Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398634
S. M. Atnaw, S. Sulaiman
Gasification of biomass provides clean and combustible gas with sufficient energy, which can be used for electricity generation, engine applications etc. However, successful design and operation of gasifiers are not simple. There are no neat rules as the thermodynamics of gasifier operation are not well understood. In this paper, a preliminary study of the operation and performance of downdraft biomass gasifier using oil palm fronds (OPF) is done. The performance study is partially carried out using ASPEN PLUS process simulator software for modeling and simulating the various zones of the gasification process (drying, pyrolysis, oxidation and reduction). As ASPEN PLUS does not have a built in gasifier model, a combination of the various reactors of the simulator are used to model the gasification processes. This model is used to predict the producer gas composition for different operating temperatures, pressure and air-fuel ratio. In addition a primary experiment is carried out to determine the feasibility of OPF as a gasification feedstock. From the simulation study it is shown that higher mass fraction of CO and CH4 can be obtained at lower Air-Fuel ratio, and lower pressure (below 5bar). The mass fraction of CO increases sharply with increase in the oxidation zone temperature, for the range 500–700°C.
{"title":"Modeling and simulation study of downdraft gasifier using oil-palm fronds","authors":"S. M. Atnaw, S. Sulaiman","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398634","url":null,"abstract":"Gasification of biomass provides clean and combustible gas with sufficient energy, which can be used for electricity generation, engine applications etc. However, successful design and operation of gasifiers are not simple. There are no neat rules as the thermodynamics of gasifier operation are not well understood. In this paper, a preliminary study of the operation and performance of downdraft biomass gasifier using oil palm fronds (OPF) is done. The performance study is partially carried out using ASPEN PLUS process simulator software for modeling and simulating the various zones of the gasification process (drying, pyrolysis, oxidation and reduction). As ASPEN PLUS does not have a built in gasifier model, a combination of the various reactors of the simulator are used to model the gasification processes. This model is used to predict the producer gas composition for different operating temperatures, pressure and air-fuel ratio. In addition a primary experiment is carried out to determine the feasibility of OPF as a gasification feedstock. From the simulation study it is shown that higher mass fraction of CO and CH4 can be obtained at lower Air-Fuel ratio, and lower pressure (below 5bar). The mass fraction of CO increases sharply with increase in the oxidation zone temperature, for the range 500–700°C.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129146016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398674
M. Ranjbar, A. Jalilian, A. Shoulaie
This paper deals with a novel configuration of single-phase hybrid active power filter. One of the advantages of the proposed hybrid filter is its adjustable capability to determine voltage rating and current rating of active power stage by selecting appropriate values for its passive filter parameters. Equivalent circuit of proposed hybrid filter has been presented and its filtering characteristic is investigated in details. MATLABSimulink based Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and validation of proposed hybrid filter. Simulation results show that with different voltage and current rating for active filter, the performance of the hybrid filter remains satisfactory in two simulated cases.
{"title":"A novel single-phase shunt hybrid power filter configuration for power quality improvement","authors":"M. Ranjbar, A. Jalilian, A. Shoulaie","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398674","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with a novel configuration of single-phase hybrid active power filter. One of the advantages of the proposed hybrid filter is its adjustable capability to determine voltage rating and current rating of active power stage by selecting appropriate values for its passive filter parameters. Equivalent circuit of proposed hybrid filter has been presented and its filtering characteristic is investigated in details. MATLABSimulink based Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and validation of proposed hybrid filter. Simulation results show that with different voltage and current rating for active filter, the performance of the hybrid filter remains satisfactory in two simulated cases.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128542478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398652
Maria Flouri, Chara Karakosta, H. Doukas, J. Psarras
Given the predicted global increase in energy demand, securing Europe's future energy needs will become of high geopolitical and strategic importance. Apart from the European strong dependence issue, another relevant issue involves the reliability of the infrastructures, as far as possible accidents and terrorist attacks are concerned. Indeed, vulnerability to oil and gas supply interruptions poses serious threats to the European economy and the life-style of its citizens. Aim of this paper is to present a structured review and analysis of the oil & gas incidents related to the supply interruptions, establishing a first basis for recording all related incidents in a structured and transparent way.
