Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606104
A. G. Daminova, E. I. Galeeva, D. F. Rakhmatullina, L. V. Viktorova, F. V. Minibayeva
Abstract
Lichens are extremophilic symbiotic associations possessing phenomenal resistance to abiotic stress-factors. In this regard, melanization of thalli in response to UV is one of the mechanisms protecting lichens from excessive insolation. However, microstructure and biochemical properties of the melanized thalli are still poorly investigated. In the present study, morphological, nanomechanical, and physiological, and biochemical traits of naturally melanized thalli of the Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen were examined. In the upper cortex of its thallus, the nature of the pigment layer was verified using typical qualitative reactions for melanins. It was found that melanization leads to changes in microstructure of the upper cortex of the mycobiont, in particular, thickening of the cell walls and extension of the interhyphal space. The melanized and pale (nonmelanized) thalli were found to differ from each other in their nanomechanical properties, including the parameters of adhesion and rigidity. This implies the possible formation of complex associates of melanin with cell wall components in the melanized mycobiont. In addition, higher antioxidant activity and lower respiratory activity were found in the melanized thalli of C. islandica in comparison with the pale thalli. Presumably, the found modifications in the microstructure and nanomechanical, physiological, and biochemical properties of thalli occurring in the course of melanization make lichens more resistant to intense insolation.
{"title":"Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Traits of Melanized Thallus of the Cetraria islandica Lichen","authors":"A. G. Daminova, E. I. Galeeva, D. F. Rakhmatullina, L. V. Viktorova, F. V. Minibayeva","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606104","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Lichens are extremophilic symbiotic associations possessing phenomenal resistance to abiotic stress-factors. In this regard, melanization of thalli in response to UV is one of the mechanisms protecting lichens from excessive insolation. However, microstructure and biochemical properties of the melanized thalli are still poorly investigated. In the present study, morphological, nanomechanical, and physiological, and biochemical traits of naturally melanized thalli of the <i>Cetraria islandica</i> (L.) Ach. lichen were examined. In the upper cortex of its thallus, the nature of the pigment layer was verified using typical qualitative reactions for melanins. It was found that melanization leads to changes in microstructure of the upper cortex of the mycobiont, in particular, thickening of the cell walls and extension of the interhyphal space. The melanized and pale (nonmelanized) thalli were found to differ from each other in their nanomechanical properties, including the parameters of adhesion and rigidity. This implies the possible formation of complex associates of melanin with cell wall components in the melanized mycobiont. In addition, higher antioxidant activity and lower respiratory activity were found in the melanized thalli of <i>C. islandica</i> in comparison with the pale thalli. Presumably, the found modifications in the microstructure and nanomechanical, physiological, and biochemical properties of thalli occurring in the course of melanization make lichens more resistant to intense insolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606116
M. S. Khristin, T. N. Smolova
Abstract
The aim of this work was to produce a preparation enriched in a zinc derivative of pheophytin from the excised leaves of winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. First, pheophytinization of chlorophyll was conducted, then phenolic compounds and Mg2+ were washed out from the leaves at рН 3.5–4.0 with the addition of EDTA-Na followed by incubation with ZnCl2; the leaves were dried and stored in the dark. Zinc derivatives were extracted by a double treatment with ethanol. In order to improve the yield, metallization was repeated. By the results of spectrofluorimetric analysis and thin-layer chromatography, the obtained preparation corresponded to Zn-pheophytin а and b. Prospects of application of Zn-pheophytin preparation with antioxidant and antiviral activities are discussed.
