Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398645
M. A. Said, D. Buttsworth, T. Yusaf
Understanding the heat transfer processes of compression-ignition engines requires attention to both convection and radiation components. Although a number of correlations for convective heat transfer in engine environments have been implemented in simulations with some accuracy, reliable correlations for the radiant heat transfer are yet to be developed. Most radiant heat transfer correlations are configuration-dependent and fail to accommodate important physical aspects of the radiant heat transfer process in diesel engines. The development of reliable radiation heat transfer correlations requires reliable data. The two-colour method for radiation measurement has provided valuable insight into the combustion process inside direct-injection compression ignition engine. The two-colour method is a popular approach because it is cost effective and simple approach that can provide time-resolved data. The objective of this paper is to present a review of radiation heat transfer measurement in the diesel engine environment using the principles of the two-colour method. The theory, approach, issues and complications associated with the two-colour method are discussed.
{"title":"A review of radiation heat transfer measurement for diesel engines using the two-colour method","authors":"M. A. Said, D. Buttsworth, T. Yusaf","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398645","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the heat transfer processes of compression-ignition engines requires attention to both convection and radiation components. Although a number of correlations for convective heat transfer in engine environments have been implemented in simulations with some accuracy, reliable correlations for the radiant heat transfer are yet to be developed. Most radiant heat transfer correlations are configuration-dependent and fail to accommodate important physical aspects of the radiant heat transfer process in diesel engines. The development of reliable radiation heat transfer correlations requires reliable data. The two-colour method for radiation measurement has provided valuable insight into the combustion process inside direct-injection compression ignition engine. The two-colour method is a popular approach because it is cost effective and simple approach that can provide time-resolved data. The objective of this paper is to present a review of radiation heat transfer measurement in the diesel engine environment using the principles of the two-colour method. The theory, approach, issues and complications associated with the two-colour method are discussed.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126612731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398675
S. I. Gilani, A. T. Baheta, C. Rangkuti
The study of the performance of a gas turbine power plant involves complex components. One of the most important component in the modeling of a gas turbine is an axial compressor as in the first few stages involve variable vanes to regulate the flow and avoid surging. Furthermore, a single shaft gas turbine cogeneration plant maintains the exhaust gas temperature for the sake of steam production by regulating the variable vanes. Associated with that compressor performance maps are changing continuously as the blades' angle change. Therefore, this paper studies the compressor characteristics including the variable stator vanes effect using appropriate scaling law and empirical formulae. Simulation is used to study the effect of variable stator vanes on the performance of the axial compressor working in a single shaft gas turbine cogeneration plant. Fixed geometry and variable geometry compressor air flow regulation, turbine exhaust temperatures are compared. The other results include both the accessible experimental data and the simulation output.
{"title":"Study the effect of variable vanes on performance of axial compressor for single shaft gas turbine cogeneration plant","authors":"S. I. Gilani, A. T. Baheta, C. Rangkuti","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398675","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the performance of a gas turbine power plant involves complex components. One of the most important component in the modeling of a gas turbine is an axial compressor as in the first few stages involve variable vanes to regulate the flow and avoid surging. Furthermore, a single shaft gas turbine cogeneration plant maintains the exhaust gas temperature for the sake of steam production by regulating the variable vanes. Associated with that compressor performance maps are changing continuously as the blades' angle change. Therefore, this paper studies the compressor characteristics including the variable stator vanes effect using appropriate scaling law and empirical formulae. Simulation is used to study the effect of variable stator vanes on the performance of the axial compressor working in a single shaft gas turbine cogeneration plant. Fixed geometry and variable geometry compressor air flow regulation, turbine exhaust temperatures are compared. The other results include both the accessible experimental data and the simulation output.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123842246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398608
R. A. Kamarudin, Abdul Salam Matlob, Zaemah Jubri, Z. Ramli
This paper reports the extraction of soluble silicates and aluminates from coal fly ash using microwave irradiation from a domestic microwave oven. Fifteen experimental conditions for the extraction were obtained using Box-Behnken design through manipulation of three variables namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, power level of microwave irradiation and exposure time; each variable has three values. The variables with their values were; NaOH concentration (2, 4 and 6 M), exposure time to microwave irradiation (1, 3.5 and 6 min) and power level of the irradiation (10, 50 and 100 Watts). Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to study the amount of silicon and aluminium in the extracts. The extracted silicates and aluminates (after the molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 was adjusted to unity by adding aluminium foil) were further incubated at 95°C for 72 hours. The products isolated from the 14 experiments were characterized by their XRD images and found to be Na-A zeolites, gibbsite and sodalite octahydrate.