{"title":"Review & analysis of oil & gas incidents related to the supply interruptions","authors":"Maria Flouri, Chara Karakosta, H. Doukas, J. Psarras","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398652","url":null,"abstract":"Given the predicted global increase in energy demand, securing Europe's future energy needs will become of high geopolitical and strategic importance. Apart from the European strong dependence issue, another relevant issue involves the reliability of the infrastructures, as far as possible accidents and terrorist attacks are concerned. Indeed, vulnerability to oil and gas supply interruptions poses serious threats to the European economy and the life-style of its citizens. Aim of this paper is to present a structured review and analysis of the oil & gas incidents related to the supply interruptions, establishing a first basis for recording all related incidents in a structured and transparent way.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126324839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398677
A. Tamiru, C. Rangkuti, F. M. Hashim
Developing a first principle nonlinear model for a thermal system that is already in operation is a very difficult task attributed to missing design parameters. This paper considers nonlinear modeling of subunits of a Cogeneration and Cooling Plant (CCP) -Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), Steam Header (SH) and Steam Absorption Chiller (SAC). Neuro-fuzzy approach trained by a sequence of optimization algorithms - Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) followed by Back-Propagation (BP) -is used to develop models for the steam drum pressure, steam drum water level, steam flow rate and chilled water supply temperature. It includes the calculation of model confidence intervals (CI) based on the assumption that model and measurement errors are normally distributed and independent. Real operation data collected from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS CCP is used to train and validate the models. Varying the probability in reading the percentage value of t - distribution for fixed degrees of freedom, a test is also performed on the capacity of the models for fault detection. The results show that the technique can be used to develop a substitute model for the three units, with the confidence level decided by the user.
由于缺少设计参数，为已经运行的热系统建立第一原理非线性模型是一项非常困难的任务。本文研究了热电联产和冷却装置(CCP)的子单元——热回收蒸汽发生器(HRSG)、蒸汽集汽器(SH)和蒸汽吸收式制冷机(SAC)的非线性建模。采用粒子群算法(PSO)和反向传播算法(BP)训练的神经模糊方法，建立了汽包压力、汽包水位、蒸汽流量和冷冻水供应温度的模型。它包括在假设模型和测量误差呈正态分布且相互独立的基础上计算模型置信区间(CI)。从Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS CCP收集的实际操作数据用于训练和验证模型。对于固定的自由度，改变读取t -分布的百分比值的概率，还对模型的故障检测能力进行了测试。结果表明，该技术可用于建立三个单元的替代模型，其置信水平由用户决定。
{"title":"Neuro-fuzzy and PSO based model for the steam and cooling sections of a Cogeneration and Cooling Plant (CCP)","authors":"A. Tamiru, C. Rangkuti, F. M. Hashim","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398677","url":null,"abstract":"Developing a first principle nonlinear model for a thermal system that is already in operation is a very difficult task attributed to missing design parameters. This paper considers nonlinear modeling of subunits of a Cogeneration and Cooling Plant (CCP) -Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), Steam Header (SH) and Steam Absorption Chiller (SAC). Neuro-fuzzy approach trained by a sequence of optimization algorithms - Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) followed by Back-Propagation (BP) -is used to develop models for the steam drum pressure, steam drum water level, steam flow rate and chilled water supply temperature. It includes the calculation of model confidence intervals (CI) based on the assumption that model and measurement errors are normally distributed and independent. Real operation data collected from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS CCP is used to train and validate the models. Varying the probability in reading the percentage value of t - distribution for fixed degrees of freedom, a test is also performed on the capacity of the models for fault detection. The results show that the technique can be used to develop a substitute model for the three units, with the confidence level decided by the user.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127105389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398667
S. Z. Farooqui
In this paper, a vector control mechanism has been suggested and applied to simulate the operation of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) attached to an isolated off-the-grid wind turbine, to demonstrate that these generators can be used at lower costs to control the power quality in stand alone wind turbines. In order to achieve this end, the alignment of the d-axis of the synchronously rotating reference frame is imposed along the stator flux vector. A wide range of sub and super synchronous operating speeds are investigated using a 5th order model. Artificially generated wind speeds are used to acquire variable speed operation. Twenty seconds simulations are presented by feeding the stator d and q current components. The input current components have been drawn from the simulation of a rotor short circuited, grid connected DFIG, starting from rest. The synchronous frequency ωs, and stator voltage components Vrefds and Vrefqs are imposed as constant demands in the control equations. Simulations are carried out by independently iteratively solving the differential equations for the magnetizing current and the two rotor current components. Solutions of these equations respectively generate the demands for the d-component of the rotor current, and the two components of the rotor voltage. The demand for the second component of the rotor current is obtained directly from the field alignment condition. The stator current input data also includes a fault induction response to a stator voltage step change. Simulation results faithfully reproduce the initial conditions, indicating the validity of the vector control scheme for stand alone operations of the DFIG.
