Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606050
V. M. Alexandrova, G. R. Gumerova, Kh. G. Musin, Z. A. Berezhneva, A. A. Galimova, B. R. Kuluev
Abstract
When cultivating calli generated from mature germs of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), variety Fisht, spontaneous regeneration of chlorophyll-containing green roots sometimes occurred. When isolated from callus, these roots were capable of unlimited growth on hormone-free nutrient media, similar to cultures of hairy roots of dicotyledonous plants. Ordinary wheat roots did not grow under these conditions, while green roots continued to grow even when exposed to 100 mM NaCl. Typical chloroplasts were found in the parenchyma cells of green wheat roots. Approximately equal amounts of chlorophyll a and b were found in green wheat roots; however, their total content was tens of times less than in the leaves. Green roots were characterized by a higher proline content and higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase than ordinary wheat roots, both under normal and under salinity conditions. Green roots may provide an alternative to hairy roots, which are very difficult to generate from grasses and other monocots, for use in both basic research and applied applications.
摘要 在培养由春面包小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种 Fisht 的成熟胚芽产生的胼胝体时，有时会出现自发再生的含叶绿素的绿色根。从胼胝体中分离出来后，这些根能够在不含激素的营养培养基上无限生长，类似于双子叶植物的毛根培养物。在这些条件下，普通小麦根不会生长，而绿色根即使暴露在 100 mM NaCl 中也能继续生长。在绿色小麦根的实质细胞中发现了典型的叶绿体。绿色小麦根中叶绿素 a 和叶绿素 b 的含量大致相同，但总含量比叶片少几十倍。与普通小麦根相比，绿色根的脯氨酸含量更高，超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性也更高，无论是在正常条件下还是在盐度条件下都是如此。在基础研究和应用方面，绿根可以替代很难从禾本科和其他单子叶植物中生成的毛根。
{"title":"Isolated Green Root Cultures of Triticum aestivum L. Capable of Unlimited Growth on Hormone-Free Nutrient Media","authors":"V. M. Alexandrova, G. R. Gumerova, Kh. G. Musin, Z. A. Berezhneva, A. A. Galimova, B. R. Kuluev","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606050","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>When cultivating calli generated from mature germs of spring bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.), variety Fisht, spontaneous regeneration of chlorophyll-containing green roots sometimes occurred. When isolated from callus, these roots were capable of unlimited growth on hormone-free nutrient media, similar to cultures of hairy roots of dicotyledonous plants. Ordinary wheat roots did not grow under these conditions, while green roots continued to grow even when exposed to 100 mM NaCl. Typical chloroplasts were found in the parenchyma cells of green wheat roots. Approximately equal amounts of chlorophyll <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> were found in green wheat roots; however, their total content was tens of times less than in the leaves. Green roots were characterized by a higher proline content and higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase than ordinary wheat roots, both under normal and under salinity conditions. Green roots may provide an alternative to hairy roots, which are very difficult to generate from grasses and other monocots, for use in both basic research and applied applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606001
P. A. Ivanov, V. A. Khabarov, D. A. Nekrasova, N. S. Pivovarova, A. K. Whaley, M. N. Povydysh
Abstract
Characteristics of cell growth and the composition of polyphenolic compounds in callus cultures of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. grown on various nutrient media were determined. The addition of phytohormones to the nutrient medium is a productive biotechnological approach to regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis. The presence of α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin in growth media was found to facilitate the accumulation of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in many cases. For each nutrient medium, growth curves were plotted and growth parameters were calculated. Analysis by means of the reverse phase HPLC combined with UV spectrophotometric detection revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major compound in all samples of lavender callus cultures. The patterns of rosmarinic acid accumulation were determined as a function of light availability and the composition of the nutrient medium. Among the four media examined, the medium containing 2.0 mg/L α-NAA and 0.1 mg/L BAP ensured the highest values of growth parameters and rosmarinic acid content (1.26 ± 0.13%).
