Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398678
Agung Sugeng Widodo, D. Buttsworth
Wind tunnels and other aero-thermal experimental facilities are likely to make a contribution to the optimisation of energy and propulsion systems for the foreseeable future. Short duration wind tunnels such as shock tunnels and gun tunnels rely on a transient compression process and are likely to generate significant turbulent fluctuations in the nozzle reservoir region. In the present study, the magnitude of likely stagnation temperature fluctuations in two such facilities is inferred from incompressible temperature fluctuations data obtained by other workers. The friction velocity Reynolds numbers for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases considered presently were Reτ =31,579 and 24,975 respectively. The RMS stagnation temperature fluctuations, when averaged over the pipe flow diameter, are estimated to be 14.6 and 278 K for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases respectively. The estimated RMS value in the case of the gun tunnel is significantly larger than the experimental value previously measured on the centre line of the gun tunnel nozzle of 2.3 K. The difference observed between the inferred and measured temperature fluctuations in the gun tunnel case may be related to spatial variations in the temperature fluctuations. In the case of the shock tunnel, the magnitude of the fluctuations is demonstrated to be significant for supersonic combustion experiments. The present approach for estimating the magnitude temperature fluctuations should be refined, but more detailed measurements of temperature fluctuations in such facilities are also required.
{"title":"Deduction of temperature fluctuations in transient compression wind tunnels using incompressible turbulent flow data","authors":"Agung Sugeng Widodo, D. Buttsworth","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398678","url":null,"abstract":"Wind tunnels and other aero-thermal experimental facilities are likely to make a contribution to the optimisation of energy and propulsion systems for the foreseeable future. Short duration wind tunnels such as shock tunnels and gun tunnels rely on a transient compression process and are likely to generate significant turbulent fluctuations in the nozzle reservoir region. In the present study, the magnitude of likely stagnation temperature fluctuations in two such facilities is inferred from incompressible temperature fluctuations data obtained by other workers. The friction velocity Reynolds numbers for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases considered presently were Reτ =31,579 and 24,975 respectively. The RMS stagnation temperature fluctuations, when averaged over the pipe flow diameter, are estimated to be 14.6 and 278 K for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases respectively. The estimated RMS value in the case of the gun tunnel is significantly larger than the experimental value previously measured on the centre line of the gun tunnel nozzle of 2.3 K. The difference observed between the inferred and measured temperature fluctuations in the gun tunnel case may be related to spatial variations in the temperature fluctuations. In the case of the shock tunnel, the magnitude of the fluctuations is demonstrated to be significant for supersonic combustion experiments. The present approach for estimating the magnitude temperature fluctuations should be refined, but more detailed measurements of temperature fluctuations in such facilities are also required.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130852076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398656
A. Hashim, S. Chan, M. T. Au
An electrical power system is typically operated at least cost given some technical and reliability constraints. To that end, many utilities use deterministic methods such as n−1 criterion in order to ensure reliability. This method though being used worldwide and for a really long time can be expensive as contingencies occur rarely. In order to evaluate power systems, it must be noted that contingencies are stochastic in nature. Since reliability of supply and economic cost must be balanced, probabilistic analysis seems to be one of the tools which can be applied. In the case of generator dispatch, the most recognized probability tool is the Capacity Outage Probability Table (COPT). However, the synthesis of the COPT using the Recursive Method as proposed by Billinton and Allan can be cumbersome. This paper presents an integration of probabilistic and deterministic methods for outage analysis. It shows an alternative method to develop the COPT using a pseudo-deterministic method combined with a Monte Carlo method. Thus, making the process of developing a COPT simpler and can reduce computation time.