摘要 这项工作的目的是从冬小麦 Triticum aestivum L.切除的叶片中制备一种富含叶绿素锌衍生物的制剂。首先对叶绿素进行叶绿素化，然后在 р 3.5-4.0 温度下加入 EDTA-Na 冲洗叶片中的酚类化合物和 Mg2+，再加入 ZnCl2 培养；叶片干燥后在黑暗中保存。用乙醇进行双重处理，提取锌衍生物。为了提高产量，重复进行了金属化处理。根据光谱荧光分析和薄层色谱法的结果，所获得的制剂与叶绿素锌 a 和 b 相符。
{"title":"Production of Preparation Rich in Zn-Pheophytin from the Leaves of Wheat Triticum aestivum L.","authors":"M. S. Khristin, T. N. Smolova","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606116","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The aim of this work was to produce a preparation enriched in a zinc derivative of pheophytin from the excised leaves of winter wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L<i>.</i> First, pheophytinization of chlorophyll was conducted, then phenolic compounds and Mg<sup>2+</sup> were washed out from the leaves at рН 3.5–4.0 with the addition of EDTA-Na followed by incubation with ZnCl<sub>2</sub>; the leaves were dried and stored in the dark. Zinc derivatives were extracted by a double treatment with ethanol. In order to improve the yield, metallization was repeated. By the results of spectrofluorimetric analysis and thin-layer chromatography, the obtained preparation corresponded to Zn-pheophytin <i>а</i> and <i>b</i>. Prospects of application of Zn-pheophytin preparation with antioxidant and antiviral activities are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606049
M. P. Razgonova, E. I. Cherevach, N. S. Kirilenko, E. N. Demidova, K. S. Golokhvast
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to clarify the metabolomic composition of extracts, in particular, the presence of a polyphenol complex in extracts of the medicinal plant Reynoutria japonica Houtt., belonging to the family Polygonaceae. Leaf and stem tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify target analytes in the extracts. A total of 31 chemical compounds have been identified, of which 18 compounds represent a polyphenolic complex. In addition to the identified secondary metabolites, some compounds were discovered for the first time, in particular, polyphenolic compounds: dihydrochalcone aspalathin, coumarin umbelliferone, lignan syringaresinol, as well as the flavones formononetin and gardenin B.
{"title":"Determining the Polyphenol Complex in Reynoutria japonica Houtt. by the Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method","authors":"M. P. Razgonova, E. I. Cherevach, N. S. Kirilenko, E. N. Demidova, K. S. Golokhvast","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606049","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The purpose of this work was to clarify the metabolomic composition of extracts, in particular, the presence of a polyphenol complex in extracts of the medicinal plant <i>Reynoutria japonica</i> Houtt<i>.</i>, belonging to the family Polygonaceae. Leaf and stem tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify target analytes in the extracts. A total of 31 chemical compounds have been identified, of which 18 compounds represent a polyphenolic complex. In addition to the identified secondary metabolites, some compounds were discovered for the first time, in particular, polyphenolic compounds: dihydrochalcone aspalathin, coumarin umbelliferone, lignan syringaresinol, as well as the flavones formononetin and gardenin B.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724605998
D. N. Olennikov, A. S. Prokopyev
Abstract
Phenolic compounds of the genus Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) are the subject of numerous studies. Still, most data are dedicated to analyzing roots and rhizomes and, therefore, the metabolites of above-ground organs have been understudied. Rhodiola algida (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. is a rare and under-investigated species of the genus growing in Altai-Sayan region. As a result of chromatographic separation of the metabolites of R. algida flower extract, 16 known compounds, including gallic acid, herbacetin glycosides, gossypetine, hibiscetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, as well as four new flavonoids (I–IV), were identified. The data of UV, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chemical transformations demonstrated that the new compounds were herbacetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-8-O-(2′′′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (rhodiolgin A, I), herbacetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-8-O-(2′′′-O-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (rhodiolgin B, II), herbacetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-8-O-(4'''-O-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (rhodiolgin C, III), and herbacetin 8-O-(4''-O-acetyl)-β-D-xylopyranoside (rhodiolgin D, IV). The use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the identification of 96 metabolites in R. algida; herbacetin and gossypetin glycosides were the dominant compounds. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of groups and individual compounds in various organs of R. algida were significantly different, indicating an organ-specific feature of the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the plant.
