Safety Science最新文献_第2页

Crime prevention through environmental design in public school career and technical education facilities: Principals’ perceptions of security enhancement

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106781

Elizabeth Ekren , Rachel E. Hall , Eryn Pierdolla , Valerie Barnes , Alison Jarzombek-Torralva , Douglas Morrish , Kathy Martinez-Prather

Career and technical education (CTE) facilities on school campuses present unique security challenges due to their distinct layouts, structures, and equipment, which require tailored security considerations given expanding CTE student populations and increasing concerns of school violence. Drawing on principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) with Texas as a case application, this study developed a novel survey instrument to evaluate the influence of CTE facility design features and security activities on principals’ perceptions of facility security. One hundred and eighty-three public middle and high school principals in Texas participated in the survey. A series of four hierarchical multiple regressions found that principals perceived CTE facilities as more secure the more they aligned with CPTED-oriented qualities. Security approaches more conventionally used in school settings, such as the use of security equipment and organized security activities, were not significantly associated with higher perceptions of facility security when design features were considered. The results suggest that integrating CPTED features into CTE classroom spaces can foster security perceptions similar to those in broader school design contexts, highlighting the importance of security approaches that include more than conventional classrooms and go beyond mechanical or organizational activities. District and school administrators, emergency management coordinators, and CTE program personnel can apply these results to improve the design of CTE facilities and non-traditional classrooms, as well as the content of comprehensive facility plans, to enhance holistic approaches to school safety and security.

{"title":"Crime prevention through environmental design in public school career and technical education facilities: Principals’ perceptions of security enhancement","authors":"Elizabeth Ekren , Rachel E. Hall , Eryn Pierdolla , Valerie Barnes , Alison Jarzombek-Torralva , Douglas Morrish , Kathy Martinez-Prather","doi":"10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Career and technical education (CTE) facilities on school campuses present unique security challenges due to their distinct layouts, structures, and equipment, which require tailored security considerations given expanding CTE student populations and increasing concerns of school violence. Drawing on principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) with Texas as a case application, this study developed a novel survey instrument to evaluate the influence of CTE facility design features and security activities on principals’ perceptions of facility security. One hundred and eighty-three public middle and high school principals in Texas participated in the survey. A series of four hierarchical multiple regressions found that principals perceived CTE facilities as more secure the more they aligned with CPTED-oriented qualities. Security approaches more conventionally used in school settings, such as the use of security equipment and organized security activities, were not significantly associated with higher perceptions of facility security when design features were considered. The results suggest that integrating CPTED features into CTE classroom spaces can foster security perceptions similar to those in broader school design contexts, highlighting the importance of security approaches that include more than conventional classrooms and go beyond mechanical or organizational activities. District and school administrators, emergency management coordinators, and CTE program personnel can apply these results to improve the design of CTE facilities and non-traditional classrooms, as well as the content of comprehensive facility plans, to enhance holistic approaches to school safety and security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21375,"journal":{"name":"Safety Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106781"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What is safety? contemporary definitions and interpretations across North America

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106798

Yaqoob Raheemy, Fred Sherratt, Matthew R. Hallowell

Definitions form the foundation of every scientific discipline. Lack of precise definition hinders the scientific community, preventing the testing of hypotheses, replication of protocols, and debate on conclusions. The term ‘Safety’ is widely used in myriad different contexts, creating the impression that there is agreement about its meaning. This belief is reinforced by its frequent use, leading to a reasonable assumption that it is universally comprehended. However, there is very limited research on how safety is defined. Drawing on 518 qualitative responses from safety professionals across North America to the question ‘what is safety?’, thematic analysis reveals that we are still far from consensus. No single precise definition of safety emerged from within the community, and thus a shared definition remains elusive. A temporal lens could be applied to the various definitions shared, with safety considered in past, present and future terms, each with their own associated constructs. Whilst a single definition of safety appears improbable to attain, common definitions are needed to advance collaboration among stakeholders across various sectors. Further work is needed to drive consensus towards such definitions to better underpin comparable and consistent safety research, able to advance safety practices and enable practitioners, researchers, and organizations to collectively work together towards safer environments that benefit all.

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引用次数: 0

Abrupt maneuvers in General Aviation accidents

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106785

Alex de Voogt , Yi Lu , Feiang Pan , Helen Zuckerman

Objectives

Abrupt maneuvers are an event category with a proportion of fatal accidents that is higher than in the broader category of General Aviation flights while mostly taking place in favorable light and weather conditions. This study aims to analyze this event category with suggestions for possible mitigating strategies.

Methods

A total of 226 accidents reporting abrupt maneuvers were collected from the National Transportation Safety Board online database and coded type of aircraft, flight phases, instructional flights, and pilot characteristics. A Poisson regression model with the total flight hours as an offset was used to determine trends over time, while an ordinal logistic regression model with highest injury level as the response was applied to determine variables significantly associated with fatality.