{"title":"A combined probabilistic and deterministic method for an improved capacity outage probability table synthesis using monte carlo methods","authors":"A. Hashim, S. Chan, M. T. Au","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398656","url":null,"abstract":"An electrical power system is typically operated at least cost given some technical and reliability constraints. To that end, many utilities use deterministic methods such as n−1 criterion in order to ensure reliability. This method though being used worldwide and for a really long time can be expensive as contingencies occur rarely. In order to evaluate power systems, it must be noted that contingencies are stochastic in nature. Since reliability of supply and economic cost must be balanced, probabilistic analysis seems to be one of the tools which can be applied. In the case of generator dispatch, the most recognized probability tool is the Capacity Outage Probability Table (COPT). However, the synthesis of the COPT using the Recursive Method as proposed by Billinton and Allan can be cumbersome. This paper presents an integration of probabilistic and deterministic methods for outage analysis. It shows an alternative method to develop the COPT using a pseudo-deterministic method combined with a Monte Carlo method. Thus, making the process of developing a COPT simpler and can reduce computation time.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126010419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398668
S. Begum, Devaki A/P Murgayah, Siti Fazlili Bt Abdullah
Renewable energy is one of the vital sources to meet partially the global energy demand of developed as well as developing countries. Biogas plant can be one of the major sources of renewable energy in Malaysia as huge amount of palm oil waste is available. Biogas plant can be of different types of which fixed dome and floating cover are in use in many countries for many years. The bag design is becoming popular in many countries. The fixed dome design is used in various palm oil mills. The generated gas can be used for cooking, lighting, power generation and the sludge can be used as fertilizer for land. Palm oil waste is easily available and inexpensive, the major share of costs are incurred at the initial stage. The operating and the maintenance costs are quite low. In the present work an attempt has been taken to study the technological parameters for commonly used fixed dome biogas plant for two different sizes. The costs related to the fabrication of plant are collected from various sources and the other items were estimated on the basis of available information. Net present worth, internal rate of return, benefit cost ratio and payback period were calculated. On the basis of calculated values it was found that the biogas plant is economically viable and viability increased with the increase of plant size. The technological suitability in the context of prevailing situation, economic viability and future scope of biogas plants has been evaluated. The findings of this study would give some directions and guidelines for future planning and implementation of biogas plants in Malaysia.
{"title":"A techno-economic analysis of biogas plant from palm oil waste","authors":"S. Begum, Devaki A/P Murgayah, Siti Fazlili Bt Abdullah","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398668","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy is one of the vital sources to meet partially the global energy demand of developed as well as developing countries. Biogas plant can be one of the major sources of renewable energy in Malaysia as huge amount of palm oil waste is available. Biogas plant can be of different types of which fixed dome and floating cover are in use in many countries for many years. The bag design is becoming popular in many countries. The fixed dome design is used in various palm oil mills. The generated gas can be used for cooking, lighting, power generation and the sludge can be used as fertilizer for land. Palm oil waste is easily available and inexpensive, the major share of costs are incurred at the initial stage. The operating and the maintenance costs are quite low. In the present work an attempt has been taken to study the technological parameters for commonly used fixed dome biogas plant for two different sizes. The costs related to the fabrication of plant are collected from various sources and the other items were estimated on the basis of available information. Net present worth, internal rate of return, benefit cost ratio and payback period were calculated. On the basis of calculated values it was found that the biogas plant is economically viable and viability increased with the increase of plant size. The technological suitability in the context of prevailing situation, economic viability and future scope of biogas plants has been evaluated. The findings of this study would give some directions and guidelines for future planning and implementation of biogas plants in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"08 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127143162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398630
Choong Weng Wai
Energy awareness is the first step to achieve energy sustainability. Without energy awareness, effort in energy conservation can be difficult and leading to energy wastage. This paper intends to introduce the Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process (CMEADP) as a guide for facilities and energy managers to raise energy awareness and improve energy-use behaviour among the building's users in Malaysian university. The CMEADP consisted of two segments: receiver dominated segment that represents the energy awareness achievement process and transferor dominated segment that represents the energy awareness development process. Each of the segments consist a sequence of core processes. This paper focus on the transferor dominated segment which play an essential role in creating energy awareness and lead to energy saving.
{"title":"The Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process: The transferor segment","authors":"Choong Weng Wai","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398630","url":null,"abstract":"Energy awareness is the first step to achieve energy sustainability. Without energy awareness, effort in energy conservation can be difficult and leading to energy wastage. This paper intends to introduce the Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process (CMEADP) as a guide for facilities and energy managers to raise energy awareness and improve energy-use behaviour among the building's users in Malaysian university. The CMEADP consisted of two segments: receiver dominated segment that represents the energy awareness achievement process and transferor dominated segment that represents the energy awareness development process. Each of the segments consist a sequence of core processes. This paper focus on the transferor dominated segment which play an essential role in creating energy awareness and lead to energy saving.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126436202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398670
C. Sia, K. O. Lim, T. Teng
Water washing of raw samples was carried out to determine its effect on the acid hydrolysis process used for producing sugars from EFB. The results showed that sugar yield obtained from washed EFB is more reflective of the actual conversion rate compared to unwashed EFB. Sugar yields were 24.6 % for washed samples and 13 % for unwashed samples. Also deviations in the various measurements made were significantly higher for unwashed EFB. However this could be reduced by washing. A contour plot of parameters was done to determine the optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis process. It was found that the highest sugar yield obtainable is when the EFB particle size is 0.250 mm and the hydrolysis time is 4 hours.