{"title":"Phenolic Compounds of Rhodiola algida (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey.: New Glycosides of Herbacetin, HPLC-MS Profile and Organ-Specific Distribution","authors":"D. N. Olennikov, A. S. Prokopyev","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724605998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724605998","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Phenolic compounds of the genus <i>Rhodiola</i> (<i>Crassulaceae</i>) are the subject of numerous studies. Still, most data are dedicated to analyzing roots and rhizomes and, therefore, the metabolites of above-ground organs have been understudied. <i>Rhodiola algida</i> (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. is a rare and under-investigated species of the genus growing in Altai-Sayan region. As a result of chromatographic separation of the metabolites of <i>R. algida</i> flower extract, 16 known compounds, including gallic acid, herbacetin glycosides, gossypetine, hibiscetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, as well as four new flavonoids (I–IV), were identified. The data of UV, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chemical transformations demonstrated that the new compounds were herbacetin 7-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucopyranoside-8-<i>O</i>-(2′′′-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (rhodiolgin A, I), herbacetin 3-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucopyranoside-8-<i>O</i>-(2′′′-<i>O</i>-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (rhodiolgin B, II), herbacetin 3-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucopyranoside-8-<i>O</i>-(4'''-<i>O</i>-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (rhodiolgin C, III), and herbacetin 8-<i>O</i>-(4''-<i>O</i>-acetyl)-β-D-xylopyranoside (rhodiolgin D, IV). The use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the identification of 96 metabolites in <i>R. algida</i>; herbacetin and gossypetin glycosides were the dominant compounds. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of groups and individual compounds in various organs of <i>R. algida</i> were significantly different, indicating an organ-specific feature of the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606402
T. N. Shafikova, L. A. Maksimova, Yu. V. Omelichkina
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are widely distributed among prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and their function is not limited to protection from temperature exposure. HSPs are detected not only under broad-spectrum abiotic stress but also under biotic stress. They have a common universal role as chaperones to maintain the functioning of protein molecules. The review provides data indicating the participation of representatives of each HSP family in the development of plant defense responses against phytopathogens. HSPs are activated at different levels of plant protection from pathogens: both at the level of nonspecific pattern-activated and at the level of specific effector-activated immunity. Of no small importance is the interaction of HSPs with participants in cellular signaling cascade systems, exercising control over the correct and timely maturation, assembly, and, if necessary, degradation of protein molecules. Consideration of the participation of HSPs in plant immunity undoubtedly deserves the attention of specialists in the field of phytoimmunology.
{"title":"Heat Shock Proteins in Plant Immunity","authors":"T. N. Shafikova, L. A. Maksimova, Yu. V. Omelichkina","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606402","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are widely distributed among prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and their function is not limited to protection from temperature exposure. HSPs are detected not only under broad-spectrum abiotic stress but also under biotic stress. They have a common universal role as chaperones to maintain the functioning of protein molecules. The review provides data indicating the participation of representatives of each HSP family in the development of plant defense responses against phytopathogens. HSPs are activated at different levels of plant protection from pathogens: both at the level of nonspecific pattern-activated and at the level of specific effector-activated immunity. Of no small importance is the interaction of HSPs with participants in cellular signaling cascade systems, exercising control over the correct and timely maturation, assembly, and, if necessary, degradation of protein molecules. Consideration of the participation of HSPs in plant immunity undoubtedly deserves the attention of specialists in the field of phytoimmunology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606232
A. K. Chernysheva, O. Z. Eremchenko, K. I. Botalova
Abstract
The authors studied changes in the content of proline, flavonoids, and organic (malic, citric, succinic) acids in watercress plants (Lepidium sativum L.) at the initial stage of development of salt-alkaline stress. The two-factor experiment included variants with NaCl salinity (50, 100, 150, 200 mM), alkalinity (at pH = 7–10) and variants of combined effects of salt and pH. The separate and mutual effects of stress factors on changes in the height and weight of the above-ground parts of plants; water, Na+, proline, flavonoids, content; and total organic acids in the leaves were determined using two-factor analysis of variance with determining the strength of influence according to Snedecor. Changes in the height and weight of watercress were minimal 24 and 48 h after stress exposure, and the strength of the influence of stress factors was no more than 4–7%. The water content of watercress leaves has decreased; these changes are due to the separate and mutual effects of NaCl salinity and high pH values by 35–53%. A noticeable accumulation of Na+ was observed in the leaves of watercress; its content in the first hours of observation depended on the individual influence of stress factors. After 24 h, the amount of Na+ in leaves increased several times relative to the control, the indicators of individual and mutual influence of salt-alkaline stress factors reached 31–33%. The accumulation of proline in leaves depended to a greater extent on salinity and the mutual action of stress factors (influence within 26–33%). The influence of high pH values did not exceed 21%. A slight accumulation of flavonoids was noted only 1 h after stress exposure. It was found that the increase in the total content of citric, malic, and succinic acids depended equally on the individual and mutual influence of factors; the total effect of NaCl salinity and high pH values reached 97–99%. Thus, under conditions of salt-alkaline stress, the accumulation of organic acids and proline is the basis of adaptation processes in watercress.