Results and recommendations

The total number of fatal accidents shows a significant downward trend for fixed-wing airplanes but not for helicopters. The ordinal logistic regression model shows that helicopters, physical environment, and the presence of a student pilot are significantly associated with less fatality, with 83.3%, 71.8% and 77.1% reductions in the odds of being more fatal, respectively. Scenario-based training programs that focus on decision-making are likely to assist in mitigating the number of accidents with abrupt maneuvers but are advised to include scenarios in favorable light and weather conditions while also distinguishing between different categories of aircraft.

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引用次数: 0

Contextualising new safety paradigms: A study in a large Australian construction company

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106784

Nektarios Karanikas, Haroun Zerguine

Considering the scarcity of empirical studies about the contextualisation of new safety initiatives, this exploratory study was performed in a large Australian construction company to assess the presence, implementation appetite and feasibility of 12 principles representing new safety paradigms. First, during focus group sessions, 53 participants, perceived as useful and feasible for further consideration 11 out of the 12 principles. Subsequently, a cross-sectional survey of 514 employees revealed varying degrees of current presence and implementation appetite across business units. While statistical analyses showed some differences across variables such as business units, job roles, and years of experience, the small effect sizes indicated these differences had no practical significance. The study findings demonstrate that implementing new safety principles requires contextualisation to specific organisational needs and highlight the value of participatory approaches in capturing diverse perspectives. A key conclusion is that successful implementation demands tailored strategies across different business units rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Overall, this research contributes to the broader discourse exploring the perceived value of new safety paradigms in the industry.

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引用次数: 0

Check or reject? Trust and motivation development in app-based warning systems

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106724

Mira von der Linde , Melanie Göcke , Gerrit Hirschfeld , Meinald T. Thielsch

App-based warning systems notify people of upcoming hazards, but they will only be used if users trust them, which, in turn, depends on the system’s performance (i.e., number of false alarms). Thus, the present work aims to present initial evidence on how trust in warning systems develops over time. We conducted two field experiments in which participants used a mobile (fire) emergency warning system for two weeks with variable conditions. Study 1 combined online and in-app questionnaires in a longitudinal design (N_screening = 623, N_app = 265). Notably, false alarms led to a significant decrease in trustworthiness, trust, motivation, and intention to use, whereas a responsibility diffusion manipulation did not have negative effects. In study 2, we examined under real-life conditions app users’ on-site responses after false alarms by applying questionnaires, behavioural observations, and in-depth interviews (N_screening = 119, N_app = 58). Before the field experiment on site, participants completed a fire safety training. While the training had a positive influence on motivation, gamification of the app showed no effects.

Overall, the results agree with recent models about the development of trust over time and highlight the dynamic nature of our relationship to warning systems. Finally, we derive implications for warning system design.

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引用次数: 0

The Relationships among Workload, Automation Reliance, and Human Errors in Safety-Critical Monitoring Roles

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106775

Ning-Yuan Georgia Liu , Konstantinos Triantis , Peter Madsen , Bart Roets

While advanced automation technology has alleviated human workload and gradually transformed traditional manual work to monitoring, accidents due to human errors remain one of the largest contributors to unsafe operations. To inform improved managerial decisions, this paper studies how reliance on automation, under different amounts of workload, affects the number of errors in safety–critical socio-technical systems. Using a unique real-world dataset from Railway Traffic Control Centers, that contain 410,269 controller-hour observations, we employ count model analysis to investigate the relationship between human errors with workload and automation usage. Our findings reveal that traffic controller performance (represented by human errors) has a positive relationship with workload, and an inverted U-shape relationship with automation usage. Moreover, there is a significant interaction between the level of workload and automation usage. These insights offers a nuanced understanding of how cognitive workload and automation reliance impact worker performance. Our results suggest that people make fewer mistakes when doing all of (or most of) the work manually or when monitoring the automated system that is doing all or most of the work automatically. These findings provide actionable recommendations for managers on optimizing workload and automation usage balance for safety-critical enviroments.

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of a large fire in an apartment building used for social housing in Norway

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106782

Edvard Aamodt , Anne Steen-Hansen , Asbjørn Lein Aalberg , Torgrim Log , Bjarne Christian Hagen , Vegard Ervik Olsen , Caroline Kristiansen

At 2 a.m. August 7th 2021, the emergency response centre of the city of Bergen, Norway, received a call from a private citizen reporting large flames appearing from a 4 floor 24 apartment municipal building housing people with drug addiction. Upon arrival 11 min later, the first responders faced a fire that had already spread and involved the whole building. To their surprise, all residents were already accounted for outside the building. The present study analyses why the fire developed that fast, why the automatic fire alarm system did not warn the emergency response centre early and how all occupants were accounted for in such a dramatic fire scenario. It turns out that the fire most likely started in one of the all-wooden floor balconies at ground level. The originally planned 1.2 m tall balcony glazing facing a public road had been substituted by wood to ensure privacy and prevent visibility. The balcony subdivision walls had 20 cm gaps at ceiling level. Analysis confirmed that this balcony construction, i.e., all-wooden and with gaps at the top of the division wall, contributed significantly both during the early fire development as well as to the very fast vertical and horizontal fire spread over the entire building façade. Post-fire interviews revealed that a significant number of occupants were awake this night, allowing them to promptly detect the fire in the building. A close-knit relationship network, including both friends and acquaintances, was of major importance regarding door-to-door alarming unaware residents about the immediate danger. From the investigations conducted after the fire it is quite clear that under different circumstances this fire could have resulted in multiple fatalities. Though the incident may be considered a success regarding the “no loss of lives” focus in Norwegian fire safety regulations, the study revealed weaknesses in balcony construction and use of materials as well as lack of exterior automatic fire detection and mitigation of external fires. The study revealed important learning points for future prevention of possibly far worse fire incidents, as well as the importance of a close-knit relationship network in a crisis situation.