{"title":"Effect of washing and feedstock size of oil palm empty fruit bunches in acid hydrolysis studies","authors":"C. Sia, K. O. Lim, T. Teng","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398670","url":null,"abstract":"Water washing of raw samples was carried out to determine its effect on the acid hydrolysis process used for producing sugars from EFB. The results showed that sugar yield obtained from washed EFB is more reflective of the actual conversion rate compared to unwashed EFB. Sugar yields were 24.6 % for washed samples and 13 % for unwashed samples. Also deviations in the various measurements made were significantly higher for unwashed EFB. However this could be reduced by washing. A contour plot of parameters was done to determine the optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis process. It was found that the highest sugar yield obtainable is when the EFB particle size is 0.250 mm and the hydrolysis time is 4 hours.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123085837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398658
R. Malpress, D. Buttsworth
The brake efficiency of a throttled internal combustion engine is reduced at low load operation because of the engine work required to drop the intake manifold pressure. These throttling losses are experienced by all throttled engines operating at less than wide open throttle (WOT). By replacing the throttle plate with a suitable air motor, work can be recovered in an expansion process that reduces the induced air pressure to the same intake manifold pressure as the throttled engine. To maximize the benefits from coupling the air motor to the engine cycle, the air should be returned to a thermal state identical to that of the throttled case at some point prior to combustion. This might be achieved either: (i) prior to cylinder compression via regenerative heat transfer to the inducted air; or (ii) through cylinder compression at an increased compression ratio. The work generated by the Induction Air Motor (IAM) can be directly applied to the engine output thereby increasing the brake efficiency for the same indicated work. This paper reports on the performance of an IAM designed to reduce intake pressure of an engine for low load operation. Increased brake efficiency will be achieved. The IAM design specifications are explored using a numerical model including isentropic efficiency, friction and service life considerations. A prototype has been constructed and was bench tested at flows and pressures comparable to a throttled engine. These tests indicated that the modelled friction was lower than the friction measured during the experiments. From the experiments performed with the prototype, the net performance of an IAM will give efficiency improvements in excess of 5% for an equivalent throttled engine operating at loads in the range up to 10 % of its WOT power.
{"title":"Air motor for improved engine brake efficiency Design and preliminary experiments","authors":"R. Malpress, D. Buttsworth","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398658","url":null,"abstract":"The brake efficiency of a throttled internal combustion engine is reduced at low load operation because of the engine work required to drop the intake manifold pressure. These throttling losses are experienced by all throttled engines operating at less than wide open throttle (WOT). By replacing the throttle plate with a suitable air motor, work can be recovered in an expansion process that reduces the induced air pressure to the same intake manifold pressure as the throttled engine. To maximize the benefits from coupling the air motor to the engine cycle, the air should be returned to a thermal state identical to that of the throttled case at some point prior to combustion. This might be achieved either: (i) prior to cylinder compression via regenerative heat transfer to the inducted air; or (ii) through cylinder compression at an increased compression ratio. The work generated by the Induction Air Motor (IAM) can be directly applied to the engine output thereby increasing the brake efficiency for the same indicated work. This paper reports on the performance of an IAM designed to reduce intake pressure of an engine for low load operation. Increased brake efficiency will be achieved. The IAM design specifications are explored using a numerical model including isentropic efficiency, friction and service life considerations. A prototype has been constructed and was bench tested at flows and pressures comparable to a throttled engine. These tests indicated that the modelled friction was lower than the friction measured during the experiments. From the experiments performed with the prototype, the net performance of an IAM will give efficiency improvements in excess of 5% for an equivalent throttled engine operating at loads in the range up to 10 % of its WOT power.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128841080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398676
E. M. Tokit, A. Aziz, N. Ghazali
Waste wood, a renewable energy source is used as feedstock for Universiti Teknologi Malaysia's newly-developed two-stage incinerator system. The research goals are to optimize the operation of the thermal system, to improve its combustion efficiency and to minimize its pollutants formation. During experimental work, the feedstock will undergo four different processes; drying, devolatilisation, gasification and combustion. For optimum operating condition, where the gasification efficiency is 95.53%, the moisture content of the fuel is best set at 17%; giving outlet operating temperature of 550°C and exhaust gas concentrations with 66 ppm of NO. In line to the experimental work, a computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT is used to simulate the performance of the primary chamber at optimum operating condition. A steady state model is formulated for the updraft fixed bed reactor. Here the predicted optimum gasification efficiency stands at 95.49% with NO is 53.7 ppm.