{"title":"Extraction of silica and alumina from coal fly ash for the synthesis of zeolites","authors":"R. A. Kamarudin, Abdul Salam Matlob, Zaemah Jubri, Z. Ramli","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398608","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the extraction of soluble silicates and aluminates from coal fly ash using microwave irradiation from a domestic microwave oven. Fifteen experimental conditions for the extraction were obtained using Box-Behnken design through manipulation of three variables namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, power level of microwave irradiation and exposure time; each variable has three values. The variables with their values were; NaOH concentration (2, 4 and 6 M), exposure time to microwave irradiation (1, 3.5 and 6 min) and power level of the irradiation (10, 50 and 100 Watts). Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to study the amount of silicon and aluminium in the extracts. The extracted silicates and aluminates (after the molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 was adjusted to unity by adding aluminium foil) were further incubated at 95°C for 72 hours. The products isolated from the 14 experiments were characterized by their XRD images and found to be Na-A zeolites, gibbsite and sodalite octahydrate.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131754060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398673
H. Masitah, H. Bassim, A. A. Latif
The effect of temperature on adsorption of reactive blue 19 (RB19) by cross-linked chitosan/oil palm ash composite beads was investigated. Temperature studied from range 30 to 50 °C. It was observed that the uptake of this dye increased with increasing in temperature. Results revealed that sorptions of reactive blue 19 (RB19) on cross-linked chitosan/oil palm ash composite beads was endotermic in nature. Thermodynamics parameters such as entrophy change, entalphy change and Gibb's free energy were found out to be 166.20 J/mol.K, 46.21 kJ/mol and −3.86 to − 7.15 kJ/mol, respectively.
{"title":"Thermodynamic studies on removal of reactive blue 19 dye on cross-linked chitosan/oil palm ash composite beads","authors":"H. Masitah, H. Bassim, A. A. Latif","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398673","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of temperature on adsorption of reactive blue 19 (RB19) by cross-linked chitosan/oil palm ash composite beads was investigated. Temperature studied from range 30 to 50 °C. It was observed that the uptake of this dye increased with increasing in temperature. Results revealed that sorptions of reactive blue 19 (RB19) on cross-linked chitosan/oil palm ash composite beads was endotermic in nature. Thermodynamics parameters such as entrophy change, entalphy change and Gibb's free energy were found out to be 166.20 J/mol.K, 46.21 kJ/mol and −3.86 to − 7.15 kJ/mol, respectively.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133714922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398611
P. Gunnasegaran, H. Mohammed, N. H. Shuaib
A numerical investigation has been performed on the pressure drop and friction factor of water flow in three different shapes of microchannel heat sinks which are rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular for Reynolds number range of 100–1000. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. It is found that the values of Poiseuille number and friction factor depend greatly on different geometrical parameters. It is also inferred that the heat sink having the smallest hydraulic diameter for each type of shapes under consideration has better performance among the other heat sinks studied. The values of Poiseuille number and friction factor increase with the increase of width-height ratio (Wc/Hc) for rectangular microchannels. For trapezoidal microchannels, the Poiseuille number and friction factor increase with the increase of bottom-to-top width ratio (b/a), increase with the decrease of height-to-top width ratio (h/a), increase with the decrease of length-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (L/Dh). While for triangular microchannels, the Poiseuille number and friction factor increase with the increase of its tip angle (β). It is identified that the transition Reynolds number from laminar flow to turbulent flow is occurred at 1100.