{"title":"Features of Growth and Accumulation of Polyphenolic Compounds in Callus Cultures of Lavandula angustifolia Mill.","authors":"P. A. Ivanov, V. A. Khabarov, D. A. Nekrasova, N. S. Pivovarova, A. K. Whaley, M. N. Povydysh","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606001","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Characteristics of cell growth and the composition of polyphenolic compounds in callus cultures of <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> Mill. grown on various nutrient media were determined. The addition of phytohormones to the nutrient medium is a productive biotechnological approach to regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis. The presence of α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin in growth media was found to facilitate the accumulation of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in many cases. For each nutrient medium, growth curves were plotted and growth parameters were calculated. Analysis by means of the reverse phase HPLC combined with UV spectrophotometric detection revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major compound in all samples of lavender callus cultures. The patterns of rosmarinic acid accumulation were determined as a function of light availability and the composition of the nutrient medium. Among the four media examined, the medium containing 2.0 mg/L α-NAA and 0.1 mg/L BAP ensured the highest values of growth parameters and rosmarinic acid content (1.26 ± 0.13%).</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606013
N. V. Ivanov, D. S. Anikina, A. V. Navrov
Abstract
The content and qualitative composition of essential oils obtained from the peel of lemon (Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck), cv. Tashkentskii, was investigated by means of hydrodistillation using a modified Ginzberg’s collector. A principle of single distinction was applied: lemon plants were grown in protected ground in different natural and climatic zones: Moscow and Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). A slight variability in the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and mobile phosphorus and potassium in highly fertile ground of greenhouses belonging to the groups of high and elevated supply of nutrients was disregarded. Under optimal parameters of microclimate, the potential yield of plants depends on arrival of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the condition of clear sky thorough the whole vegetation period; it is reasonable that we detected an effect of light flux intensity on the content of components in essential oils of citrus plants grown in year-round span-roof greenhouses in daylight with latitudinal disposition. A high total content of essential oil was detected in the peel of fruit grown in the greenhouse in Ufa. The location of this cultivation facility ensured a great PAR value (by clear sky), which affected chemical composition of citrus fruit. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils showed an identically high level of D-limonene concentration in the peel of lemons grown in protected ground of different natural and climatic zones. Content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters was greater in the peel of fruit, cv. Tashkentskii, grown in the greenhouse of Edelstein Horticulture and Vegetable-Growing Center (Moscow). The level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes was higher in the peel of lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, cultivated in the greenhouse of Forestry Engineering College (Ufa). The obtained data are accounted for by cultivar specificity and growing conditions exerting an influence on qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils.
摘要 通过使用改进的金兹伯格收集器进行水蒸馏，研究了从柠檬（Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck），变种，塔什干茨基果皮中提取的精油的含量和质量组成。Tashkentskii ）果皮中提取的精油的含量和质量组成。研究采用了单一区分原则：柠檬植株生长在不同自然气候区的保护地中：莫斯科和乌法（巴什科尔托斯坦共和国）。在属于高养分和高养分供应组的温室高肥沃土壤中，可水解氮、可移动磷和钾的含量略有不同。在最佳的小气候参数下，植物的潜在产量取决于整个植被期晴朗天空条件下光合有效辐射（PAR）的到达量；因此，我们发现光通量强度对纬度分布的日光下全年跨屋顶温室中种植的柑橘植物精油成分含量有影响是合理的。在乌法的温室中种植的果实果皮中检测到了较高的精油总含量。该栽培设施所处的位置确保了极高的 PAR 值（晴朗的天空），从而影响了柑橘果实的化学成分。对精油的气相色谱/质谱分析表明，在不同自然和气候带的保护地种植的柠檬果皮中，D-柠檬烯的浓度同样很高。单萜烃类和酯类的含量在种植在不同自然和气候条件下的变种 Tashkentskii 的果皮中更高。在埃德尔施泰因园艺和蔬菜种植中心（莫斯科）温室中种植的 Tashkentskii 品种的果皮中单萜烯烃和酯的含量更高。在埃德尔斯坦园艺和蔬菜种植中心（莫斯科）温室中种植的柠檬（Tashkentskii）果皮中倍半萜碳氢化合物、醇和醛的含量较高。在林业工程学院（乌法）温室中栽培的 Tashkentskii 柠檬果皮中的倍半萜烃、醇和醛含量较高。获得的数据表明，栽培品种的特异性和生长条件对精油的定性和定量成分有影响。