{"title":"Numerical analysis of wood combustion in an updraft gasifier","authors":"E. M. Tokit, A. Aziz, N. Ghazali","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398676","url":null,"abstract":"Waste wood, a renewable energy source is used as feedstock for Universiti Teknologi Malaysia's newly-developed two-stage incinerator system. The research goals are to optimize the operation of the thermal system, to improve its combustion efficiency and to minimize its pollutants formation. During experimental work, the feedstock will undergo four different processes; drying, devolatilisation, gasification and combustion. For optimum operating condition, where the gasification efficiency is 95.53%, the moisture content of the fuel is best set at 17%; giving outlet operating temperature of 550°C and exhaust gas concentrations with 66 ppm of NO. In line to the experimental work, a computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT is used to simulate the performance of the primary chamber at optimum operating condition. A steady state model is formulated for the updraft fixed bed reactor. Here the predicted optimum gasification efficiency stands at 95.49% with NO is 53.7 ppm.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117193795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398648
T. Yusaf, D. Buttsworth, G. Najafi
In this study, potato waste bioethanol was evaluated as an alternative fuel for gasoline engines. The pollutant emissions and performance of a four stroke SI engine operating on ethanol-gasoline blends has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the theoretical study, a quasi-dimensional SI engine cycle model has been adapted for spark ignition engines running on gasoline-ethanol blends. A mathematical model using Matlab software was developed using the first law of thermodynamics and conservation equations to predict the SI engine performance for different blend ratios. The model was also used to evaluate the engine emissions and the mechanical and heat losses in the engine which is not included in this study. Experiments were performed with the blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 vol% ethanol. The results show that increasing ethanol-gasoline blended will marginally increase the power and torque output of the engine. For ethanol blends it was found that the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was decreased using 5% and 10% ethanol while the brake thermal efficiency and the volumetric efficiency were increased. Exhaust gas emissions were measured and analyzed for unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (O2) and Oxide of Nitrogen NOx at engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 5000 rpm. The concentration of CO and UHC emissions in the exhaust pipe were found to be decreased when ethanol blends were introduced. The concentration of CO2 and NOx was found to be increased when ethanol is introduced. Results obtained from both theoretical and experimental studies were compared. The simulation results have been validated against data from experiments and it results to a good agreement between the trends in the predicted and experimental results.
{"title":"Theoretical and experimental investigation of SI engine performance and exhaust emissions using ethanol-gasoline blended fuels","authors":"T. Yusaf, D. Buttsworth, G. Najafi","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398648","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, potato waste bioethanol was evaluated as an alternative fuel for gasoline engines. The pollutant emissions and performance of a four stroke SI engine operating on ethanol-gasoline blends has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the theoretical study, a quasi-dimensional SI engine cycle model has been adapted for spark ignition engines running on gasoline-ethanol blends. A mathematical model using Matlab software was developed using the first law of thermodynamics and conservation equations to predict the SI engine performance for different blend ratios. The model was also used to evaluate the engine emissions and the mechanical and heat losses in the engine which is not included in this study. Experiments were performed with the blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 vol% ethanol. The results show that increasing ethanol-gasoline blended will marginally increase the power and torque output of the engine. For ethanol blends it was found that the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was decreased using 5% and 10% ethanol while the brake thermal efficiency and the volumetric efficiency were increased. Exhaust gas emissions were measured and analyzed for unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (O2) and Oxide of Nitrogen NOx at engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 5000 rpm. The concentration of CO and UHC emissions in the exhaust pipe were found to be decreased when ethanol blends were introduced. The concentration of CO2 and NOx was found to be increased when ethanol is introduced. Results obtained from both theoretical and experimental studies were compared. The simulation results have been validated against data from experiments and it results to a good agreement between the trends in the predicted and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114180774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398643
R. Yonaidi, M. H. Boosroh
Sustainability is becoming an issue of public concern, particularly for large scale development projects. In this work, a multi-criteria approach, called the Sustainability Assessment Method (SAM), is used to asses and rank the sustainability of various types of power plants firing on different types of fuel. It traces the impacts of using coal, oil, and natural gas for power generation over its full life cycle. The current work studies the impacts that are related to the economy and environment. The environmental impacts comprise of emission to atmosphere, nuisances, footprint, and waste, while the economic impact are taxes, dividends, reinvestment, social investment, and project expenditure. Three different types of fuel in power generation are studied i.e. coal, oil and gas. It was found that coal fired power plant provides the highest positive economic impact because of its lowest fuel price, but it also produces high environmental impact. As a result, coal fired power plant has moderate SAM indicator (SAMi) of 3.55%. On the other hand, gas fired power plant has the lowest environmental impact, even though it has lower positive economic impact relative to those for coal fired power plant. The SAMi for gas fired power plant is 28.56%. The present work also shows that oil fired power plant has negative value for both economic and environmental impact (SAMi = −100%). It means that with the current tariff and price, oil fired combined cycle is not only unsustainable but also not profitable. Among three the fuels investigated, it can be concluded that gas fired power plant is the best alternative in terms of sustainability followed by coal and oil fired power plant.
