Fox, Julien Fuchs, Chikang Li, Fredrick H. Séguin, Hye-Sook Park, Petros Tzeferacos, Louise Willingale","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.045007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.045007","url":null,"abstract":"Proton imaging has become a key diagnostic for measuring electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density (HED) laboratory plasmas. Compared to other techniques for diagnosing fields, proton imaging is a measurement that can simultaneously offer high spatial and temporal resolution and the ability to distinguish between electric and magnetic fields without the protons perturbing the plasma of interest. Consequently, proton imaging has been used in a wide range of HED experiments, from inertial-confinement fusion to laboratory astrophysics. An overview is provided on the state of the art of proton imaging, including a discussion of experimental considerations like proton sources and detectors, the theory of proton-imaging analysis, and a survey of experimental results demonstrating the breadth of applications. Topics at the frontiers of proton-imaging development are also described, along with an outlook on the future of the field.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139060425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.95.041002
V. D. Burkert, L. Elouadrhiri, F. X. Girod, C. Lorcé, P. Schweitzer, P. E. Shanahan
The physics of the gravitational form factors of the proton, as well as their understanding within quantum chromodynamics, has advanced significantly in the past two decades through both theory and experiment. This Colloquium provides an overview of this progress, highlights the physical insights unveiled by studies of gravitational form factors, and reviews their interpretation in terms of the mechanical properties of the proton.
{"title":"Colloquium: Gravitational form factors of the proton","authors":"V. D. Burkert, L. Elouadrhiri, F. X. Girod, C. Lorcé, P. Schweitzer, P. E. Shanahan","doi":"10.1103/revmodphys.95.041002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.95.041002","url":null,"abstract":"The physics of the gravitational form factors of the proton, as well as their understanding within quantum chromodynamics, has advanced significantly in the past two decades through both theory and experiment. This Colloquium provides an overview of this progress, highlights the physical insights unveiled by studies of gravitational form factors, and reviews their interpretation in terms of the mechanical properties of the proton.","PeriodicalId":21172,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Modern Physics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":44.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138840068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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