{"title":"Autonomous wind turbines with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators","authors":"S. Z. Farooqui","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398667","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a vector control mechanism has been suggested and applied to simulate the operation of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) attached to an isolated off-the-grid wind turbine, to demonstrate that these generators can be used at lower costs to control the power quality in stand alone wind turbines. In order to achieve this end, the alignment of the d-axis of the synchronously rotating reference frame is imposed along the stator flux vector. A wide range of sub and super synchronous operating speeds are investigated using a 5th order model. Artificially generated wind speeds are used to acquire variable speed operation. Twenty seconds simulations are presented by feeding the stator d and q current components. The input current components have been drawn from the simulation of a rotor short circuited, grid connected DFIG, starting from rest. The synchronous frequency ωs, and stator voltage components Vrefds and Vrefqs are imposed as constant demands in the control equations. Simulations are carried out by independently iteratively solving the differential equations for the magnetizing current and the two rotor current components. Solutions of these equations respectively generate the demands for the d-component of the rotor current, and the two components of the rotor voltage. The demand for the second component of the rotor current is obtained directly from the field alignment condition. The stator current input data also includes a fault induction response to a stator voltage step change. Simulation results faithfully reproduce the initial conditions, indicating the validity of the vector control scheme for stand alone operations of the DFIG.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122349679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398626
Y. L. Ng, M. Yusoff, N. H. Shuaib
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is becoming an important aspect in the design and analysis of engineering equipment. CFD allows engineers to reduce losses related to fluid flows and hence increase the performance. The first part of CFD simulation is building suitable mesh for the geometry to be analyzed. Tetrahedral mesh is widely used in meshing complex domain due to its flexibility. One of the common techniques used to generate tetrahedral mesh is Delaunay triangulation. Although Delaunay triangulation can always generate tetrahedral elements that fill any domain, the quality of the elements is not guaranteed. This is particularly important in CFD simulations whereby the accuracy of results and convergence rate will be highly affected by the mesh quality. This paper describes the development of a tetrahedral mesh generator which is capable of generating sufficiently high quality tetrahedral cells in arbitrary complex geometry. A few test cases are presented which show that slivers are eliminated and the overall quality is good. The combination of the constrained and conforming boundary recovery was also successfully done where all the missing faces are rebuilt.
{"title":"Tetrahedral mesh generator for CFD simulation of complex geometry","authors":"Y. L. Ng, M. Yusoff, N. H. Shuaib","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398626","url":null,"abstract":"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is becoming an important aspect in the design and analysis of engineering equipment. CFD allows engineers to reduce losses related to fluid flows and hence increase the performance. The first part of CFD simulation is building suitable mesh for the geometry to be analyzed. Tetrahedral mesh is widely used in meshing complex domain due to its flexibility. One of the common techniques used to generate tetrahedral mesh is Delaunay triangulation. Although Delaunay triangulation can always generate tetrahedral elements that fill any domain, the quality of the elements is not guaranteed. This is particularly important in CFD simulations whereby the accuracy of results and convergence rate will be highly affected by the mesh quality. This paper describes the development of a tetrahedral mesh generator which is capable of generating sufficiently high quality tetrahedral cells in arbitrary complex geometry. A few test cases are presented which show that slivers are eliminated and the overall quality is good. The combination of the constrained and conforming boundary recovery was also successfully done where all the missing faces are rebuilt.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131600832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398614
A. Mohamad, J. Pasupuleti, A. Shamsuddin
This paper aims to explore the viability of photovoltaic (PV) systems in Malaysia. The Malaysian Energy Center (PTM)'s Suria1000 project highlights the problems associated with rooftop PV systems. TNB's off-grid PV projects also provide valuable lessons on standalone PV systems. PTM's Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) project shows grid-connected rooftop PV systems are viable. The annual energy output of these installations has been found to be in the top 50 % of similar installations Worldwide. The major obstacles to these systems are the high capital cost of the system and the absence of a feed-in tariff. TNB's experience with off-grid PV projects point to their viability as an attractive alternative to costly extension of the grid for small isolated loads. The major problem is the high maintenance cost of these installations. Simulation studies indicate that standalone PV systems with storage capacity and backup generator are cheaper than grid extension for small loads beyond a certain distance from the grid. Rooftop PV generation in the commercial areas of the city can also be an attractive alternative to upgrading the existing grid capacity. The study concludes that various PV system options need to be introduced into the country on an urgent basis to bring down capital and maintenance costs as well as provide learning opportunities to upgrade the technical competencies of its human resource.