{"title":"Sustainaibility assessment of power plants projects firing on different fuels","authors":"R. Yonaidi, M. H. Boosroh","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398643","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainability is becoming an issue of public concern, particularly for large scale development projects. In this work, a multi-criteria approach, called the Sustainability Assessment Method (SAM), is used to asses and rank the sustainability of various types of power plants firing on different types of fuel. It traces the impacts of using coal, oil, and natural gas for power generation over its full life cycle. The current work studies the impacts that are related to the economy and environment. The environmental impacts comprise of emission to atmosphere, nuisances, footprint, and waste, while the economic impact are taxes, dividends, reinvestment, social investment, and project expenditure. Three different types of fuel in power generation are studied i.e. coal, oil and gas. It was found that coal fired power plant provides the highest positive economic impact because of its lowest fuel price, but it also produces high environmental impact. As a result, coal fired power plant has moderate SAM indicator (SAMi) of 3.55%. On the other hand, gas fired power plant has the lowest environmental impact, even though it has lower positive economic impact relative to those for coal fired power plant. The SAMi for gas fired power plant is 28.56%. The present work also shows that oil fired power plant has negative value for both economic and environmental impact (SAMi = −100%). It means that with the current tariff and price, oil fired combined cycle is not only unsustainable but also not profitable. Among three the fuels investigated, it can be concluded that gas fired power plant is the best alternative in terms of sustainability followed by coal and oil fired power plant.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131813742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398623
N. Othman, L. Sidek, N. Basri, M. Yunus, N. Othman
The production of electronic products is one of the world's fasting growing industries today. Due to this phenomena, the amount of electronic waste generated increases proportionately with the production. The growing numbers of uses of plastic products in this sector contribute to electronic plastic waste generated. From the management of solid waste aspect, the production of electronic plastic waste has to be handled effectively. Generally, there are three options for electronic plastic waste recycling which is chemical, mechanical or thermal recycling. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the research conducted on electronic plastic waste which consisted of various types of resin to determine the electronic plastic waste's potential as a source of energy. The physical and chemical characteristics of the electronic plastic waste are determined by the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and the heavy metal content analysis of the plastic waste resin sample. The dulong formula was applied to calculate the heating value of electronic plastic waste based on the data obtained from the ultimate analysis. The result shows that the average heat value for an electronic waste is 30, 872.42 kj/kg or 7, 375 kcal/kg. The emmission factor analysis shows the concentration of air emission value which would probably be formed due to incineration activitiy is less than the effluent parameter of standard A and standard B limits fixed by the environmental quality act (clean air) 1978 for control air pollution. Basically, this research has succeeded in proving the potential of electronic plastic waste to be used as a source of energy in the future.
{"title":"Electronic plastic waste management in malaysia: the potential of waste to energy conversion","authors":"N. Othman, L. Sidek, N. Basri, M. Yunus, N. Othman","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398623","url":null,"abstract":"The production of electronic products is one of the world's fasting growing industries today. Due to this phenomena, the amount of electronic waste generated increases proportionately with the production. The growing numbers of uses of plastic products in this sector contribute to electronic plastic waste generated. From the management of solid waste aspect, the production of electronic plastic waste has to be handled effectively. Generally, there are three options for electronic plastic waste recycling which is chemical, mechanical or thermal recycling. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the research conducted on electronic plastic waste which consisted of various types of resin to determine the electronic plastic waste's potential as a source of energy. The physical and chemical characteristics of the electronic plastic waste are determined by the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and the heavy metal content analysis of the plastic waste resin sample. The dulong formula was applied to calculate the heating value of electronic plastic waste based on the data obtained from the ultimate analysis. The result shows that the average heat value for an electronic waste is 30, 872.42 kj/kg or 7, 375 kcal/kg. The emmission factor analysis shows the concentration of air emission value which would probably be formed due to incineration activitiy is less than the effluent parameter of standard A and standard B limits fixed by the environmental quality act (clean air) 1978 for control air pollution. Basically, this research has succeeded in proving the potential of electronic plastic waste to be used as a source of energy in the future.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129918063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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