{"title":"Accumulation of Proline, Flavonoids, and Organic Acids in Cress Leaves under Conditions of Salt-Alkaline Stress","authors":"A. K. Chernysheva, O. Z. Eremchenko, K. I. Botalova","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606232","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The authors studied changes in the content of proline, flavonoids, and organic (malic, citric, succinic) acids in watercress plants (<i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.) at the initial stage of development of salt-alkaline stress. The two-factor experiment included variants with NaCl salinity (50, 100, 150, 200 mM), alkalinity (at pH = 7–10) and variants of combined effects of salt and pH. The separate and mutual effects of stress factors on changes in the height and weight of the above-ground parts of plants; water, Na<sup>+</sup>, proline, flavonoids, content; and total organic acids in the leaves were determined using two-factor analysis of variance with determining the strength of influence according to Snedecor. Changes in the height and weight of watercress were minimal 24 and 48 h after stress exposure, and the strength of the influence of stress factors was no more than 4–7%. The water content of watercress leaves has decreased; these changes are due to the separate and mutual effects of NaCl salinity and high pH values by 35–53%. A noticeable accumulation of Na<sup>+</sup> was observed in the leaves of watercress; its content in the first hours of observation depended on the individual influence of stress factors. After 24 h, the amount of Na<sup>+</sup> in leaves increased several times relative to the control, the indicators of individual and mutual influence of salt-alkaline stress factors reached 31–33%. The accumulation of proline in leaves depended to a greater extent on salinity and the mutual action of stress factors (influence within 26–33%). The influence of high pH values did not exceed 21%. A slight accumulation of flavonoids was noted only 1 h after stress exposure. It was found that the increase in the total content of citric, malic, and succinic acids depended equally on the individual and mutual influence of factors; the total effect of NaCl salinity and high pH values reached 97–99%. Thus, under conditions of salt-alkaline stress, the accumulation of organic acids and proline is the basis of adaptation processes in watercress.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606050
V. M. Alexandrova, G. R. Gumerova, Kh. G. Musin, Z. A. Berezhneva, A. A. Galimova, B. R. Kuluev
Abstract
When cultivating calli generated from mature germs of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), variety Fisht, spontaneous regeneration of chlorophyll-containing green roots sometimes occurred. When isolated from callus, these roots were capable of unlimited growth on hormone-free nutrient media, similar to cultures of hairy roots of dicotyledonous plants. Ordinary wheat roots did not grow under these conditions, while green roots continued to grow even when exposed to 100 mM NaCl. Typical chloroplasts were found in the parenchyma cells of green wheat roots. Approximately equal amounts of chlorophyll a and b were found in green wheat roots; however, their total content was tens of times less than in the leaves. Green roots were characterized by a higher proline content and higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase than ordinary wheat roots, both under normal and under salinity conditions. Green roots may provide an alternative to hairy roots, which are very difficult to generate from grasses and other monocots, for use in both basic research and applied applications.
