Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova最新文献

Identification of the natural metabolic factors that are able to normalize insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is necessary for the development of pharmacological approaches for the correction of obesity and Type II diabetes. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as an endocrine hormone which regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is involved in maintaining of energy homeostasis and adaptation to starvation and low temperature. In rodents, FGF21 administration increases energy expenditure, reduces body weight, fat mass, blood glucose and insulin levels, and improves insulin sensitivity. Pharmacologically, FGF21 is a promising new clinical candidate for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding ofmechanisms of FGF21's physiologic and pharmacologic anti-diabetic actions.

Relationship of endothelial dysfunction and obstructive pulmonary diseases is a complex and poorly understood. Vascular endothelium is a multifunctional autonomous endocrine organ. The review discusses the various functions of the endothelium, causes, mechanisms and possible markers of endothelial dysfunction. The contribution of pulmonary vessel endothelial dysfunction in the initiation and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma is considered. The existing approaches to the restoration of the structural and functional integrity of the vascular endothelium are discussed.

We investigate the impacts of sharp variations in solar and geomagnetic activity (GMA) at high latitudes on the human brain bioelectrical activity by means of the empirical structure function of multi-channel EEG. Ten healthy men ages 19 to 37 took part in the study. EEG was recor- ded daily over the 25 days test period that was marked by C- and M-class solar flares and geomagnetic storm levels in the G2-G3 range. The EEG signals were used for the estimate of the mul-tivariate temporal structure function (SF) of the first order in 8-dimensional space. The value of the SF correlation radius is used here as an estimation of a scale of the integral temporal correlation structure of multi-channel EEG, while the value of the SF horizontal asymptote is used as an estimation of the spatial correlation structure of EEG. It is shown that GMA variations make an even greater impact on the SF correlation radius, than on the SF asymptote. We reveal the disturbing and modulating effects of geomagnetic and solar activity on the SF parameters and its power spectrum. Thus, the SF of multi-channel EEG allows us to estimate the effects of heliogeophysical factors on the integrated brain reaction as a unitary system and may be used to investigate the environmental influence on the humans.

Recent investigations of the new transducting function of Na+,K+-АTPase is of great interest. Na+,K+-АTPase might be a target (receptor) for cardiotonic steroids. This membrane protein switches on intracellular signaling mechanisms due to its ligand-receptor interactions with the steroids that, in turn, result in activation of intracellular cascade processes. р38 belongs to mito-gen-activated protein kinase family (MAPK). The kinase transduces signals of wide range intra-cellular signaling cascades that control proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Using embryonic organotypic tissue culture method the present work shows that р38 МАРК is involved in the signal transducting process in series with Na+,K+-АTPase.

Study of relationship between the biochemical characteristics of blood serum from rhesus monkeys and their social rank was carried out. Some biochemical characteristics, first of all the content of urea and creatinine, the activity of aspartateaminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were positively correlated with a relative rank of males, and negatively - with their weight. The body weight of dominant males was significantly lower than that of subordinate males. The data obtained show a significant variation in the characteristics of biochemical metabolism in subordinate and dominant males whose origin is determined by the features of feeding of high and low rank males, as well as by different level of stress experienced by the animals with different social rank.

An association was found between severity of behavioral disturbances in the offspring of rats that survived the stress, and changing spatial-temporal organization of the ECOG. The proportion of synchronous activity in the right frontal and left occipital regions with respect to the right nape, and between the frontal leads increases with the minimum deviations of behavior. The proportion of ahead activity increased in frontal leads; reduced the share of lagging and an increasing proportion of synchronous bioelectrical activity in relation to the right occipital region in case of serious disorders of behavior.

The brain melanocortin system plays a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism and feeding behavior and is involved in memory formation, and its abnormalities lead to metabolic disorders and cognitive deficit. The brain dopamine system controls the motor activity, the functions of the nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, and is also involved in the regulation of peripheral metabolism and feeding behavior and in the formation of effect of reward and reinforcement. The fact that a large number of the important physiological functions are controlled by the melanocortin and dopamine systems indicates a close functional relationship between them in different areas of the brain. The basis of this relationship is colocalization of the components of melanocortin and dopamine signaling systems in neurons and interaction between them, which ensures a cross-talk between melanocortin and dopamine pathways in the CNS. The review includes a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the problem concerning the interaction between the melanocortin and dopamine systems of the brain at both the structural and functional levels.

The study evaluated the role of protein kinase C, PI3-kinase and tyrosine kinases in the cardi-oprotective effect of the chronic continuous normobaric hypoxia (CCNH). Adaptation to CCNH was provided by placing the rats in an atmosphere with a low content of O2 (12 %) during 21 days. Anoxia-reoxygenation of isolated cardiomyocytes of intact rats caused the deaths of 16.5 % of the cells and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of them. A similar effect on isolated cardiomyocytes of adapted rats caused the death of only 6.8 % of the cells and less pronounced increase in LDH release. Preincubation of cells for 25 minutes with one of the protein kinases inhibitors: che-lerythrine (10 |mM/l); rottlerin (1 |j.M/l); genistein (50 |mM/l) eliminated the adaptive increase in cell survival and reduction of LDH release. Incubation of cells with PI3-kinase blocker wortman-nin (100 nM/l) had no effect on the percentage of cell death of adapted animals and LDH release from them after anoxia-reoxygenation. The authors believe that the cytoprotective effect of chronic normobaric hypoxia is realized through activation of protein kinase C-5 and tyrosine kinases. Kinase PI3 - is not involved in the implementation of protective actions CCNH.

The effect of melatonin on the correlation between the intensity of the accumulation of the oxidative-modified protein content, activity of the antioxidant enzymes and the state of proteoly-sis in the basal nuclei (the nucleus caudatus, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, amigdaloid complex) of the brain under the conditions of acute hypoxia has been studied. Under the conditions of acute hypoxia in the basal nuclei an intensification of the protein peroxidation processes is observed, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes decreases, the intensity of the proteolysis increases. The injection of melatonin in a dose of 1 mg per kg of the body mass before the modeling of acute hypoxia results in the decreasing of protein peroxidation, increasing of the antioxidant enzyme activity and normalization of the parameters of proteolysis.

The results of our previous studies suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) protects the gastric mucosa of rats against stress- and indomethacin-induced gastric injury. In the present study, we investigated whether CRF may protect gastric mucosa against indomethacin-induced gastric injury on diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) 14 days before indomethacin injection. CRF (2.5 |xg/kg) and CRF receptor antagonists were injected 15 min before indomethacin. The diabetes development resulted in the aggravation of gastric mucosal erosion produced by indomethacin. Intraperitoneal CRF administration caused pronounced gastropro-tective action in control as well as diabetic rats that resulted in significant attenuation of indomethacin-induced gastric erosion. Nonselective antagonist CRF receptors astressin as well as selective antagonists of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors (NBI 27914, 10 mg/kg or astressin2-B, 50 |xg/kg, respectively) aggravated ulcerogenic effect of indomethacin in diabetic rats. The results obtained suggest that exogenous and endogenous CRF may protect the gastric mucosa of diabetic rats against indomethacin-induced injury through CRF1 and CRF2 receptors.