{"title":"Composition of Essential Oils in the Peel of Lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, Grown in Protected Ground in Different Natural and Climatic Zones","authors":"N. V. Ivanov, D. S. Anikina, A. V. Navrov","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606013","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The content and qualitative composition of essential oils obtained from the peel of lemon (<i>Citrus × limon</i> (L.) <i>Osbeck</i>), cv. Tashkentskii, was investigated by means of hydrodistillation using a modified Ginzberg’s collector. A principle of single distinction was applied: lemon plants were grown in protected ground in different natural and climatic zones: Moscow and Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). A slight variability in the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and mobile phosphorus and potassium in highly fertile ground of greenhouses belonging to the groups of high and elevated supply of nutrients was disregarded. Under optimal parameters of microclimate, the potential yield of plants depends on arrival of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the condition of clear sky thorough the whole vegetation period; it is reasonable that we detected an effect of light flux intensity on the content of components in essential oils of citrus plants grown in year-round span-roof greenhouses in daylight with latitudinal disposition. A high total content of essential oil was detected in the peel of fruit grown in the greenhouse in Ufa. The location of this cultivation facility ensured a great PAR value (by clear sky), which affected chemical composition of citrus fruit. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils showed an identically high level of D-limonene concentration in the peel of lemons grown in protected ground of different natural and climatic zones. Content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters was greater in the peel of fruit, cv. Tashkentskii, grown in the greenhouse of Edelstein Horticulture and Vegetable-Growing Center (Moscow). The level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes was higher in the peel of lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, cultivated in the greenhouse of Forestry Engineering College (Ufa). The obtained data are accounted for by cultivar specificity and growing conditions exerting an influence on qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606037
N. A. Yegorova, O. V. Yakimova, I. V. Belova
Abstract
The morphological, cytophysiological, and biochemical (formation of phenolic compounds) characteristics of the population of callus cultures cells of lemon balm (Melissaofficinalis L.), a valuable medicinal and essential oil plant, were studied. Callus cultures were obtained from explants of hypocotyls and cotyledons of seedlings in vitro and were grown for more than 1.5 years (19 cultivation passages). The increase in callus weight did not differ significantly during the first seven passages; however, with further subcultivation, the intensity of crop growth (callus weight at the end of the growing cycle) increased. The maximum increase in callus was observed in passages 17–19: the growth indices of calli initiated from cotyledons and hypocotyls reached 13.7 and 11.5, respectively, which is 3.0–3.4 times higher than in the first cycles of crop cultivation. The obtained data indicate the possibility of long-term subcultivation of callus cultures of lemon balm cells, during which autoselection of cells occurs based on growth intensity. The dynamics of callus growth, density and viability of the cell population, and the ratio of various cell types in the culture growth cycle were determined for cell culture M. officinalis for the first time. The duration of the main phases of cell population growth has been established: lag phase from 1 to 6 days; growth acceleration phase from 6 to 10 days. The exponential growth phase took place from 10 to 14 days and was characterized by a high specific growth rate µ = 0.21 days–1 From days 14 to 20, fixed phase of slowing down the growth of the culture (µ = 0.05 days–1), which gave way to a phase of linear growth (20–30 days, µ = 0.08 days–1) and stationary phase (30–40 days of the growth cycle). Thus, a “stepwise” character of culture growth has been established, which may be due to the presence in the culture of subpopulations of cells with different growth rates. During the initial screening, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids were identified in calli of leaf origin in quantities comparable to leaves of intact plants, which indicates preservation of in vitro cells ability to form secondary metabolites and the prospects for further research in this direction.