摘要 在培养由春面包小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种 Fisht 的成熟胚芽产生的胼胝体时，有时会出现自发再生的含叶绿素的绿色根。从胼胝体中分离出来后，这些根能够在不含激素的营养培养基上无限生长，类似于双子叶植物的毛根培养物。在这些条件下，普通小麦根不会生长，而绿色根即使暴露在 100 mM NaCl 中也能继续生长。在绿色小麦根的实质细胞中发现了典型的叶绿体。绿色小麦根中叶绿素 a 和叶绿素 b 的含量大致相同，但总含量比叶片少几十倍。与普通小麦根相比，绿色根的脯氨酸含量更高，超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性也更高，无论是在正常条件下还是在盐度条件下都是如此。在基础研究和应用方面，绿根可以替代很难从禾本科和其他单子叶植物中生成的毛根。
{"title":"Isolated Green Root Cultures of Triticum aestivum L. Capable of Unlimited Growth on Hormone-Free Nutrient Media","authors":"V. M. Alexandrova, G. R. Gumerova, Kh. G. Musin, Z. A. Berezhneva, A. A. Galimova, B. R. Kuluev","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606050","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>When cultivating calli generated from mature germs of spring bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.), variety Fisht, spontaneous regeneration of chlorophyll-containing green roots sometimes occurred. When isolated from callus, these roots were capable of unlimited growth on hormone-free nutrient media, similar to cultures of hairy roots of dicotyledonous plants. Ordinary wheat roots did not grow under these conditions, while green roots continued to grow even when exposed to 100 mM NaCl. Typical chloroplasts were found in the parenchyma cells of green wheat roots. Approximately equal amounts of chlorophyll <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> were found in green wheat roots; however, their total content was tens of times less than in the leaves. Green roots were characterized by a higher proline content and higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase than ordinary wheat roots, both under normal and under salinity conditions. Green roots may provide an alternative to hairy roots, which are very difficult to generate from grasses and other monocots, for use in both basic research and applied applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606001
P. A. Ivanov, V. A. Khabarov, D. A. Nekrasova, N. S. Pivovarova, A. K. Whaley, M. N. Povydysh
Abstract
Characteristics of cell growth and the composition of polyphenolic compounds in callus cultures of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. grown on various nutrient media were determined. The addition of phytohormones to the nutrient medium is a productive biotechnological approach to regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis. The presence of α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin in growth media was found to facilitate the accumulation of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in many cases. For each nutrient medium, growth curves were plotted and growth parameters were calculated. Analysis by means of the reverse phase HPLC combined with UV spectrophotometric detection revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major compound in all samples of lavender callus cultures. The patterns of rosmarinic acid accumulation were determined as a function of light availability and the composition of the nutrient medium. Among the four media examined, the medium containing 2.0 mg/L α-NAA and 0.1 mg/L BAP ensured the highest values of growth parameters and rosmarinic acid content (1.26 ± 0.13%).
{"title":"Features of Growth and Accumulation of Polyphenolic Compounds in Callus Cultures of Lavandula angustifolia Mill.","authors":"P. A. Ivanov, V. A. Khabarov, D. A. Nekrasova, N. S. Pivovarova, A. K. Whaley, M. N. Povydysh","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606001","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Characteristics of cell growth and the composition of polyphenolic compounds in callus cultures of <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> Mill. grown on various nutrient media were determined. The addition of phytohormones to the nutrient medium is a productive biotechnological approach to regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis. The presence of α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin in growth media was found to facilitate the accumulation of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in many cases. For each nutrient medium, growth curves were plotted and growth parameters were calculated. Analysis by means of the reverse phase HPLC combined with UV spectrophotometric detection revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major compound in all samples of lavender callus cultures. The patterns of rosmarinic acid accumulation were determined as a function of light availability and the composition of the nutrient medium. Among the four media examined, the medium containing 2.0 mg/L α-NAA and 0.1 mg/L BAP ensured the highest values of growth parameters and rosmarinic acid content (1.26 ± 0.13%).</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606013
N. V. Ivanov, D. S. Anikina, A. V. Navrov
Abstract
The content and qualitative composition of essential oils obtained from the peel of lemon (Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck), cv. Tashkentskii, was investigated by means of hydrodistillation using a modified Ginzberg’s collector. A principle of single distinction was applied: lemon plants were grown in protected ground in different natural and climatic zones: Moscow and Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). A slight variability in the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and mobile phosphorus and potassium in highly fertile ground of greenhouses belonging to the groups of high and elevated supply of nutrients was disregarded. Under optimal parameters of microclimate, the potential yield of plants depends on arrival of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the condition of clear sky thorough the whole vegetation period; it is reasonable that we detected an effect of light flux intensity on the content of components in essential oils of citrus plants grown in year-round span-roof greenhouses in daylight with latitudinal disposition. A high total content of essential oil was detected in the peel of fruit grown in the greenhouse in Ufa. The location of this cultivation facility ensured a great PAR value (by clear sky), which affected chemical composition of citrus fruit. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils showed an identically high level of D-limonene concentration in the peel of lemons grown in protected ground of different natural and climatic zones. Content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters was greater in the peel of fruit, cv. Tashkentskii, grown in the greenhouse of Edelstein Horticulture and Vegetable-Growing Center (Moscow). The level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes was higher in the peel of lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, cultivated in the greenhouse of Forestry Engineering College (Ufa). The obtained data are accounted for by cultivar specificity and growing conditions exerting an influence on qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils.