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引用次数: 0

Co-creation of risk in evacuation settings A risk governance approach to natural hazards risks

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106780

Stig Johannessen , Stina Marie Hov Andreassen , Torgeir Kolstø Haavik , Jacob Taarup , Bjørn Ivar Kruke

Evacuation of people due to the risk of natural or man-made hazard events has been a concurrent part of human existence since our conception as societies. Yet, as an effect of anthropogenic climate change, we are seeing an increased frequency and variance of these types of events and experiencing their cascading effects on society, such as more evacuations. At the same time, residents, experts and authorities all exhibit different understandings of the possibility and potential consequences of these hazards, which gives rise to ambiguity and tension as risk perceptions vary. In this study, we have interviewed residents, authorities and experts in four different locations that experience natural hazard evacuations: communities in the Karrat Fjord in Greenland facing the possibility of rockslides and tsunamis, which has led to evacuation and resettlement; Rauma in Norway and its possibility of rockslides and repeated evacuation; Longyearbyen in Svalbard; and Honningsvåg in Norway, with its seasonal snow avalanche risks. We have examined how consolidating different epistemic cultures and sociomateriality through the co-creation of risk reduces tension and improves the quality of risk communication of evacuation decisions. Successful evacuation is largely about consolidating the individual consequences of the evacuees and scientific knowledge into the risk picture.

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引用次数: 0

Risk modeling with Bowtie method for decision-making towards public health and safety

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106777

Vince Jebryl Montero , Gernelyn Logrosa , John Lennon Calorio , Jayve Iay Lato , Maureen Hassall , May Anne Mata

Management systems for diseases are vital in safeguarding public health and safety through preventive measures and timely response against the risk of an outbreak. Existing risk quantification methods, such as the Bowtie method, are not directly applicable to health risk management due to their organizational design and inherent limitations. Managing health risks involves human judgment, localized intervention, and contextual constraints in implementing both preventive and mitigative measures. This study presents a novel framework for risk modeling with the Bowtie method to compute health risk management metrics, specifically applied to decision support systems for public health and safety. A mathematical model is formulated for each risk assessment metric parameterized by the weights assigned to each threat, consequence, and barrier, and a quasi-quantitative parameter is incorporated as an appropriate alternative to barrier escalation factors. The weights are computed through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using survey data from questionnaires, supported by expert opinion and scientific findings from the systematic literature review. A case study of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed Health Risk Spectrum (HRS) metric in evaluating relevant risks across major regions of Mindanao Island, Philippines. The results show trends in the HRS metric above the floor of uncertainty, providing critical information to decision-makers for implementing appropriate interventions. The proposed Bowtie quantification framework is designed for broader application to various health risks, supporting proactive public health and safety decision-making.

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引用次数: 0

Comparing impact kinematics and injury assessment between non-obese and obese occupants in the passenger bus rollover simulations

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Safety Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106779

Mohamad Alagheband, Sungmoon Jung

Rollover crashes are complex events that can result in severe injuries and fatalities. Despite their relatively low frequency, rollover crashes account for a disproportionate number of occupant fatalities and severe injuries. The ECE-R66 regulation ensures the design of passenger bus superstructures for rollover crashworthiness, but neglects considerations of occupant injury severity. Current finite element human body models (HBMs) only represent a limited range of occupant sizes and shapes, neglecting the significant effects of occupant stature and body shape on injury risk.

This study investigated the differences in impact kinematics between non-obese and obese occupants in bus rollover crashes using validated finite element (FE) models. We simulated the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using a 50th percentile male Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) and an obese THUMS FE model, representing adults with Body Mass Indices of 24 and 35, respectively. The simulations revealed that both models predicted a high head injury risk during partial ejection, while the obese occupant exhibited greater chest deflection and acceleration. Additionally, both models predicted a very low risk of neck and pelvis injury. The large body mass and thick, soft tissue of the obese occupant increased kinetic energy and influenced impact kinematics, leading to a higher probability of chest injury compared to non-obese occupants. This study offers key insights for designing safer passenger buses, especially for obese occupants. By enhancing occupant model accuracy, it paves the way for future research on diverse body types and injury mechanisms, aiding in the creation of inclusive safety regulations and technologies.

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引用次数: 0