Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova最新文献

The possible pathways of inhibitory influences mediated by two kinds of metabotropic receptors, group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs III) and GABAB receptors (GABABRs) to the miniature glycinergic events were investigated in the isolated spinal cord of the frog Rana ridibunda. The glycinergic events prevailed within the miniature inhibitory activity of motoneurons [3]. Selective agonists of GABABRs (baclofen) and group III mGluR (LAP4) reduce the frequency of miniature events to 48.0 ± 5.56% (n = 8) and 48.5 ± 8.6% (n = 5) respectively. The mean amplitude of miniature potentials was not modified significantly which indicates the presynaptic mode of their action on the synaptic transmission. To reveal the stages of metabotropic receptors regulatory effects on the glycine exocitosis the application of their selective agonists was performed after selective blockade of putative links of glycinergic transmission modulation. It was shown that the mGluRsIII influences are due to the negative feedback with adenylyl cyclase (AC) whereas the following step is formed by protein kinase A (PKA), because their selective blockade eliminate the effect of group III mGluRs activation. The AC is not involved in transdusing the GABABRs signal to the glycine miniature activity because SQ22536, an AC-inhibitor does not eliminate the inhibitory action of baclofen. The action of GABABRs depends on the activity of the phospholipase C (PLC) because its inhibition with U73122 prevents the effect of baclofen. The next possible link of this pathway could be the protein kinase C (PKC); but it is not involved in the realization of GABABRs influences because the PKC blocker (GF 109302X) does not modify the baclofen effect. The common link of group III mGluRs and GABABRs influences on the glycinergic miniature activity realization can be the inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) that regulate the Ca2+ outflow from the nerve terminal depots and are connected (according to the literature data) with PKA, cAMP and PLC. In our experiments 2-APB, an IP3Rs antagonist, reduced to 26 ± 8% (n = 7) the frequency of glycinergic miniature activity and prevented the inhibitory effects of group III mGluRs and GABABRs. Our data suggest that collision and cross-talk of these Glu- and GABA-metabotropic pathways which was described earlier [2] may take place at this level.

The cardiovascular effects of opioid peptides may be associated with activation of opioid receptors located on the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes, on the cell membrane of ICA and endothelial cells, on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals in the heart and in the adrenals. The cardiovascular effects of opioids penetrating the blood-brain barrier may be the result of their impact on central opioid receptors.

It was evaluated the influence of functional test on blood flow velocity (BFV) on medial cerebral arteries (MCA) at healthy persons of different age (30 persons at the age of 5-60 y. o.) and in patients (28) during operative limb lengthening for 2-15 cm. BFV was examined by the ultrasonic dopplerography method at rest, and repeated on both brain sides in handhold of gripper by right hand then left one. In healthy persons, with age increasing, reduction of BFV on MCA was observed, and was more significant in patients with orthopaedic pathology. In four-time repetition of functional test variants, maximum range of BFV variation on MCA did not grow out of 17-25 %. During the process of operative limb lengthening in significant reduction of BFV on MCA and increasing of range BFV variation, working capacity of patients was disturbed. Age-delayed BFV on MCA develop slowly with a saving of BFV changes variability, it is a prerequisite of saving of brain centers function.

This study was the first to investigate long-term effects of in vitro culturing of embryos combined with their cryopreservation and transfer on arterial blood pressure, body weight and behavior in hypertensive rats. No differences in body weight and arterial blood pressure levels were found between the naturally born rats and those born with the help of ART (assisted reproductive technologies). However, ART-born rats spent more time on rearing, as was revealed by the open-field test. The results of the elevated plus maze test indicated that these rats spent more time in the open arms and demonstrated a longer duration of head dips. Moreover, the light-dark box test showed a longer total leaning-out time in this group. Taken together, the results of the three behavioral tests demonstrate a greater exploratory activity and lower anxiety in ART-born ISIAH rats than in natural born ones.

Recently it has been found that the urokinase receptor (uPAR) and its ligands - urokinase (uPA) and SRPX2 protein play an important role in the development and functioning of the brain. There is a strong association between uPAR gene polymorphism and autism disorders in humans. Patients with autism, intractable lobe epilepsy, verbal dyspraxia and perisylvian polymicrogyria display significant changes in uPAR expression. Mice, lacking the uPAR gene develop epilepsy and demonstrate abnormal social behavior. uPA and SRPX2 protein, have been shown to be involved in pathological brain conditions such as autism, cognitive deficits and language disorders. Urokinase system that stimulates blood vessel growth as demonstrated before, also plays an important role in the regulation of the nerve growth via matrix remodeling and activation of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors. Moreover, the urokinase system also functions as a guidance system which determines the growth trajectory of the vessels' and nerves' in tissue regeneration. This review summarizes and integrates the results and recent progress in the field of uPAR and its endogenous ligands in brain development and cognitive functions.