{"title":"Pressure drop and friction factor for different shapes of microchannels","authors":"P. Gunnasegaran, H. Mohammed, N. H. Shuaib","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398611","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical investigation has been performed on the pressure drop and friction factor of water flow in three different shapes of microchannel heat sinks which are rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular for Reynolds number range of 100–1000. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. It is found that the values of Poiseuille number and friction factor depend greatly on different geometrical parameters. It is also inferred that the heat sink having the smallest hydraulic diameter for each type of shapes under consideration has better performance among the other heat sinks studied. The values of Poiseuille number and friction factor increase with the increase of width-height ratio (Wc/Hc) for rectangular microchannels. For trapezoidal microchannels, the Poiseuille number and friction factor increase with the increase of bottom-to-top width ratio (b/a), increase with the decrease of height-to-top width ratio (h/a), increase with the decrease of length-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (L/Dh). While for triangular microchannels, the Poiseuille number and friction factor increase with the increase of its tip angle (β). It is identified that the transition Reynolds number from laminar flow to turbulent flow is occurred at 1100.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134277256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398647
K. F. Mustafa, H. Gitano-Briggs
In the present study, the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke spark ignition engine operated on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were investigated experimentally. The LPG was supplied from a LPG tank which was purchased from a local gas distributor. The primary content of LPG is 60% propane and 40% butane. The four-stroke spark ignition engine has an engine capacity of 183cc and a compression ratio of 6.3∶1, and it was coupled to a 5kW eddy current dynamometer for performance measurement. A 5-gas Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) analyzer was used for CO, CO2, unburnt HC, and NOx measurement. Two sets of experimental data obtained were analyzed; (i) 100% gasoline, and (ii) 5%, 10%, and 20% of LPG in gasoline. It was found that in general, the engine's power output and torque suffer a drop in performance compared to 100% gasoline fueled engine, when tests were evaluated with 5%, 10%, and 20% LPG in gasoline. However, the brake specific fuel consumption, BSFC shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2, unburnt HC, and NOx recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
{"title":"Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engine: Performance and emission characteristics","authors":"K. F. Mustafa, H. Gitano-Briggs","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398647","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke spark ignition engine operated on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were investigated experimentally. The LPG was supplied from a LPG tank which was purchased from a local gas distributor. The primary content of LPG is 60% propane and 40% butane. The four-stroke spark ignition engine has an engine capacity of 183cc and a compression ratio of 6.3∶1, and it was coupled to a 5kW eddy current dynamometer for performance measurement. A 5-gas Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) analyzer was used for CO, CO2, unburnt HC, and NOx measurement. Two sets of experimental data obtained were analyzed; (i) 100% gasoline, and (ii) 5%, 10%, and 20% of LPG in gasoline. It was found that in general, the engine's power output and torque suffer a drop in performance compared to 100% gasoline fueled engine, when tests were evaluated with 5%, 10%, and 20% LPG in gasoline. However, the brake specific fuel consumption, BSFC shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2, unburnt HC, and NOx recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134080149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398659
A. Ahmad, Z. Yahya, N. M. Mohd Daud, M. Daud
In natural seawater, pure aluminum develops oxide layer which forms a barrier, protecting against corrosion. Alloying with other elements prevents the development of oxide layer by introducing localized galvanic cells. Different aluminum alloys exhibit different electrochemical behavior. The scope of the project was to study the electrochemical behavior of different chemical composition of aluminum alloys in natural seawater. The significance of understanding the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys is essential in the fabrication of sacrificial anodes to be used in cathodic protection in corrosion control. Aluminum alloys were fabricated using alloying elements Zn, Sn, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Si. Divided into two groups, samples of aluminum alloys in Group 1 contain same weight percent of Zn, and different weight percent of Sn. Aluminum alloy samples in Group 2 contains same weight percent of Mg, Cu, Fe and Si with different weight percent of Sn. The samples were then subjected to corrosion behavior experimentation which includes Tafel plot, corrosion potential and potentiodynamic scan. It was found that alloying with Mg, Cu, Fe, and Si instead of alloying only with Zn and Sn further increases the negative potential, the density of particle distribution and further reduces the corrosion rate of aluminum alloys. The activeness of aluminum alloys also increases when alloyed with Zn, Sn, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Si.