摘要 通过使用改进的金兹伯格收集器进行水蒸馏，研究了从柠檬（Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck），变种，塔什干茨基果皮中提取的精油的含量和质量组成。Tashkentskii ）果皮中提取的精油的含量和质量组成。研究采用了单一区分原则：柠檬植株生长在不同自然气候区的保护地中：莫斯科和乌法（巴什科尔托斯坦共和国）。在属于高养分和高养分供应组的温室高肥沃土壤中，可水解氮、可移动磷和钾的含量略有不同。在最佳的小气候参数下，植物的潜在产量取决于整个植被期晴朗天空条件下光合有效辐射（PAR）的到达量；因此，我们发现光通量强度对纬度分布的日光下全年跨屋顶温室中种植的柑橘植物精油成分含量有影响是合理的。在乌法的温室中种植的果实果皮中检测到了较高的精油总含量。该栽培设施所处的位置确保了极高的 PAR 值（晴朗的天空），从而影响了柑橘果实的化学成分。对精油的气相色谱/质谱分析表明，在不同自然和气候带的保护地种植的柠檬果皮中，D-柠檬烯的浓度同样很高。单萜烃类和酯类的含量在种植在不同自然和气候条件下的变种 Tashkentskii 的果皮中更高。在埃德尔施泰因园艺和蔬菜种植中心（莫斯科）温室中种植的 Tashkentskii 品种的果皮中单萜烯烃和酯的含量更高。在埃德尔斯坦园艺和蔬菜种植中心（莫斯科）温室中种植的柠檬（Tashkentskii）果皮中倍半萜碳氢化合物、醇和醛的含量较高。在林业工程学院（乌法）温室中栽培的 Tashkentskii 柠檬果皮中的倍半萜烃、醇和醛含量较高。获得的数据表明，栽培品种的特异性和生长条件对精油的定性和定量成分有影响。
{"title":"Composition of Essential Oils in the Peel of Lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, Grown in Protected Ground in Different Natural and Climatic Zones","authors":"N. V. Ivanov, D. S. Anikina, A. V. Navrov","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606013","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The content and qualitative composition of essential oils obtained from the peel of lemon (<i>Citrus × limon</i> (L.) <i>Osbeck</i>), cv. Tashkentskii, was investigated by means of hydrodistillation using a modified Ginzberg’s collector. A principle of single distinction was applied: lemon plants were grown in protected ground in different natural and climatic zones: Moscow and Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). A slight variability in the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and mobile phosphorus and potassium in highly fertile ground of greenhouses belonging to the groups of high and elevated supply of nutrients was disregarded. Under optimal parameters of microclimate, the potential yield of plants depends on arrival of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the condition of clear sky thorough the whole vegetation period; it is reasonable that we detected an effect of light flux intensity on the content of components in essential oils of citrus plants grown in year-round span-roof greenhouses in daylight with latitudinal disposition. A high total content of essential oil was detected in the peel of fruit grown in the greenhouse in Ufa. The location of this cultivation facility ensured a great PAR value (by clear sky), which affected chemical composition of citrus fruit. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils showed an identically high level of D-limonene concentration in the peel of lemons grown in protected ground of different natural and climatic zones. Content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters was greater in the peel of fruit, cv. Tashkentskii, grown in the greenhouse of Edelstein Horticulture and Vegetable-Growing Center (Moscow). The level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes was higher in the peel of lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, cultivated in the greenhouse of Forestry Engineering College (Ufa). The obtained data are accounted for by cultivar specificity and growing conditions exerting an influence on qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606037
N. A. Yegorova, O. V. Yakimova, I. V. Belova
Abstract
The morphological, cytophysiological, and biochemical (formation of phenolic compounds) characteristics of the population of callus cultures cells of lemon balm (Melissaofficinalis L.), a valuable medicinal and essential oil plant, were studied. Callus cultures were obtained from explants of hypocotyls and cotyledons of seedlings in vitro and were grown for more than 1.5 years (19 cultivation passages). The increase in callus weight did not differ significantly during the first seven passages; however, with further subcultivation, the intensity of crop growth (callus weight at the end of the growing cycle) increased. The maximum increase in callus was observed in passages 17–19: the growth indices of calli initiated from cotyledons and hypocotyls reached 13.7 and 11.5, respectively, which is 3.0–3.4 times