{"title":"Long-Term Passage and Characteristics of Melissa officinalis L. Callus Cell Cultures","authors":"N. A. Yegorova, O. V. Yakimova, I. V. Belova","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606037","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The morphological, cytophysiological, and biochemical (formation of phenolic compounds) characteristics of the population of callus cultures cells of lemon balm (<i>Melissa</i> <i>officinalis</i> L.), a valuable medicinal and essential oil plant, were studied. Callus cultures were obtained from explants of hypocotyls and cotyledons of seedlings in vitro and were grown for more than 1.5 years (19 cultivation passages). The increase in callus weight did not differ significantly during the first seven passages; however, with further subcultivation, the intensity of crop growth (callus weight at the end of the growing cycle) increased. The maximum increase in callus was observed in passages 17–19: the growth indices of calli initiated from cotyledons and hypocotyls reached 13.7 and 11.5, respectively, which is 3.0–3.4 times higher than in the first cycles of crop cultivation. The obtained data indicate the possibility of long-term subcultivation of callus cultures of lemon balm cells, during which autoselection of cells occurs based on growth intensity. The dynamics of callus growth, density and viability of the cell population, and the ratio of various cell types in the culture growth cycle were determined for cell culture <i>M. officinalis</i> for the first time. The duration of the main phases of cell population growth has been established: lag phase from 1 to 6 days; growth acceleration phase from 6 to 10 days. The exponential growth phase took place from 10 to 14 days and was characterized by a high specific growth rate µ = 0.21 days<sup>–1</sup> From days 14 to 20, fixed phase of slowing down the growth of the culture (µ = 0.05 days<sup>–1</sup>), which gave way to a phase of linear growth (20–30 days, µ = 0.08 days<sup>–1</sup>) and stationary phase (30–40 days of the growth cycle). Thus, a “stepwise” character of culture growth has been established, which may be due to the presence in the culture of subpopulations of cells with different growth rates. During the initial screening, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids were identified in calli of leaf origin in quantities comparable to leaves of intact plants, which indicates preservation of in vitro cells ability to form secondary metabolites and the prospects for further research in this direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724606426
N. E. Manzhalesava, R. P. Litvinovskaya, A. L. Savchuk, D. V. Denisyuk, V. A. Khripach
Abstract
The growth-regulating effect of 24-epibrassinolide, 24-epicastasterone, and ferulic acid was studied at the initial stages of ontogenesis of spring wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) when used separately and together as was their effect on the endogenous balance of phytohormonal steroids and the dynamics of some physiological processes. The compounds and their mixtures were applied by soaking the seeds in solutions of the substances for 24 h. The concentrations of brassinosteroids used for the study (10–7 and 10–9 M) were selected during previous experiments because they showed a stimulating effect on growth processes. Ferulic acid in mixtures and separately was used in equimolar dosages. Plants were grown for 3 weeks in soil culture. Samples (leaves) for analysis were taken on days 7, 14, and 21 from the start of seed treatment with solutions of substances. It was shown that presowing treatment of seeds with brassinosteroids or ferulic acid led to activation of growth functions and an increase in the level of endogenous brassinosteroids, free radical oxidation, and pigments in the leaves. When brassinosteroids and ferulic acid were used together, their effectiveness increased. The study of the differentiated and combined effects of phytohormonal steroids and ferulic acid showed that these compounds exhibit, to a greater or lesser extent, a synergistic interaction in stimulating growth and metabolic processes.