We studied the influence of erythrocyte microvesicles, isolated after 4 weeks incubation the washed and the unwashed erythrocytes healthy donors from preservative, on spontaneous (flow-induced) aggregation of platelets. It was found out that microvesicles of the unwashed erythrocytes enhanced the spontaneous aggregation of platelets and also formation of fibrin. Microvesicles from the washed erythrocytes reduce the platelet aggregation. Possible mechanisms of the effect of erythrocyte microvesicles on platelet aggregation were investigated.

The role of blood oxygen in the protective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was investigated in rabbits during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR). Animals were divided into 2 experimental groups: in the 1st group (n = 11) hepatic ischemia (30 min) was induced by Pringle maneuver, reperfusion was lasted 120 min; in the 2nd group (n = 8) the short period of vascular clamping (10 min) and reperfusion (10 min) were performed before HIR. The parameters of blood oxygen (рО2, p50, Hb), acid-base balance (рН, рСО2, TCO2, ABE, SBE, SBC and etc.), lipid peroxidation (Schiff bases, conjugated dienes), antioxidant system (catalase, α-tocopherol), plasma transaminases (ALT, AST) and nitrite/nitrate concentration (NOx) were measured. HIR in the 1st group leads to elevation of p50, lipid peroxidation, ALT and AST accompanied by reduction of рН, TCO2, ABE, SBE, SBC, catalase activity, α-tocopherol and NOx levels. IPC significantly reduces p50, lipid peroxidation, ALT and AST simultaneously improves рН, TCO2, ABE, SBC, catalase activity, α-tocopherol and NOx levels. These findings indicate that IPC prevents oxidative stress in liver trough increased blood hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and limitation of oxygen participation in free radical processes during reperfusion.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a human genetic disorder associated with several phenotypes including hypertension. Here we used the hypertensive Bbs4 knockout mouse model (Bbs4-/-) to test the hypothesis that areas of the brain involved in cardiovascular regulation (CVR) exhibit abnormalities in primary neuronal cilia (PNC) structure and density. We utilized immunocytochemical localization of adenylyl cyclase-III (ACIII), a specific marker for PNC, to identify the changes in PNC length and density in commissural nucleus of solitary tract (cNTS), area postrema (AP), rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and subfornical organ (SFO). A quantitative analysis of the morphology and distribution of ACIII-immunoreactive PNC revealed dramatic alterations in the length and number of cilia in SFO of Bbs4-/- mice compared to wild type (WT) littermates. The significant reduction in the PNC length but not in the number was observed in cNTS and RVLM. Surprisingly, no significant changes in length and distribution of PNC were documented in the AP. We found that in all investigated areas of the brain the number of neurons did not display significant changes in Bbs4-/- when compared to the corresponding areas of WT mice. This data suggests that loss of the Bbs4 gene differentially affects the PNC in the brain areas involved in CVR; and the pathology of PNC in selected regions of CVR can cause a failure in signal transduction and may contribute to the hypertension associated with Bbs4-/- mouse model.

Effects of inflammatory pain, short stress of maternal isolation and combination of these impacts in 1-day-old and repeatedly 2-day-old rat pups (neonatal period of development) on the indices of generalized pain and the inflammatory pain response were studied on the rats during the adulthood. To study the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the long-term impact of neonatal effects on pain sensitivity we used a chronic injection of 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone during the prepuberal period of rats which as newborn experienced similar impacts (control, injection of saline). It was found that in adult rats in which inflammatory pain and stress of maternal isolation during the first two days of life caused changes in pain sensitivity, buspirone normalized the indices of basic pain in the hot plate test and the pain response in the formalin test; the combination of these impacts did not cause any changes in the pain sensitivity, and the effect of buspirone did not appear. Thus, effects of buspirone found in this study suggest that 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the long-term influence of the studied adverse neonatal impacts on the reactivity of the nociceptive system.

There are identified 3 proteins with molecular mass of 63, 73 and 132 kDa, exhibiting the properties of the hyaluronidase of the 1st type in the liver, spleen, renal papilla, skin and serum by the method of zymography. A protein with a molecular mass of 73 kDa was detected in all studied tissues and serum, while protein with a molecular mass of 63 kDa was present only in the tissues, and the protein with molecular mass of 132 kDa was present only in the serum. It is discussed the possibility of aggregation of 63 kDa protein molecules in the dimers with the formation of a 132 kDa protein in the serum.