{"title":"Electrochemical behaviour of aluminum alloys in natural seawater","authors":"A. Ahmad, Z. Yahya, N. M. Mohd Daud, M. Daud","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398659","url":null,"abstract":"In natural seawater, pure aluminum develops oxide layer which forms a barrier, protecting against corrosion. Alloying with other elements prevents the development of oxide layer by introducing localized galvanic cells. Different aluminum alloys exhibit different electrochemical behavior. The scope of the project was to study the electrochemical behavior of different chemical composition of aluminum alloys in natural seawater. The significance of understanding the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys is essential in the fabrication of sacrificial anodes to be used in cathodic protection in corrosion control. Aluminum alloys were fabricated using alloying elements Zn, Sn, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Si. Divided into two groups, samples of aluminum alloys in Group 1 contain same weight percent of Zn, and different weight percent of Sn. Aluminum alloy samples in Group 2 contains same weight percent of Mg, Cu, Fe and Si with different weight percent of Sn. The samples were then subjected to corrosion behavior experimentation which includes Tafel plot, corrosion potential and potentiodynamic scan. It was found that alloying with Mg, Cu, Fe, and Si instead of alloying only with Zn and Sn further increases the negative potential, the density of particle distribution and further reduces the corrosion rate of aluminum alloys. The activeness of aluminum alloys also increases when alloyed with Zn, Sn, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Si.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115159438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398621
N. Raman, I. Hussein, K. Palanisamy
Combination of highland areas with huge river networks promise Malaysia with a lot of hydro power potential. To date Malaysia had utilized this potential in the range of large and mini hydropower but not in the micro hydro range. Micro hydro refers to power generation in the range of 5kW to 100kW. Micro hydro can provide alternative renewable energy sources especially in areas with small rivers or streams flowing. In identifying the micro hydro potential sites, reconnaissance studies is normally conducted. It is a preliminary study to identify micro hydropower potential. This paper presents the results of reconnaissance studies carried out to identify the micro hydro potential in West Malaysia. The reconnaissance studies were conducted with data from the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, (JUPEM) and Metrological Department Malaysia. All the identified streams are located in areas which are accessible and/or showed evidence of settlements. Only streams with high head i.e. above 50m were considered in this study. From the reconnaissance studies, a total of 109 sites having micro hydro potential of about 20.4MW were identified. However, the energy demand for micro hydro was found not significant in West Malaysia as most areas are electrified. Still, micro hydro generation may serve as alternative renewable energy source in future amid rising electricity cost.
{"title":"Micro hydro potential in West Malaysia","authors":"N. Raman, I. Hussein, K. Palanisamy","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398621","url":null,"abstract":"Combination of highland areas with huge river networks promise Malaysia with a lot of hydro power potential. To date Malaysia had utilized this potential in the range of large and mini hydropower but not in the micro hydro range. Micro hydro refers to power generation in the range of 5kW to 100kW. Micro hydro can provide alternative renewable energy sources especially in areas with small rivers or streams flowing. In identifying the micro hydro potential sites, reconnaissance studies is normally conducted. It is a preliminary study to identify micro hydropower potential. This paper presents the results of reconnaissance studies carried out to identify the micro hydro potential in West Malaysia. The reconnaissance studies were conducted with data from the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, (JUPEM) and Metrological Department Malaysia. All the identified streams are located in areas which are accessible and/or showed evidence of settlements. Only streams with high head i.e. above 50m were considered in this study. From the reconnaissance studies, a total of 109 sites having micro hydro potential of about 20.4MW were identified. However, the energy demand for micro hydro was found not significant in West Malaysia as most areas are electrified. Still, micro hydro generation may serve as alternative renewable energy source in future amid rising electricity cost.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125160915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398630
Choong Weng Wai
Energy awareness is the first step to achieve energy sustainability. Without energy awareness, effort in energy conservation can be difficult and leading to energy wastage. This paper intends to introduce the Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process (CMEADP) as a guide for facilities and energy managers to raise energy awareness and improve energy-use behaviour among the building's users in Malaysian university. The CMEADP consisted of two segments: receiver dominated segment that represents the energy awareness achievement process and transferor dominated segment that represents the energy awareness development process. Each of the segments consist a sequence of core processes. This paper focus on the transferor dominated segment which play an essential role in creating energy awareness and lead to energy saving.