{"title":"Combined Effect of Brassinosteroids and Ferulic Acid on the Initial Growth of Spring Wheat Plants","authors":"N. E. Manzhalesava, R. P. Litvinovskaya, A. L. Savchuk, D. V. Denisyuk, V. A. Khripach","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724606426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724606426","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The growth-regulating effect of 24-epibrassinolide, 24-epicastasterone, and ferulic acid was studied at the initial stages of ontogenesis of spring wheat plants (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) when used separately and together as was their effect on the endogenous balance of phytohormonal steroids and the dynamics of some physiological processes. The compounds and their mixtures were applied by soaking the seeds in solutions of the substances for 24 h. The concentrations of brassinosteroids used for the study (10<sup>–7</sup> and 10<sup>–9</sup> M) were selected during previous experiments because they showed a stimulating effect on growth processes. Ferulic acid in mixtures and separately was used in equimolar dosages. Plants were grown for 3 weeks in soil culture. Samples (leaves) for analysis were taken on days 7, 14, and 21 from the start of seed treatment with solutions of substances. It was shown that presowing treatment of seeds with brassinosteroids or ferulic acid led to activation of growth functions and an increase in the level of endogenous brassinosteroids, free radical oxidation, and pigments in the leaves. When brassinosteroids and ferulic acid were used together, their effectiveness increased. The study of the differentiated and combined effects of phytohormonal steroids and ferulic acid showed that these compounds exhibit, to a greater or lesser extent, a synergistic interaction in stimulating growth and metabolic processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724604129
X. Li
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can impact the host’s response to various environmental challenges, including lead (Pb) stress. Consequently, an investigation was set up to evaluate how the inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae (F.mosseae; FM) impacts the defense mechanisms in cotton plants subjected to Pb (1000 mg/kg) stress. The Pb treatment resulted in a substantial rise in Pb accumulation in both the roots and leaves. This led to elevated levels of methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in the cotton leaves, accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde content, ion leakage, and a reduction in photosynthetic pigments. The alterations were linked to a decline in photosynthetic performance and overall plant growth. Nevertheless, inoculation with the F. mosseae fungus resulted in the enhancement of photosynthetic pigment contents and the upregulation of Rubisco S and Rubisco L subunits, contributing to the protection of photosynthetic processes in stressed plants. Furthermore, this symbiotic fungus, through reducing Pb absorption and inducing increased activity of antioxidant and glyoxalase enzymes, led to the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal levels while safeguarding membrane integrity under Pb stress. Plants inoculated with F. mosseae exhibited higher levels of metal-sequestering organic compounds, including glutathione and phytochelatins, in both roots and leaves, indicating their protective role in sequestering Pb from leaf tissues against Pb toxicity. This symbiosis also made photosynthetic organs more resistant to Pb toxicity by changing the metabolism of polyamines and making more spermidine and spermine levels in the leaves. Our research provides a theoretical foundation for the remediation of the symbiotic relationship between F. mosseae and cotton in environments contaminated with lead.
摘要丛生菌根真菌可影响宿主对各种环境挑战的反应，包括铅（Pb）胁迫。因此，我们进行了一项调查，以评估接种Funneliformis mosseae（F. mosseae；FM）如何影响棉花植株在铅（1000 mg/kg）胁迫下的防御机制。铅处理导致根部和叶片中的铅积累量大幅上升。这导致棉花叶片中的甲基乙二醛和过氧化氢水平升高，同时丙二醛含量增加、离子泄漏和光合色素减少。这些变化与光合作用性能和植物整体生长的下降有关。然而，接种 F. mosseae 真菌后，光合色素含量增加，Rubisco S 和 Rubisco L 亚基上调，有助于保护受胁迫植物的光合过程。此外，这种共生真菌通过减少对铅的吸收，提高抗氧化酶和乙二醛酶的活性，降低了过氧化氢和甲基乙二醛的水平，同时保护了铅胁迫下膜的完整性。接种了 F. mosseae 的植物在根部和叶片中都表现出较高水平的金属螯合有机化合物，包括谷胱甘肽和植物螯合素，这表明它们在螯合叶片组织中的铅以防止铅毒性方面发挥了保护作用。这种共生关系还通过改变多胺的代谢，使叶片中的亚精胺和精胺含量增加，从而使光合器官对铅毒性具有更强的抵抗力。我们的研究为修复铅污染环境中 F. mosseae 与棉花之间的共生关系提供了理论基础。
{"title":"The Role of Funneliformis mosseae Symbiosis on Cotton Plants under Lead Toxicity: Molecular and Physiological Aspects","authors":"X. Li","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724604129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724604129","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can impact the host’s response to various environmental challenges, including lead (Pb) stress. Consequently, an investigation was set up to evaluate how the inoculation of <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i> (<i>F.</i> <i>mosseae</i>; FM) impacts the defense mechanisms in cotton plants subjected to Pb (1000 mg/kg) stress. The Pb treatment resulted in a substantial rise in Pb accumulation in both the roots and leaves. This led to elevated levels of methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide in the cotton leaves, accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde content, ion leakage, and a reduction in photosynthetic pigments. The alterations were linked to a decline in photosynthetic performance and overall plant growth. Nevertheless, inoculation with the <i>F. mosseae</i> fungus resulted in the enhancement of photosynthetic pigment contents and the upregulation of <i>Rubisco S</i> and <i>Rubisco L</i> subunits, contributing to the protection of photosynthetic processes in stressed plants. Furthermore, this symbiotic fungus, through reducing Pb absorption and inducing increased activity of antioxidant and glyoxalase enzymes, led to the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal levels while safeguarding membrane integrity under Pb stress. Plants inoculated with <i>F. mosseae</i> exhibited higher levels of metal-sequestering organic compounds, including glutathione and phytochelatins, in both roots and leaves, indicating their protective role in sequestering Pb from leaf tissues against Pb toxicity. This symbiosis also made photosynthetic organs more resistant to Pb toxicity by changing the metabolism of polyamines and making more spermidine and spermine levels in the leaves. Our research provides a theoretical foundation for the remediation of the symbiotic relationship between <i>F. mosseae</i> and cotton in environments contaminated with lead.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724604002