higher than in the first cycles of crop cultivation. The obtained data indicate the possibility of long-term subcultivation of callus cultures of lemon balm cells, during which autoselection of cells occurs based on growth intensity. The dynamics of callus growth, density and viability of the cell population, and the ratio of various cell types in the culture growth cycle were determined for cell culture M. officinalis for the first time. The duration of the main phases of cell population growth has been established: lag phase from 1 to 6 days; growth acceleration phase from 6 to 10 days. The exponential growth phase took place from 10 to 14 days and was characterized by a high specific growth rate µ = 0.21 days–1 From days 14 to 20, fixed phase of slowing down the growth of the culture (µ = 0.05 days–1), which gave way to a phase of linear growth (20–30 days, µ = 0.08 days–1) and stationary phase (30–40 days of the growth cycle). Thus, a “stepwise” character of culture growth has been established, which may be due to the presence in the culture of subpopulations of cells with different growth rates. During the initial screening, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids were identified in calli of leaf origin in quantities comparable to leaves of intact plants, which indicates preservation of in vitro cells ability to form secondary metabolites and the prospects for further research in this direction.
{"title":"Long-Term Passage and Characteristics of Melissa officinalis L. Callus Cell Cultures","authors":"N. A. Yegorova, O. V. Yakimova, I. V. Belova","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606037","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The morphological, cytophysiological, and biochemical (formation of phenolic compounds) characteristics of the population of callus cultures cells of lemon balm (<i>Melissa</i> <i>officinalis</i> L.), a valuable medicinal and essential oil plant, were studied. Callus cultures were obtained from explants of hypocotyls and cotyledons of seedlings in vitro and were grown for more than 1.5 years (19 cultivation passages). The increase in callus weight did not differ significantly during the first seven passages; however, with further subcultivation, the intensity of crop growth (callus weight at the end of the growing cycle) increased. The maximum increase in callus was observed in passages 17–19: the growth indices of calli initiated from cotyledons and hypocotyls reached 13.7 and 11.5, respectively, which is 3.0–3.4 times higher than in the first cycles of crop cultivation. The obtained data indicate the possibility of long-term subcultivation of callus cultures of lemon balm cells, during which autoselection of cells occurs based on growth intensity. The dynamics of callus growth, density and viability of the cell population, and the ratio of various cell types in the culture growth cycle were determined for cell culture <i>M. officinalis</i> for the first time. The duration of the main phases of cell population growth has been established: lag phase from 1 to 6 days; growth acceleration phase from 6 to 10 days. The exponential growth phase took place from 10 to 14 days and was characterized by a high specific growth rate µ = 0.21 days<sup>–1</sup> From days 14 to 20, fixed phase of slowing down the growth of the culture (µ = 0.05 days<sup>–1</sup>), which gave way to a phase of linear growth (20–30 days, µ = 0.08 days<sup>–1</sup>) and stationary phase (30–40 days of the growth cycle). Thus, a “stepwise” character of culture growth has been established, which may be due to the presence in the culture of subpopulations of cells with different growth rates. During the initial screening, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids were identified in calli of leaf origin in quantities comparable to leaves of intact plants, which indicates preservation of in vitro cells ability to form secondary metabolites and the prospects for further research in this direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号