{"title":"Implementation of photovoltaics in Malaysia","authors":"A. Mohamad, J. Pasupuleti, A. Shamsuddin","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398614","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore the viability of photovoltaic (PV) systems in Malaysia. The Malaysian Energy Center (PTM)'s Suria1000 project highlights the problems associated with rooftop PV systems. TNB's off-grid PV projects also provide valuable lessons on standalone PV systems. PTM's Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) project shows grid-connected rooftop PV systems are viable. The annual energy output of these installations has been found to be in the top 50 % of similar installations Worldwide. The major obstacles to these systems are the high capital cost of the system and the absence of a feed-in tariff. TNB's experience with off-grid PV projects point to their viability as an attractive alternative to costly extension of the grid for small isolated loads. The major problem is the high maintenance cost of these installations. Simulation studies indicate that standalone PV systems with storage capacity and backup generator are cheaper than grid extension for small loads beyond a certain distance from the grid. Rooftop PV generation in the commercial areas of the city can also be an attractive alternative to upgrading the existing grid capacity. The study concludes that various PV system options need to be introduced into the country on an urgent basis to bring down capital and maintenance costs as well as provide learning opportunities to upgrade the technical competencies of its human resource.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115993420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398639
H. Mohammed, H. Salleh, M. Yusoff
This paper presents an experimental method for evaluating the effusivity values of different scratched temperature sensors. These sensors have a response time on the order of microseconds (50 µs) with a rise time less than (0.3 µs). Two types of scratch were used, mainly abrasive papers with different grit sizes and scalpel blades with different thicknesses to form the sensor junction. The effect of scratch technique on the sensor's effusivity is also investigated. The sensors were tested and calibrated in the test section of a shock tube facility at different operating conditions. It was observed that the effusivity of a particular sensor depends on the Mach number, scratch technique, junction location as well as on the enthalpy condition. It was also noticed that sensor scratched using scalpel blade technique does not require an individual calibration. However, for sensor scratched using abrasive paper technique, a calibration for each sensor is likely to be required. The present results have provided useful and practical data of the effusivity values for different scratched temperature sensors. These data are beneficial to the experimentalists in the field and it can be used for accurate transient heat transfer rate measurements.
{"title":"An experimental method for effusivity determination of different scratched temperature sensors","authors":"H. Mohammed, H. Salleh, M. Yusoff","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398639","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental method for evaluating the effusivity values of different scratched temperature sensors. These sensors have a response time on the order of microseconds (50 µs) with a rise time less than (0.3 µs). Two types of scratch were used, mainly abrasive papers with different grit sizes and scalpel blades with different thicknesses to form the sensor junction. The effect of scratch technique on the sensor's effusivity is also investigated. The sensors were tested and calibrated in the test section of a shock tube facility at different operating conditions. It was observed that the effusivity of a particular sensor depends on the Mach number, scratch technique, junction location as well as on the enthalpy condition. It was also noticed that sensor scratched using scalpel blade technique does not require an individual calibration. However, for sensor scratched using abrasive paper technique, a calibration for each sensor is likely to be required. The present results have provided useful and practical data of the effusivity values for different scratched temperature sensors. These data are beneficial to the experimentalists in the field and it can be used for accurate transient heat transfer rate measurements.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120986988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398672
R. Adnan, H. Masjuki, T. Mahlia
The consumption of fossil fuels spawns environmental considerations in addition to issues of energy demand, national security and resource availability. At global level, scientists warn that the combustion of fossil fuels is significantly changing the world's climate system. Local or regional concerns include smog, acid rain, and health implications of urban air pollution. Due to stringent emission norms and depletion of petroleum resources there has been a continuous effort to use alternative fuels such as hydrogen. It has its own benefits and limitations if it is used in conjunction with conventional fuel in diesel engine. The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of hydrogen addition on performance and exhaust gas emission of stationary diesel engine. In this study, hydrogen was used as secondary fuel in a single cylinder 406 c.c. diesel engine. The hydrogen was injected through intake manifold and diesel was injected directly inside the combustion chamber. Series of experiments were conducted and it can be seen the effect of hydrogen addition in the increase of peak pressure from 5 bar to a maximum 21 bar, IMEP from 1.0 to 1.7 bar , indicated power from 4%–16%. There were also increases in NOx and CO emissions from 48–197 ppm and 423–758 ppm, respectively. Hydrogen addition causes increase in exhaust gas temperature from 3.1% to 10.2% particularly at 2500 rpm and reduction in O2 emissions from 3.9% to 7.6% (by volume) throughout all engine speeds.