Z. Behroshan, H. Zahedi, A. Alipour, Y. Sharghi, A. Zand
Abstract
Amino acids aid plant stress tolerance, but their precise role in soybean drought physiology remains unclear. This study included amino acid spray treatments (cysteine, valine, leucine, commercial mix) as subplots and irrigation levels (optimal, mild, severe stress) as main plots. Under optimal irrigation, amino acid and lysine performed best for Fv/Fm, while cysteine performed best under severe stress. For chlorophyll content, cysteine, valine and lysine performed best with optimal irrigation, with little difference across water stress conditions. Under optimal irrigation, leucine and valine had the highest SOD levels, while leucine, valine and commercial amino acids performed best under mild stress. Cysteine and valine showed higher CAT under severe stress. Leucine had the lowest MDA without stress, while the commercial mix performed best under mild stress. Valine, amino acids and cysteine had the highest proline without stress and under mild stress, while cysteine and lysine performed best under severe stress. Minimal differences occurred without stress, while valine, amino acids and cysteine performed best under stress. In 2020, amino acids and valine had the highest photosynthesis, while cysteine performed best under severe stress. Valine had the highest mesophyll conductance, while cysteine and valine performed well in 2021. Valine had the highest CO2 and stomatal conductance without stress. All treatments showed superior transpiration. Without stress in 2020, cysteine, valine and amino acids had the highest oil yield, while leucine had it in 2021. Modulation of osmolytes like proline and antioxidants such as SOD and CAT helped valine and cysteine protect soybean plants against water stress.
{"title":"Impact of Amino Acid Foliar Applications on Soybean under Optimal and Water-Deficit Conditions: Photosynthesis, Antioxidants, Osmotic Adjustment, and Fatty Acids","authors":"Z. Behroshan, H. Zahedi, A. Alipour, Y. Sharghi, A. Zand","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724604002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724604002","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Amino acids aid plant stress tolerance, but their precise role in soybean drought physiology remains unclear. This study included amino acid spray treatments (cysteine, valine, leucine, commercial mix) as subplots and irrigation levels (optimal, mild, severe stress) as main plots. Under optimal irrigation, amino acid and lysine performed best for <i>F</i><sub>v</sub>/<i>F</i><sub>m</sub>, while cysteine performed best under severe stress. For chlorophyll content, cysteine, valine and lysine performed best with optimal irrigation, with little difference across water stress conditions. Under optimal irrigation, leucine and valine had the highest SOD levels, while leucine, valine and commercial amino acids performed best under mild stress. Cysteine and valine showed higher CAT under severe stress. Leucine had the lowest MDA without stress, while the commercial mix performed best under mild stress. Valine, amino acids and cysteine had the highest proline without stress and under mild stress, while cysteine and lysine performed best under severe stress. Minimal differences occurred without stress, while valine, amino acids and cysteine performed best under stress. In 2020, amino acids and valine had the highest photosynthesis, while cysteine performed best under severe stress. Valine had the highest mesophyll conductance, while cysteine and valine performed well in 2021. Valine had the highest CO<sub>2</sub> and stomatal conductance without stress. All treatments showed superior transpiration. Without stress in 2020, cysteine, valine and amino acids had the highest oil yield, while leucine had it in 2021. Modulation of osmolytes like proline and antioxidants such as SOD and CAT helped valine and cysteine protect soybean plants against water stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1134/s102144372460404x
B. Baccari, H. Ellouzi, A. Krouma
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological responses of four distinct Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes, Seville (SEV), Aguadulce (AGUA), Tunisian (TUN), and F7, when subjected to phosphorus deficiency, with a particular focus on their responses in terms of growth, chlorophyll pigments, photosynthetic activity, and nutrient efficiency. The results revealed that growing Faba bean in a phosphorus-deficient environment induced a reduction in the plant growth, net photosynthesis, SPAD index, and tissue phosphorus content. Genotypic variations were observed, with TUN demonstrating relative tolerance as compared to the other genotypes, by exhibiting a higher capacity for phosphorus uptake under deficiency conditions, lesser phosphorus deficiency stress index (PDSI), higher phosphorus tolerance index (PDTI), and better phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). The latter are two physiological traits that discriminate the studied genotypes. They can be used for further screening programs. Our research contributes to a broader understanding of how Faba bean plants react to phosphorus deficiency, shedding light on the genetic variations.