{"title":"The Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process: The transferor segment","authors":"Choong Weng Wai","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398630","url":null,"abstract":"Energy awareness is the first step to achieve energy sustainability. Without energy awareness, effort in energy conservation can be difficult and leading to energy wastage. This paper intends to introduce the Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process (CMEADP) as a guide for facilities and energy managers to raise energy awareness and improve energy-use behaviour among the building's users in Malaysian university. The CMEADP consisted of two segments: receiver dominated segment that represents the energy awareness achievement process and transferor dominated segment that represents the energy awareness development process. Each of the segments consist a sequence of core processes. This paper focus on the transferor dominated segment which play an essential role in creating energy awareness and lead to energy saving.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126436202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398678
Agung Sugeng Widodo, D. Buttsworth
Wind tunnels and other aero-thermal experimental facilities are likely to make a contribution to the optimisation of energy and propulsion systems for the foreseeable future. Short duration wind tunnels such as shock tunnels and gun tunnels rely on a transient compression process and are likely to generate significant turbulent fluctuations in the nozzle reservoir region. In the present study, the magnitude of likely stagnation temperature fluctuations in two such facilities is inferred from incompressible temperature fluctuations data obtained by other workers. The friction velocity Reynolds numbers for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases considered presently were Reτ =31,579 and 24,975 respectively. The RMS stagnation temperature fluctuations, when averaged over the pipe flow diameter, are estimated to be 14.6 and 278 K for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases respectively. The estimated RMS value in the case of the gun tunnel is significantly larger than the experimental value previously measured on the centre line of the gun tunnel nozzle of 2.3 K. The difference observed between the inferred and measured temperature fluctuations in the gun tunnel case may be related to spatial variations in the temperature fluctuations. In the case of the shock tunnel, the magnitude of the fluctuations is demonstrated to be significant for supersonic combustion experiments. The present approach for estimating the magnitude temperature fluctuations should be refined, but more detailed measurements of temperature fluctuations in such facilities are also required.
{"title":"Deduction of temperature fluctuations in transient compression wind tunnels using incompressible turbulent flow data","authors":"Agung Sugeng Widodo, D. Buttsworth","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398678","url":null,"abstract":"Wind tunnels and other aero-thermal experimental facilities are likely to make a contribution to the optimisation of energy and propulsion systems for the foreseeable future. Short duration wind tunnels such as shock tunnels and gun tunnels rely on a transient compression process and are likely to generate significant turbulent fluctuations in the nozzle reservoir region. In the present study, the magnitude of likely stagnation temperature fluctuations in two such facilities is inferred from incompressible temperature fluctuations data obtained by other workers. The friction velocity Reynolds numbers for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases considered presently were Reτ =31,579 and 24,975 respectively. The RMS stagnation temperature fluctuations, when averaged over the pipe flow diameter, are estimated to be 14.6 and 278 K for the gun tunnel and shock tunnel cases respectively. The estimated RMS value in the case of the gun tunnel is significantly larger than the experimental value previously measured on the centre line of the gun tunnel nozzle of 2.3 K. The difference observed between the inferred and measured temperature fluctuations in the gun tunnel case may be related to spatial variations in the temperature fluctuations. In the case of the shock tunnel, the magnitude of the fluctuations is demonstrated to be significant for supersonic combustion experiments. The present approach for estimating the magnitude temperature fluctuations should be refined, but more detailed measurements of temperature fluctuations in such facilities are also required.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130852076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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