除了能源需求、国家安全和资源供应等问题外，化石燃料的消费还产生了环境方面的考虑。在全球范围内，科学家警告说，化石燃料的燃烧正在显著改变世界气候系统。局部或区域性的问题包括雾霾、酸雨和城市空气污染对健康的影响。由于严格的排放标准和石油资源的枯竭，人们一直在努力使用氢等替代燃料。如果在柴油发动机中与传统燃料配合使用，它有其自身的优点和局限性。本文研究了加氢对固定式柴油机性能和废气排放的影响。在本研究中，氢作为二次燃料在单缸406cc柴油机。氢气通过进气歧管注入，柴油直接注入燃烧室。通过一系列实验，可以看出加氢的作用，使峰值压力从5 bar提高到最大21 bar, IMEP从1.0 bar提高到1.7 bar，指示功率从4%到16%。氮氧化物和一氧化碳的排放量也分别从48-197 ppm和423-758 ppm增加。加氢使废气温度从3.1%上升到10.2%，特别是在2500转时，在所有发动机转速下，O2排放量从3.9%下降到7.6%(按体积计算)。
{"title":"An experimental investigation of unmodified DI diesel engine with hydrogen addition","authors":"R. Adnan, H. Masjuki, T. Mahlia","doi":"10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398672","url":null,"abstract":"The consumption of fossil fuels spawns environmental considerations in addition to issues of energy demand, national security and resource availability. At global level, scientists warn that the combustion of fossil fuels is significantly changing the world's climate system. Local or regional concerns include smog, acid rain, and health implications of urban air pollution. Due to stringent emission norms and depletion of petroleum resources there has been a continuous effort to use alternative fuels such as hydrogen. It has its own benefits and limitations if it is used in conjunction with conventional fuel in diesel engine. The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of hydrogen addition on performance and exhaust gas emission of stationary diesel engine. In this study, hydrogen was used as secondary fuel in a single cylinder 406 c.c. diesel engine. The hydrogen was injected through intake manifold and diesel was injected directly inside the combustion chamber. Series of experiments were conducted and it can be seen the effect of hydrogen addition in the increase of peak pressure from 5 bar to a maximum 21 bar, IMEP from 1.0 to 1.7 bar , indicated power from 4%–16%. There were also increases in NOx and CO emissions from 48–197 ppm and 423–758 ppm, respectively. Hydrogen addition causes increase in exhaust gas temperature from 3.1% to 10.2% particularly at 2500 rpm and reduction in O2 emissions from 3.9% to 7.6% (by volume) throughout all engine speeds.","PeriodicalId":211736,"journal":{"name":"2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122609315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICEENVIRON.2009.5398653
S. S. Irwan, A. Ahmed, N. Ibrahim, N. Zakaria
Mineral wool is among the commonly used conductive insulation material for building insulation. Studies on insulated building envelope in temperate climate have shown potential energy savings towards attaining energy efficient buildings and sustainable built environment. To date, there is no empirical data on the benefits of insulated building envelope in warm humid tropical climate. Such data would provide commercial mileage to the insulation and building industries. Hence, the Center for Research and Innovation in Sustainable Energy (RISE) of Universiti Teknologi MARA has embarked on research collaboration with a local insulation manufacturing association. This paper presents the empirical findings on thermal and energy evaluation of mineral wool insulation under Malaysian sky condition. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the whole-building thermal and energy performance for mineral wool insulation at roof pitch for selected roof pitch angle, and finally to identify the optimum roof pitch angle due to the thermal and energy saving potential. The experimental works were conducted inside the Twin Energy Efficiency Test Cells inside the campus of Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam Selangor. Two test buildings named as Test Cell A and Test Cell B has identical building design with conventional envelope constructions. Test Cell A was the control unit while Test Cell B was later modified with the installation of mineral wool insulation of thickness 75 mm at roof pitch angle of 10°, 15° and 20°. Both cells were installed with a normal 750 W split unit air-conditioning system. Identical automated outdoor and indoor data logging systems were installed inside both test cells for simultaneous data collection. For each roof pitch angle, ten days data from Test Cell A and Test Cell B were simultaneously and consecutively monitored in a 24-hour air conditioned (AC) mode. Ambient temperature for outdoor and attic were collected for the thermal performance analysis. Electrical data of current, voltage, power and energy consumption were collected and analysed for the building cooling energy performance. The thermal and energy performance of the mineral wool insulation were appraised by the cooling load savings. The findings identify the optimum roof pitch angle and conclude that the mineral wool insulation at roof pitch produces nominal thermal improvement but noteworthy energy savings.
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