{"title":"Genotypic Differences in the Physiological Response of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) to Phosphorus Deficiency","authors":"B. Baccari, H. Ellouzi, A. Krouma","doi":"10.1134/s102144372460404x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s102144372460404x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study investigated the physiological responses of four distinct Faba bean (<i>Vicia faba</i> L.) genotypes, Seville (SEV), Aguadulce (AGUA), Tunisian (TUN), and F7, when subjected to phosphorus deficiency, with a particular focus on their responses in terms of growth, chlorophyll pigments, photosynthetic activity, and nutrient efficiency. The results revealed that growing Faba bean in a phosphorus-deficient environment induced a reduction in the plant growth, net photosynthesis, SPAD index, and tissue phosphorus content. Genotypic variations were observed, with TUN demonstrating relative tolerance as compared to the other genotypes, by exhibiting a higher capacity for phosphorus uptake under deficiency conditions, lesser phosphorus deficiency stress index (PDSI), higher phosphorus tolerance index (PDTI), and better phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). The latter are two physiological traits that discriminate the studied genotypes. They can be used for further screening programs. Our research contributes to a broader understanding of how Faba bean plants react to phosphorus deficiency, shedding light on the genetic variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1134/s102144372360201x
M. Zhao, T. W. Yang, P. Wu, H. W. He, X. Huang, T. L. Mo, F. Long, Y. Zou
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt is a devastating disease threatening the production of many agricultural plants, with no effective and radical control measures identified and applied to date. At present, one of the most effective ways to manage the diseases by selecting, breeding, and cultivating banana varieties with very high Fusarium wilt resistance. To this end, this study utilized transcriptome sequencing technology to analyze Fusarium wilt resistance in the root system, leaves, and corms of healthy and diseased Baodaojiao banana (Fusarium wilt resistance variety) plants. The DEGs identified in the roots, leaves, and corms included transcription factors such as bHLH, WRKY, NAC, ERF, the enzymes mannan synthase, alkaline/neutral invertase, galacturonosyltransferase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase, and other related enzyme genes. Additionally, among the differentially expressed enzyme genes involved in plant defense processes (peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, β-glucosidase, laccase, cellulose synthase, and chitinase), peroxidase was the most abundant. Moreover, most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed at markedly higher levels in healthy plants than in diseased plants, and such peroxidase genes may be significantly associated with plant Fusarium wilt resistance. The results of this study provide the basis for the study of the molecular defense mechanisms of Baodaojiao banana plants against Fusarium wilt; provide reference data for the further exploration of the functions and complex network regulatory mechanisms of Fusarium wilt resistance genes.
{"title":"Analysis of Transcriptome Differences in the Root System, Leaves, and Corms between Healthy and Fusarium Wilt-Diseased Baodaojiao Banana Plants","authors":"M. Zhao, T. W. Yang, P. Wu, H. W. He, X. Huang, T. L. Mo, F. Long, Y. Zou","doi":"10.1134/s102144372360201x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s102144372360201x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Banana Fusarium wilt is a devastating disease threatening the production of many agricultural plants, with no effective and radical control measures identified and applied to date. At present, one of the most effective ways to manage the diseases by selecting, breeding, and cultivating banana varieties with very high Fusarium wilt resistance. To this end, this study utilized transcriptome sequencing technology to analyze Fusarium wilt resistance in the root system, leaves, and corms of healthy and diseased Baodaojiao banana (Fusarium wilt resistance variety) plants. The DEGs identified in the roots, leaves, and corms included transcription factors such as bHLH, WRKY, NAC, ERF, the enzymes mannan synthase, alkaline/neutral invertase, galacturonosyltransferase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase, and other related enzyme genes. Additionally, among the differentially expressed enzyme genes involved in plant defense processes (peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, β-glucosidase, laccase, cellulose synthase, and chitinase), peroxidase was the most abundant. Moreover, most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed at markedly higher levels in healthy plants than in diseased plants, and such peroxidase genes may be significantly associated with plant Fusarium wilt resistance. The results of this study provide the basis for the study of the molecular defense mechanisms of Baodaojiao banana plants against Fusarium wilt; provide reference data for the further exploration of the functions and complex network regulatory mechanisms of Fusarium wilt resistance genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1134/s1021443724605767
Y. V. Ivanov, A. V. Kartashov, A. I. Ivanova
Abstract
Determining the nutrient composition of woody plant roots is an important tool for studying the physiological response of trees to various environmental factors. Considering the complexity and labor intensity of collecting the roots of woody plants, especially coniferous plants, it is of particular importance to use a suitable method for the desorption of excess nutrients from the root surface to avoid the overestimation of nutrient content within the roots. In the present study, various methods for sample preparation of the roots of both Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in hydroculture with different aeration regimes and saplings grown in soil substrates were investigated to determine the contents of magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The possibility of using root samples frozen in liquid nitrogen was also investigated. The effectiveness of different desorbing agents such as Na2-EDTA, dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate, CaCl2 and MES-Tris for nutrient removal from the root surface, as well as the duration of incubation, were studied. It was shown that desorption of nutrients from roots using EDTA is the preferred method when working with soil-grown roots. In the absence of iron-manganese plaques on the root surface, treatment of roots with DCB should not exceed 5-10 minutes to avoid ion leakage from root cells. If it is not possible to use any extraction methods, it is sufficient to mechanically remove the remaining soil particles from roots, rinse the roots with water and dry. However, this sample preparation method is not suitable for determining the iron content in roots.
{"title":"Selection of Suitable Methods for Sample Preparation and Desorbing Agents for Determination of Nutrient Contents in Scots Pine Roots","authors":"Y. V. Ivanov, A. V. Kartashov, A. I. Ivanova","doi":"10.1134/s1021443724605767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443724605767","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Determining the nutrient composition of woody plant roots is an important tool for studying the physiological response of trees to various environmental factors. Considering the complexity and labor intensity of collecting the roots of woody plants, especially coniferous plants, it is of particular importance to use a suitable method for the desorption of excess nutrients from the root surface to avoid the overestimation of nutrient content within the roots. In the present study, various methods for sample preparation of the roots of both Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) seedlings grown in hydroculture with different aeration regimes and saplings grown in soil substrates were investigated to determine the contents of magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The possibility of using root samples frozen in liquid nitrogen was also investigated. The effectiveness of different desorbing agents such as Na<sub>2</sub>-EDTA, dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate, CaCl<sub>2</sub> and MES-Tris for nutrient removal from the root surface, as well as the duration of incubation, were studied. It was shown that desorption of nutrients from roots using EDTA is the preferred method when working with soil-grown roots. In the absence of iron-manganese plaques on the root surface, treatment of roots with DCB should not exceed 5-10 minutes to avoid ion leakage from root cells. If it is not possible to use any extraction methods, it is sufficient to mechanically remove the remaining soil particles from roots, rinse the roots with water and dry. However, this sample preparation method is not suitable for determining the iron content in roots.</p>","PeriodicalId":21477,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Plant Physiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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